nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

13. Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds

verfasst von : Shengyong Lu, Alfons Buekens, Tong Chen, Xiaoqing Lin, Mingxiu Zhan, Mengmei Zhang

Erschienen in: Handbook on Characterization of Biomass, Biowaste and Related By-products

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Dioxins are a group of unwanted contaminants almost exclusively produced from anthropogenic sources. These compounds are generally persistent in the environment, resistant towards metabolism, hydrophobic and lipophilic, and hence bioaccumulating in the fatty tissues of animals and humans. Traditionally, waste incineration and iron ore sintering were the largest sources of dioxins. Biomass burning, especially uncontrolled burning, is becoming increasingly more significant as a source, as regulatory interventions as well as technological advances lead to marked emission reductions in the industrial customary contributions. After an introduction overviewing chemical structures and properties, toxicity and health effects, and emission sources of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, this chapter introduces some formation pathways of dioxins from biomass related thermal processes and discusses various influencing factors for formation and emission of dioxins. Different methods used for sampling and analysis of dioxins from different sources are then reviewed. Generally, determination of dioxins highly relies on high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Several alternatives to the HRGC/HRMS-based methods are also introduced. Numerous techniques were developed and applied for remediation, reduction and prevention of dioxins emissions and these are surveyed and compared.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Condensable and Liquid Compounds from Biomass and Waste Thermal Degradation

Nächstes Kapitel Particulate Matter

Hites, R.A.: Dioxins: an overview and history. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 16–20 (2010)CrossRef

Shields, W.J., Tondeur, Y., Benton, L., Edwards, M.R.: 14—Dioxins and furans. In: Morrison, R.D., Murphy, B.L. (eds.) Environmental Forensics. Academic Press, Burlington (1964)

Qi, Z., Buekens, A., Liu, J., Chen, T., Lu, S., Li, X., Cen, K.: Some technical issues in managing PCBs. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21, 6448–6462 (2014)CrossRef

Euro, C.: Dioxins and Furans in the Environment. Science Dossier (2003)

Govers, H.A., Krop, H.B.: Partition constants of chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins. Chemosphere 37, 2139–2152 (1998)CrossRef

McKay, G.: Dioxin characterisation, formation and minimisation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration: review. Chem. Eng. J. 86, 343–368 (2002)CrossRef

Harrad, S.J., Smith, D.J.T.: Evaluation of a terrestrial food chain model for estimating foodstuff concentrations of PCDD/Fs. Chemosphere 34, 1723–1737 (1997)CrossRef

Fletcher, C.L., McKay, W.A.: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the aquatic environment—a literature review. Chemosphere 26, 1041–1069 (1993)CrossRef

Pirkle, J.L., Wolfe, W.H., Patterson, D.G., Needham, L.L., Michalek, J.E., Miner, J.C., Peterson, M.R., Phillips, D.L.: Estimates of the half-life of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Vietnam veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A Curr. Issues 27, 165–171 (1989)CrossRef

10.

Emond, C., Michalek, J.E., Birnbaum, L.S., DeVito, M.J.: Comparison of the use of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and a classical pharmacokinetic model for dioxin exposure assessments. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 1666 (2005)CrossRef

11.

Aylward, L.L., Brunet, R.C., Carrier, G., Hays, S.M., Cushing, C.A., Needham, L.L., Patterson Jr., D.G., Gerthoux, P.M., Brambilla, P., Mocarelli, P.: Concentration-dependent TCDD elimination kinetics in humans: toxicokinetic modeling for moderately to highly exposed adults from Seveso, Italy, and Vienna, Austria, and impact on dose estimates for the NIOSH cohort. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 15, 51 (2005)CrossRef

12.

Van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L., Bosveld, A.T., Brunström, B., Cook, P., Feeley, M., Giesy, J.P., Hanberg, A., Hasegawa, R., Kennedy, S.W., Kubiak, T., Larsen, J.C., van Leeuwen, F.X., Liem, A.K., Nolt, C., Peterson, R.E., Poellinger, L., Safe, S., Schrenk, D., Tillitt, D., Tysklind, M., Younes, M., Waern, F., Zacharewski, T.: Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ. Health Perspect. 106, 775–792 (1998)CrossRef

13.

Andersson, P., McGuire, J., Rubio, C., Gradin, K., Whitelaw, M.L., Pettersson, S., Hanberg, A., Poellinger, L.: A constitutively active dioxin/aryl hydrocarbon receptor induces stomach tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99, 9990–9995 (2002)CrossRef

14.

Andersson, P., Ridderstad, A., McGuire, J., Pettersson, S., Poellinger, L., Hanberg, A.: A constitutively active aryl hydrocarbon receptor causes loss of peritoneal B1 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 302, 336–341 (2003)CrossRef

15.

Puga, A., Tomlinson, C.R., Xia, Y.: Ah receptor signals cross-talk with multiple developmental pathways. Biochem. Pharmacol. 69, 199–207 (2005)CrossRef

16.

Kimbrough, R.D., Jensen, A.A.: Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products. Elsevier (2012)

17.

Schecter, A., Birnbaum, L., Ryan, J.J., Constable, J.D.: Dioxins: an overview. Environ. Res. 101, 419–428 (2006)CrossRef

18.

Ligon, W., Dorn, S.B., May, R.J., Allison, M.J.: Chlorodibenzofuran and chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin levels in Chilean mummies dated to about 2800 years before the present. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 1286–1290 (1989)CrossRef

19.

Alcock, R.E., Jones, K.C.: Dioxins in the environment: a review of trend data. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 3133–3143 (1996)CrossRef

20.

