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Experimental Mechanics
Erschienen in: Experimental Mechanics 2/2018

13.10.2017

Digital Image Correlation and Color Cameras

verfasst von: A. Baldi

Erschienen in: Experimental Mechanics | Ausgabe 2/2018

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Abstract

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a well-known experimental technique. It works by constructing a (surjective) mapping of pixel intensity from reference to target image, where the mapping parameters are identified using a Least Squares approach. Because it makes use of the luminance component of the image, Digital Image Correlation is usually implemented by assuming monochrome cameras. In this work, we will discuss its implementation when color cameras are used, focusing on pitfalls and potential advantages of this solution. Since most cameras implement color acquisition using a Color Filter Array (CFA), much of the article will focus on this technology. However, we will not limit ourselves to this aspect and will show that Three-CCD cameras can provide significant advantages over both CFA and monochrome cameras.
Vorheriger Artikel On the Measurement of two Independent Viscoelastic Functions with Instrumented Indentation Tests
Nächster Artikel Development of a New Method to Investigate the Dynamic Friction Behavior of Interfaces Using a Kolsky Tension Bar

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Fußnoten
1
Truncation or windowing of the theoretical function allows generation of a more workable interpolant. However, both operations imply an energy leakage in the frequency plane and the theoretical properties of the sinc are completely lost.
 
2
In the following, we will call both types of cameras three-CCD cameras because both configurations require three sensors (a layer can be viewed as a separate CCD).
 
3
The color-separating prism has to be installed between the lens and the CCDs. This constitutes a serious limit for both the optics and the sensor if standard lenses are to be used.
 
4
dcraw is an open-source computer program able to read numerous raw image formats. The stated objective of the author of the code is to be able to decode any raw image from any digital camera on any computer running any operating system.
 
5
Almost all of them use a TIFF framework with proprietary fields. File extension changes, depending on the camera maker, e.g. .CRW (Canon), .3FR (Hasselblad), .NEF (Nikon), .ORF (Olympus), .X3F (Sigma).
 
6
It is to be noted that two bias mechanisms contribute to the total error: the above-described CFA-induced bias, with a 2 pixels period, and the “standard” polynomial bias, as is apparent from Fig. 9 top e.g. the 200–400 pixel range.
 
7
F.Hild. Personal communication.
 
8
The resulting images have four color components: red, green, blue and green. Depending on the imaging software, the fourth color component may be completely ignored, used as the alpha channel (the transparency), or the software may refuse to visualize the image. In any case, the error functional (equation (4)) is not limited in any way to three colors.
 
9
Deckel Maho DMU 60 P hi-dyn.
 
10
Nikkor AF-S 50 mm f/1.8G.
 
11
4256 × 2832 pixel.
 
12
Cropping raw images requires some care because the width and height of the cropped area have to be even; in the same way, the x and y coordinates of the origin of the active rectangle should be even, otherwise the ordering of the color filters changes.
 
13
The second green pixel is sometimes replaced by a gray pixel (i.e. there is no color filter in front of it) and is used as a “luminance” meter.
 
14
Computing γ is quite involved and requires knowing the blending functions of the interpolating kernel. The full process is described in Appendix 2 of [10]. The procedure requires the wavelength of the signal (assumed to be monochrome). To this end, we used the mean size of the speckle (5 pixel), thus obtaining γ = 0.00248 pixel.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Digital Image Correlation and Color Cameras
verfasst von
A. Baldi
Publikationsdatum
13.10.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Experimental Mechanics / Ausgabe 2/2018
Print ISSN: 0014-4851
Elektronische ISSN: 1741-2765
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-017-0347-2

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