Czuczwa, J.M., Hites, R.A.: Environmental fate of combustion-generated polychlorinated dioxins and furans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18, 444–450 (1984)CrossRef

21.

Pekárek, V., Grabic, R., Marklund, S., Punčochář, M., Ullrich, J.: Effects of oxygen on formation of PCB and PCDD/F on extracted fly ash in the presence of carbon and cupric salt. Chemosphere 43, 777–782 (2001)CrossRef

22.

Olie, K., Addink, R., Schoonenboom, M.: Metals as catalysts during the formation and decomposition of chlorinated dioxins and furans in incineration processes. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 48, 101–105 (1998)CrossRef

23.

Huang, H., Buekens, A.: On the mechanisms of dioxin formation in combustion processes. Chemosphere 31, 4099–4117 (1995)CrossRef

24.

Stanmore, B.R.: The formation of dioxins in combustion systems. Combust. Flame 136, 398–427 (2004)CrossRef

25.

Zhang, M., Buekens, A., Li, X.: Brominated flame retardants and the formation of dioxins and furans in fires and combustion. J. Hazard. Mater. 304, 26–39 (2016)CrossRef

26.

Tuomisto, J., Vartiainen, T., Tuomisto, J.T.: Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs. Report/National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) (Raportti/Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos): 14/2011 (2011)

27.

Kulkarni, P.S., Crespo, J.G., Afonso, C.A.M.: Dioxins sources and current remediation technologies—a review. Environ. Int. 34, 139–153 (2008)CrossRef

28.

Godish, T.: Indoor Environmental Quality. CRC Press (2016)

29.

Pivnenko, K., Olsson, M.E., Götze, R., Eriksson, E., Astrup, T.F.: Quantification of chemical contaminants in the paper and board fractions of municipal solid waste. Waste Manage. 51, 43–54 (2016)CrossRef

30.

Rudel, R.A., Seryak, L.M., Brody, J.G.: PCB-containing wood floor finish is a likely source of elevated PCBs in residents’ blood, household air and dust: a case study of exposure. Environ. Health 7, 2 (2008)CrossRef

31.

UNEP Chemicals: Guidelines for the Identification of PCBs and Materials Containing PCBs. First Issue, UNEP, pp. 1–19 (1999)

32.

U.S.E.P.A.: Update to an Inventory of Sources and Environmental Releases of Dioxin-like Compounds in the United States for the Years 1987, 1995, and 2000. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington DC (2013)

33.

Fiedler, H., Cao, Z., Huang, J., Wang, B., Deng, S., Yu, G.: PCDD/PCDF inventories 1990 vs. 2012. Organohalogen Compd. 74, 1521–1524 (2012)

34.

Axegård, P., Renberg, L.: The influence of bleaching chemicals and lignin content on the formation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. Chemosphere 19, 661–668 (1989)CrossRef

35.

Olie, K., Vermeulen, P.L., Hutzinger, O.: Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorodibenzofurans are trace components of fly ash and flue gas of some municipal incinerators in The Netherlands. Chemosphere 6, 455–459 (1977)CrossRef

36.

Addink, R., Cnubben, P.A.J.P., Olie, K.: Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans on fly ash from precursors and carbon model compounds. Carbon 33, 1463–1471 (1995)CrossRef

37.

Peng, Y., Chen, J., Lu, S., Huang, J., Zhang, M., Buekens, A., Li, X., Yan, J.: Chlorophenols in municipal solid waste incineration: a review. Chem. Eng. J. 292, 398–414 (2016)CrossRef

38.

Altarawneh, M., Dlugogorski, B.Z., Kennedy, E.M., Mackie, J.C.: Mechanisms for formation, chlorination, dechlorination and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 35, 245–274 (2009)CrossRef

39.

Ooi, T.C., Lu, L.: Formation and mitigation of PCDD/Fs in iron ore sintering. Chemosphere 85, 291–299 (2011)CrossRef

40.

Takaoka, M., Yamamoto, T., Shiono, A., Takeda, N., Oshita, K., Matsumoto, T., Tanaka, T.: The effect of copper speciation on the formation of chlorinated aromatics on real municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Chemosphere 59, 1497–1505 (2005)CrossRef

41.

Dickson, L.C., Lenoir, D., Hutzinger, O.: Quantitative comparison of de novo and precursor formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins under simulated municipal solid waste incinerator postcombustion conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1822–1828 (1992)CrossRef

42.

Altwicker, E.R.: Relative rates of formation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans from precursor and de novo reactions. Chemosphere 33, 1897–1904 (1996)CrossRef

43.

Ryu, J., Mulholland, J.A., Kim, D.H., Takeuchi, M.: Homologue and isomer patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from phenol precursors: comparison with municipal waste incinerator data. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 4398–4406 (2005)CrossRef

44.

Rappe, C.: Sources of PCDDs and PCDFs. Introduction. Reactions, levels, patterns, profiles and trends. Chemosphere 25, 41–44 (1992)CrossRef

45.

Tuppurainen, K., Asikainen, A., Ruokojärvi, P., Ruuskanen, J.: Perspectives on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration and other combustion processes. Acc. Chem. Res. 36, 652–658 (2003)CrossRef

46.

Zhang, M., Buekens, A., Olie, K., Li, X.: PCDD/F-isomers signature—effect of metal chlorides and oxides. Chemosphere 184, 559–568 (2017)CrossRef

47.

Stieglitz, L., Eichberger, M., Schleihauf, J., Beck, J., Zwick, G., Will, R.: The oxidative degradation of carbon and its role in the de-novo-synthesis of organohalogen compounds in fly ash. Chemosphere 27, 343–350 (1993)CrossRef

48.

Stieglitz, L., Zwick, G., Beck, J., Bautz, H., Roth, W.: Carbonaceous particles in fly ash—a source for the de-novo-synthesis of organochlorocompounds. Chemosphere 19, 283–290 (1989)CrossRef

49.

Addink, R., Paulus, R.H.W.L., Olie, K.: Prevention of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans formation on municipal waste incinerator fly ash using nitrogen and sulfur compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2350–2354 (1996)CrossRef

50.

Altwicker, E.R., Milligan, M.S.: Proceedings of the twelfth international symposium formation of dioxins: competing rates between chemically similar precursors and de novo reactions. Chemosphere 27, 301–307 (1993)CrossRef

51.

Stieglitz, L.: Selected topics on the de novo synthesis of PCDD/PCDF on fly ash. Environ. Eng. Sci. 15, 5–18 (1998)CrossRef

52.

Addink, R., Olie, K.: Mechanisms of formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in heterogeneous systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1425–1435 (1995)CrossRef

53.

Hell, K., Altwicker, E.R., Stieglitz, L., Addink, R.: Comparison of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol conversion to PCDD/PCDF on a MSWI-fly ash and a model fly ash. Chemosphere 40, 995–1001 (2000)CrossRef

54.

Sakurai, T., Kobayashi, T., Watanabe, T., Kondo, T.: Formation of PCDD/Fs from chlorophenols (CPs) on fly ash produced by municipal solid waste incinerators. Organohalogen Compd. 27, 183–186 (1996)

55.

National, W.C.G.: Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology. U.S. (2008)

56.

Williams, A., Jones, J.M., Ma, L., Pourkashanian, M.: Pollutants from the combustion of solid biomass fuels. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 38, 113–137 (2012)CrossRef

57.

Sheng, C., Azevedo, J.: Modeling biomass devolatilization using the chemical percolation devolatilization model for the main components. Proc. Combust. Inst. 29, 407–414 (2002)CrossRef

58.

Saddawi, A., Jones, J.M., Williams, A., Wojtowicz, M.A.: Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of biomass. Energy Fuels 24, 1274–1282 (2009)CrossRef

59.

Zhang, M., Buekens, A., Li, X.: Dioxins from biomass combustion: an overview. Waste Biomass Valori. 8, 1–20 (2017)CrossRef

60.

Chagger, H.K., Kendall, A., McDonald, A., Pourkashanian, M., Williams, A.: Formation of dioxins and other semi-volatile organic compounds in biomass combustion. Appl. Energy 60, 101–114 (1998)CrossRef

61.

Iino, F., Imagawa, T., Takeuchi, M., Sadakata, M., Weber, R.: Formation rates of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, activated carbon and phenol. Chemosphere 39, 2749–2756 (1999)CrossRef

62.

Iino, F., Imagawa, T., Takeuchi, M., Sadakata, M.: De novo synthesis mechanism of polychlorinated dibenzofurans from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the characteristic isomers of polychlorinated naphthalenes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 1038–1043 (1999)CrossRef

63.

Tame, N.W., Dlugogorski, B.Z., Kennedy, E.M.: Formation of dioxins and furans during combustion of treated wood. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 33, 384–408 (2007)CrossRef

64.

Tame, N.W., Dlugogorski, B.Z., Kennedy, E.M.: Conversion of wood pyrolysates to PCDD/F. Proc. Combust. Inst. 32, 665–671 (2009)CrossRef

65.

Ryu, J., Mulholland, J.A., Chu, B.: Chlorination of dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin vapor by copper (II) chloride. Chemosphere 51, 1031–1039 (2003)CrossRef

66.

Ryu, J., Mulholland, J.A., Dunn, J.E., Iino, F., Gullett, B.K.: Potential role of chlorination pathways in PCDD/F formation in a municipal waste incinerator. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 5112–5119 (2004)CrossRef

67.

Lasagni, M., Collina, E., Piccinelli, E., Anzano, M.N., Piazzalunga, A., Pitea, D.: Kinetic modeling of the formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran from fly ash native carbon at 300 °C. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 4349–4356 (2013)CrossRef

68.

Ohlemiller, T.J.: Smoldering Combustion. Center for Fire Research, U.S. (1986)

69.

Ogle, R.A., Schumacher, J.L.: Fire patterns on upholstered furniture: smoldering versus flaming combustion. Fire Technol. 34, 247–265 (1998)CrossRef

70.

Rein, G.: Smouldering combustion phenomena in science and technology. Int. Rev. Chem. Eng. 1, 3–18 (2009)

71.

Lavric, E.D., Konnov, A.A., Ruyck, J.D.: Dioxin levels in wood combustion—a review. Biomass Bioenergy 26, 115–145 (2004)CrossRef

72.

California Air Resources Board: Evaluation on a Woodwaste Fired Incinerator at Koppers Company, Oroville, California. Test Report No. C-88-065. Engineering Evaluation Branch Monitoring and Laboratory Division (1990)

73.

Düwel, U., Nottrodt, A., Ballschmiter, K.: Simultaneous sampling of PCDD/PCDF inside the combustion chamber and on four boiler levels of a waste incineration plant. Chemosphere 20, 1839–1846 (1990)CrossRef

74.

Zhang, M., Buekens, A.: De novo synthesis of dioxins: a review. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. 60, 63–110 (2016)CrossRef

75.

Stieglitz, L., Vogg, H.: Formation and Decomposition of Polychlorodibenzodioxins and -Furans in Municipal Waste Incineration. Laboratorium für Isotopentechnik, Institut für Heiße Chemie, KfK 4379 (1992)

76.

Lemieux, P.M., Lutes, C.C., Santoianni, D.A.: Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 30, 1–32 (2004)CrossRef

77.

Zhang, M., Buekens, A., Li, X.: Open burning as a source of dioxins. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 543–620 (2017)CrossRef

78.

Buekens, A.: Solving emission problems in a fluid bed MSWI. In: 5th International Conference on: Combustion, Incineration/Pyrolysis, Emission and Climate change (i-CIPEC), Chiang-Mai, Thailand (2008)

79.

Kolenda, J., Gass, H., Wilken, M., Jager, J., Zeschmar-Lahl, B.: Determination and reduction of PCDD/F emissions from wood burning facilities. Chemosphere 29, 1927–1938 (1994)CrossRef

80.

Addink, R., Olie, K.: Role of oxygen in formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans from carbon on fly ash. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1586–1590 (1995)CrossRef

81.

Vogg, H., Metzger, M., Stieglitz, L.: Recent findings on the formation and decomposition of PCDD/PCDF in municipal solid waste incineration. In: Incineration of Municipal Waste, Specialized Seminars on Incinerator Emissions of Heavy Metals and Particulates, Copenhagen, 18–19 Sept 1985 and Emission of Trace Organics from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators, Copenhagen, 20–22 Jan 1987, pp. 207–216 (1988)

82.

Zhang, M., Yang, J., Buekens, A., Olie, K., Li, X.: PCDD/F catalysis by metal chlorides and oxides. Chemosphere 159, 536–544 (2016)CrossRef

83.

Ghorishi, S.B., Altwicker, E.R.: Rapid formation of polychlorinated dioxins/furans during the heterogeneous combustion of 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Chemosphere 32, 133–144 (1996)CrossRef

84.

Schoonenboom, M.H., Olie, K.: Formation of PCDDs and PCDFs from anthracene and chloroanthracene in a model fly ash system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2005–2009 (1995)CrossRef

85.

Ross, B.J., Naikwadi, K.P., Karasek, F.W.: Proceedings of the eight international symposium effect of temperature, carrier gas and precursor structure on PCDD and PCDF formed from precursors by catalytic activity of MSW incinerator fly ash. Chemosphere 19, 291–298 (1989)CrossRef

86.

Tuppurainen, K.A., Ruokojärvi, P.H., Asikainen, A.H., Aatamila, M., Ruuskanen, J.: Chlorophenols as precursors of PCDD/Fs in incineration processes: correlations, PLS modeling, and reaction mechanisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 4958–4962 (2000)CrossRef

87.

Zhang, H., Ni, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, Q.: Influence of variation in the operating conditions on PCDD/F distribution in a full-scale MSW incinerator. Chemosphere 70, 721–730 (2008)CrossRef

88.

Lemieux, P.M., Gullett, B.K., Lutes, C.C., Winterrowd, C.K., Winters, D.L.: Variables affecting emissions of PCDD/Fs from uncontrolled combustion of household waste in barrels. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 53, 523–531 (2003)CrossRef

89.

Solorzano-Ochoa, G., de la Rosa, D.A., Maiz-Larralde, P., Gullett, B.K., Tabor, D.G., Touati, A., Wyrzykowska-Ceradini, B., Fiedler, H., Abel, T., Carroll Jr., W.F.: Open burning of household waste: effect of experimental condition on combustion quality and emission of PCDD, PCDF and PCB. Chemosphere 87, 1003–1008 (2012)CrossRef

90.

Zhang, M., Buekens, A.: De novo synthesis in iron ore sintering. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. 60, 111–135 (2016)CrossRef

91.

Ross, B., Naikwadi, F., Karasek, F.: Kinetic study of PCDD formation from a model chlorinated precursor by catalytic activity of MSW incinerator fly ash. Organohalogen Compd. 3, 147–150 (1990)

92.

Weber, R., Sakurai, T.: Short term de novo formation of PCDD/PCDF and correlation to polychlorinated benzenes as surrogates. Organohalogen Compd. 59, 49–52 (2002)

93.

Meyer, C.P., Beer, T., Muller, J.F.: Dioxins Emissions from Bushfires in Australia. Technical Report No. 1. Australian Government, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (2004)

94.

Gullett, B.K., Wyrzykowska, B., Grandesso, E., Touati, A., Tabor, D.G., Ochoa, G.S.: PCDD/F, PBDD/F, and PBDE emissions from open burning of a residential waste dump. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 394–399 (2010)CrossRef

95.

Tame, N.W., Dlugogorski, B.Z., Kennedy, E.M.: PCDD/F formation in flaming combustion, smoldering, and oxidative pyrolysis of ‘eco-friendly’ treated wood. Proc. Combust. Inst. 30, 1237–1243 (2005)CrossRef

96.

Vassilev, S.V., Baxter, D., Andersen, L.K., Vassileva, C.G.: An overview of the chemical composition of biomass. Fuel 89, 913–933 (2010)CrossRef

97.

Wikström, E., Ryan, S., Touati, A., Gullett, B.K.: Key parameters for de novo formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 1962–1970 (2003)CrossRef

98.

Richard Hall, C., Holmes, R.J.: The preparation and properties of some activated carbons modified by treatment with phosgene or chlorine. Carbon 30, 173–176 (1992)CrossRef

99.

Rigo, H.G., Chandler, A.J., Lanier, W.S.: The Relationship Between Chlorine in Waste Streams and Dioxin Emissions from Waste Combustor Stacks. ASME Research Report CRTD 36 (1995)

100.

Wang, L., Lee, W., Lee, W., Chang-Chien, G., Tsai, P.: Effect of chlorine content in feeding wastes of incineration on the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans. Sci. Total Environ. 302, 185–198 (2003)CrossRef

101.

Gullett, B.K., Lemieux, P.M., Lutes, C.C., Winterrowd, C.K., Winters, D.L.: Emissions of PCDD/F from uncontrolled, domestic waste burning. Chemosphere 43, 721–725 (2001)CrossRef

102.

Zhang, M., Buekens, A., Ma, S., Li, X.: Iron chloride catalysed PCDD/F-formation: experiments and PCDD/F-signatures. Chemosphere 191, 72–80 (2018)CrossRef

103.

Fujimori, T., Takaoka, M., Takeda, N.: Influence of Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn chlorides and oxides on formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds in MSWI fly ash. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 8053–8059 (2009)CrossRef

104.

Vassilev, S.V., Baxter, D., Andersen, L.K., Vassileva, C.G., Morgan, T.J.: An overview of the organic and inorganic phase composition of biomass. Fuel 94, 1–33 (2012)CrossRef

105.

Tame, N., Dlugogorski, B.Z., Kennedy, E.M.: PCDD/F formation from heterogeneous oxidation of wood pyrolysates. Fire Saf. Sci. 9, 1189–1200 (2008)CrossRef

106.

Launhardt, T., Thoma, H.: Investigation on organic pollutants from a domestic heating system using various solid biofuels. Chemosphere 40, 1149–1157 (2000)CrossRef

107.

Zhang, T., Huang, J., Deng, S., Yu, G.: Influence of pesticides contamination on the emission of PCDD/PCDF to the land from open burning of corn straws. Environ. Pollut. 159, 1744–1748 (2011)CrossRef

108.

Chen, K., Mackie, J.C., Kennedy, E.M., Dlugogorski, B.Z.: Determination of toxic products released in combustion of pesticides. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 38, 400–418 (2012)CrossRef

109.

Muñoz, M., Gullett, B.K., Touati, A., Font, R.: Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on PCDD/F emissions from open burning of biomass. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 9308–9314 (2012)CrossRef

110.

Zhang, M., Buekens, A., Jiang, X., Li, X.: Dioxins and PVC in combustion and fires: a review. Waste Manage. Res. 33, 630–643 (2015)CrossRef

111.

Hedman, B., Näslund, M., Nilsson, C., Marklund, S.: Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls from uncontrolled burning of garden and domestic waste (backyard burning). Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8790–8796 (2005)CrossRef

112.

Kuzuhara, S., Sato, H., Kasai, E., Nakamura, T.: Influence of metallic chlorides on the formation of PCDD/Fs during low-temperature oxidation of carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 2431–2435 (2003)CrossRef

113.

US EPA: Method 23 Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from Stationary Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (2017)

114.

CEN: European Standard EN 1948: Stationary Source Emissions, Determination of the Mass Concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs. CEN, Brussels, Belgium (1997)

115.

García-Bermejo, Á., Ábalos, M., Sauló, J., Abad, E., González, M.J., Gómara, B.: Triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: a real alternative to high resolution magnetic sector instrument for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. Anal. Chim. Acta 889, 156–165 (2015)CrossRef

116.

US EPA: Method 1613, Tetra-through Octa-Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotope Dilution HRGC/HRMS. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1994)

117.

US EPA: EPA Method 8290A Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1998)

118.

JSA: JIS K0311: Method for Determination of Tetra-through Octa-Chlorodibenzo-p-Doxins, Tetra-through Octachlorinated Furans and Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Stationary Source Emissions. Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan (1999)

119.

Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China: HJ 77.2-2008, Ambient Air and Flue Gas Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) Isotope Dilution HRGC-HRMS. The State Environmental Protection Standards of the People’s Republic of China (2008)

120.

Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China: HJ 77.3-2008, Solid Waste Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) Isotope Dilution HRGC-HRMS. The State Environmental Protection Standards of the People’s Republic of China (2008)

121.

Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China: HJ/T20-1998, Technical Specifications on Sampling and Sample Preparation from Industrial Solid Waste. The State Environmental Protection Standards of the People’s Republic of China (1998)

122.

Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China: HJ 77.4-2008, Soil and Sediment Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) Isotope Dilution HRGC-HRMS. The State Environmental Protection Standards of the People’s Republic of China (2008)

123.

Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China: HJ/T 166-2004, The Technical Specification for Soil Environmental Monitoring. The State Environmental Protection Standards of the People’s Republic of China (2004)

124.

The National Standard of the People’s Republic of China: GB 17378.3-2007, The Specification for Marine Monitoring, Part 3: Sample Collection, Storage and Transportation (2007)

125.

The National Standard of the People’s Republic of China: GB 17378.5-2007, The Specification for Marine Monitoring, Part 5: Sediment Analysis (2007)

126.

JSA: JIS K0312: Method for Determination of Tetra-through Octa-Chlorodibenzo-p-Doxins, Tetra-through Octa-Chlorinated Furans and Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Industrial Water and Wastewater. Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan (1999)

127.

Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China: HJ 77.1-2008, Water Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) Isotope Dilution HRGC-HRMS. The State Environmental Protection Standards of the People’s Republic of China (2008)

128.

Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China: HJ/T 164-2004, Technical Specification for Environmental Monitoring of Groundwater. The State Environmental Protection Standards of the People’s Republic of China (2004)

129.

Lemieux, P.M.: Evaluation of Emissions from the Open Burning of Household Waste in Barrels, vol. 1. Technical Report, EPA/600/R-97-134a. US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory (1997)

130.

Gullett, B., Touati, A.: PCDD/F emissions from burning wheat and rice field residue. Atmos. Environ. 37, 4893–4899 (2003)CrossRef

131.

Winberry, W.T., Murphy, N.T., Riggan, R.M.: Compendium method TO-9: “Method for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in ambient air using high-resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS)”. In: Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC (1988)

132.

Black, R.R., Meyer, C.P., Touati, A., Gullett, B.K., Fiedler, H., Mueller, J.F.: Emissions of PCDD and PCDF from combustion of forest fuels and sugarcane: a comparison between field measurements and simulations in a laboratory burn facility. Chemosphere 83, 1331–1338 (2011)CrossRef

133.

Aurell, J., Gullett, B.K.: Aerostat sampling of PCDD/PCDF emissions from the gulf oil spill in situ burns. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 9431–9437 (2010)CrossRef

134.

Aurell, J., Gullett, B.K., Pressley, C., Tabor, D.G., Gribble, R.D.: Aerostat-lofted instrument and sampling method for determination of emissions from open area sources. Chemosphere 85, 806–811 (2011)CrossRef

135.

Anezaki, K., Yamaguchi, K., Takeuchi, S., Iida, M., Jin, K., Kojima, H.: Application of a bioassay using DR-EcoScreen cells to the determination of dioxins in ambient air: a comparative study with HRGC-HRMS analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 7478–7483 (2009)CrossRef

136.

Gullett, B.K., Oudejans, L., Tabor, D., Touati, A., Ryan, S.: Near-real-time combustion monitoring for PCDD/PCDF indicators by GC-REMPI-TOFMS. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 923–928 (2011)CrossRef

137.

Grosso, M., Cernuschi, S., Giugliano, M., Lonati, G., Rigamonti, L.: Environmental release and mass flux partitioning of PCDD/Fs during normal and transient operation of full scale waste to energy plants. Chemosphere 67, S118–S124 (2007)CrossRef

138.

Wang, L., Hsi, H., Chang, J., Yang, X., Chang-Chien, G., Lee, W.: Influence of start-up on PCDD/F emission of incinerators. Chemosphere 67, 1346–1353 (2007)CrossRef

139.

Šyc, M., Fišerová, E., Karban, J., Punčochář, M., Pekárek, V.: The effect of transient operations on the levels and congener profiles of PCBz, PCPh and PCDD/F in raw flue gases of MSWI plant. Chemosphere 118, 261–267 (2015)CrossRef

140.

Ben-Kang, L., Liang, C., Yan-Qiu, W., Zhe, S., Li, W.: Vacuum ultraviolet photon ionization mass spectrometer for detection of dioxin precursors. Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 42, 173–178 (2014)CrossRef

141.

Lavric, E.D., Konnov, A.A., Ruyck, J.D.: Surrogate compounds for dioxins in incineration. A review. Waste Manage. 25, 755–765 (2005)CrossRef

142.

Öberg, T., Bergström, J.G.: Emission and chlorination pattern of PCDD/PCDF predicted from indicator parameters. Chemosphere 16, 1221–1230 (1987)CrossRef

143.

Wang, T., Chen, T., Lin, B., Lin, X., Zhan, M., Li, X.: Emission characteristics and relationships among PCDD/Fs, chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols and PAHs in the stack gas from two municipal solid waste incinerators in China. RSC Adv. 7, 44309–44318 (2017)CrossRef

144.

Oser, H., Crosley, D.R., Coggiola, M.J., Faris, G.W.: Development of a real-time continuous emissions monitor for dioxins and other chlorinated aromatics. Organohalogen Compd. 40, 551–554 (1999)

145.

Zimmermann, R., Boesl, U., Lenoir, D., Kettrup, A., Grebner, T.L., Neusser, H.J.: The ionization energies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: new experimental results and theoretical studies. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 145, 97–108 (1995)CrossRef

146.

Blumenstock, M., Zimmermann, R., Schramm, K., Kettrup, A.: Identification of surrogate compounds for the emission of PCDD/F (I-TEQ value) and evaluation of their on-line real-time detectability in flue gases of waste incineration plants by REMPI–TOFMS mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 42, 507–518 (2001)CrossRef

147.

Oudejans, L., Touati, A., Gullett, B.K.: Real-time, on-line characterization of diesel generator air toxic emissions by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 76, 2517–2524 (2004)CrossRef

148.

Boesl, U., Heger, H.J., Zimmermann, R., Nagel, H., Püffel, P.: Laser mass spectrometry in trace analysis. In: Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry (2000)

149.

Gullett, B., Touati, A., Oudejans, L., Tabor, D.: Real time monitoring of PCDD/PCDF for transient characterization and process control. In: AWMA Hazardous Waste Combustor Conference, Charleston, SC (2007)

150.

Windal, I., Denison, M.S., Birnbaum, L.S., Van Wouwe, N., Baeyens, W., Goeyens, L.: Chemically activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) cell bioassay analysis for the estimation of dioxin-like activity: critical parameters of the CALUX procedure that impact assay results. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 7357–7364 (2005)CrossRef

151.

Hoogenboom, L., Traag, W., Bovee, T., Goeyens, L., Carbonnelle, S., Van Loco, J., Beernaert, H., Jacobs, G., Schoeters, G., Baeyens, W.: The CALUX bioassay: current status of its application to screening food and feed. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 25, 410–420 (2006)CrossRef

152.

Koppen, G., Covaci, A., Van Cleuvenbergen, R., Schepens, P., Winneke, G., Nelen, V., Schoeters, G.: Comparison of CALUX-TEQ values with PCB and PCDD/F measurements in human serum of the Flanders Environmental and Health Study (FLEHS). Toxicol. Lett. 123, 59–67 (2001)CrossRef

153.

Brown, D., Kishimoto, Y., Ikeno, O., Chu, M., Nomura, J., Murakami, T., Murata, H.: Validation study for the use of the dioxin responsive CALUX™ assay for analysis of Japanese ash and soil samples. Organohalogen Compd. 45, 200–203 (2000)

154.

Zhang, T., Yu, G., Wang, B., Fiedler, H., Huang, J., Deng, S.: Bioanalytical characterization of dioxin-like activity in sewage sludge from Beijing, China. Chemosphere 75, 649–653 (2009)CrossRef

155.

Hui, L.L., Hedley, A.J., Nelson, E., Malisch, R., Wong, T.W., Cowling, B.J.: Agreement between breast milk dioxin levels by CALUX bioassay and chemical analysis in a population survey in Hong Kong. Chemosphere 69, 1287–1294 (2007)CrossRef

156.

Du, Y., Chen, T., Lu, S., Yan, J., Li, X., Cen, K., Nakamura, M., Handa, H.: Comparative analysis of PCDD/Fs in soil around waste incineration plants in China using CALUX bioassay and HRGC/HRMS. J. Hazard. Mater. 192, 1729–1738 (2011)CrossRef

157.

US EPA: Method 4025—Screening for Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) by Immunoassay. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (2002)

158.

Lo, C., Buan, E., Li, J., Zhang, W.: Optimized efficiency of mapping a site contaminated with dioxins by immunoassay compared to gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 408, 1095–1105 (2016)CrossRef

159.

Tian, H., Gao, J., Hao, J., Lu, L., Zhu, C., Qiu, P.: Atmospheric pollution problems and control proposals associated with solid waste management in China: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 252, 142–154 (2013)CrossRef

160.

US EPA: Health Assessment Document for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds, EPA/600/Bp-92/001c Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds, EPA/600/6-88/005Cb. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC (1994)

161.

Kishimoto, A., Oka, T., Yoshida, K., Nakanishi, J.: Cost effectiveness of reducing dioxin emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators in Japan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2861–2866 (2001)CrossRef

162.

The National Standard of the People’s Republic of China: GB 18485-2014, Standard for Pollution Control on Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (2014)

163.

The National Standard of the People’s Republic of China: GB 18485-2001, Standard for Pollution Control on Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (2001)

164.

The National Standard of the People’s Republic of China: GB 18484-2001, Pollution Control Standard for Hazardous Waste Incineration (2001)

165.

Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo territorial: Resolución 0886, Colombia (2004)

166.

Aristizábal, B., Cobo, M., Hoyos, A., de Correa, C.M., Abalos, M., Martínez, K., Abad, E., Rivera, J.: Baseline levels of dioxin and furan emissions from waste thermal treatment in Colombia. Chemosphere 73, S171–S175 (2008)CrossRef

167.

Nussbaumer, T.: Dioxin- und PAK-Emissionen der privaten Abfallverbrennung (in German). Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL), Bern (2004)

168.

Zimmermann, R., Blumenstock, M., Heger, H.J., Schramm, K., Kettrup, A.: Emission of nonchlorinated and chlorinated aromatics in the flue gas of incineration plants during and after transient disturbances of combustion conditions: delayed emission effects. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 1019–1030 (2001)CrossRef

169.

Wang, H.C., Hwang, J.F., Chi, K.H., Chang, M.B.: Formation and removal of PCDD/Fs in a municipal waste incinerator during different operating periods. Chemosphere 67, S177–S184 (2007)CrossRef

170.

Tejima, H., Nishigaki, M., Fujita, Y., Matsumoto, A., Takeda, N., Takaoka, M.: Characteristics of dioxin emissions at startup and shutdown of MSW incinerators. Chemosphere 66, 1123–1130 (2007)CrossRef

171.

Altwicker, E.R.: Formation of PCDDF in municipal solid waste incinerators: laboratory and modeling studies. J. Hazard. Mater. 47, 137–161 (1996)CrossRef

172.

Kilgroe, J.D.: Control of dioxin, furan, and mercury emissions from municipal waste combustors. J. Hazard. Mater. 47, 163–194 (1996)CrossRef

173.

Fujii, T., Murakawa, T., Maeda, N., Kondo, M., Nagai, K., Hama, T., Ota, K.: Removal technology of PCDDs/PCDFs in flue gas from MSW incinerators by fabric bag filter and SCR system. Chemosphere 29, 2067–2070 (1994)CrossRef

174.

Lin, W., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Li, H., Chang-Chien, G.: Removal characteristics of PCDD/Fs by the dual bag filter system of a fly ash treatment plant. J. Hazard. Mater. 153, 1015–1022 (2008)CrossRef

175.

Kim, B., Lee, S., Maken, S., Song, H., Park, J., Min, B.: Removal characteristics of PCDDs/Fs from municipal solid waste incinerator by dual bag filter (DBF) system. Fuel 86, 813–819 (2007)CrossRef

176.

Li, H., Wang, L., Chen, C., Yang, X., Chang-Chien, G., Wu, E.M.: Influence of memory effect caused by aged bag filters on the stack PCDD/F emissions. J. Hazard. Mater. 185, 1148–1155 (2011)CrossRef

177.

Lee, W., Chang-Chien, G., Chen, S., Wang, L., Lee, W., Wang, Y.: Removal of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in flue gases by Venturi scrubber and bag filter. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 4, 27–37 (2004)CrossRef

178.

Kreisz, S., Hunsinger, H., Vogg, H.: Wet scrubbers—a potential PCDD/F source? Chemosphere 32, 73–78 (1996)CrossRef

179.

Löthgren, C., van Bavel, B.: Dioxin emissions after installation of a polishing wet scrubber in a hazardous waste incineration facility. Chemosphere 61, 405–412 (2005)CrossRef

180.

Takaoka, M., Liao, P., Takeda, N., Fujiwara, T., Oshita, K.: The behavior of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols in wet scrubbing system of municipal solid waste incinerator. Chemosphere 53, 153–161 (2003)CrossRef

181.

Ruokojärvi, P.H., Asikainen, A.H., Tuppurainen, K.A., Ruuskanen, J.: Chemical inhibition of PCDD/F formation in incineration processes. Sci. Total Environ. 325, 83–94 (2004)CrossRef

182.

Jozewicz, W., Gullett, B.K.: Reaction mechanisms of dry Ca-based sorbents with gaseous HCl. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 34, 607–612 (1995)CrossRef

183.

Shemwell, B., Levendis, Y.A., Simons, G.A.: Laboratory study on the high-temperature capture of HCl gas by dry-injection of calcium-based sorbents. Chemosphere 42, 785–796 (2001)CrossRef

184.

Lu, S.Y., Chen, T., Yan, J.H., Li, X.D., Ni, Y., Cen, K.F.: Effects of calcium-based sorbents on PCDD/F formation from pentachlorophenol combustion process. J. Hazard. Mater. 147, 663–671 (2007)CrossRef

185.

Liu, W., Zheng, M., Zhang, B., Qian, Y., Ma, X., Liu, W.: Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide. Chemosphere 60, 785–790 (2005)CrossRef

186.

Li, Y., Zhan, M., Chen, T., Zhang, J., Li, X., Yan, J., Buekens, A.: Formation, reduction and emission behaviors of CBzs and PCDD/Fs from cement plants. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 16, 1942–1953 (2016)CrossRef

187.

Griffin, R.D.: A new theory of dioxin formation in municipal solid waste combustion. Chemosphere 15, 1987–1990 (1986)CrossRef

188.

Gullett, B.K., Bruce, K.R., Beach, L.O.: Effect of sulfur dioxide on the formation mechanism of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran in municipal waste combustors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1938–1943 (1992)CrossRef

189.

Gullett, B.K., Dunn, J.E., Raghunathan, K.: Effect of cofiring coal on formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans during waste combustion. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 282–290 (2000)CrossRef

190.

Gullett, B.K., Raghunathan, K., Dunn, J.E.: The effect of cofiring high-sulfur coal with municipal waste on formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran. Environ. Eng. Sci. 15, 59–70 (1998)CrossRef

191.

Tuppurainen, K., Aatamila, M., Ruokojärvi, P., Halonen, I., Ruuskanen, J.: Effect of liquid inhibitors on PCDD/F formation. Prediction of particle-phase PCDD/F concentrations using PLS modelling with gas-phase chlorophenol concentrations as independent variables. Chemosphere 38, 2205–2217 (1999)CrossRef

192.

Tuppurainen, K., Halonen, I., Ruokojärvi, P., Tarhanen, J., Ruuskanen, J.: Formation of PCDDs and PCDFs in municipal waste incineration and its inhibition mechanisms: a review. Chemosphere 36, 1493–1511 (1998)CrossRef

193.

Ruokojârvi, P., Asikainen, A., Ruuskanen, J., Tuppurainen, K., Kilpinen, C.M.A.P., Yli-Keturi, N.: Urea as a PCDD/F inhibitor in municipal waste incineration. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 51, 422–431 (2001)CrossRef

194.

Ryan, S.P., Li, X., Gullett, B.K., Lee, C.W., Clayton, M., Touati, A.: Experimental study on the effect of SO₂ on PCDD/F emissions: determination of the importance of gas-phase versus solid-phase reactions in PCDD/F formation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 7040–7047 (2006)CrossRef

195.

Wu, H., Lu, S., Li, X., Jiang, X., Yan, J., Zhou, M., Wang, H.: Inhibition of PCDD/F by adding sulphur compounds to the feed of a hazardous waste incinerator. Chemosphere 86, 361–367 (2012)CrossRef

196.

Chang, M.B., Cheng, Y.C., Chi, K.H.: Reducing PCDD/F formation by adding sulfur as inhibitor in waste incineration processes. Sci. Total Environ. 366, 456–465 (2006)CrossRef

197.

Pandelova, M., Lenoir, D., Schramm, K.: Inhibition of PCDD/F and PCB formation in co-combustion. J. Hazard. Mater. 149, 615–618 (2007)CrossRef

198.

Samaras, P., Blumenstock, M., Lenoir, D., Schramm, K., Kettrup, A.: PCDD/F prevention by novel inhibitors: addition of inorganic S- and N-compounds in the fuel before combustion. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 5092–5096 (2000)CrossRef

199.

Zhan, M., Fu, J., Chen, T., Lin, X., Li, X., Yan, J., Buekens, A.: Suppression of dioxins by SN inhibitors in pilot-scale experiments. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23, 16463–16477 (2016)CrossRef

200.

Chen, T., Zhan, M., Lin, X., Li, X., Lu, S., Yan, J., Buekens, A., Cen, K.: Inhibition of the de novo synthesis of PCDD/Fs on model fly ash by sludge drying gases. Chemosphere 114, 226–232 (2014)CrossRef

201.

Fu, J.Y., Li, X.D., Chen, T., Lin, X.Q., Buekens, A., Lu, S.Y., Yan, J.H., Cen, K.F.: PCDD/Fs’ suppression by sulfur–amine/ammonium compounds. Chemosphere 123, 9–16 (2015)CrossRef

202.

Lin, X., Yan, M., Dai, A., Zhan, M., Fu, J., Li, X., Chen, T., Lu, S., Buekens, A., Yan, J.: Simultaneous suppression of PCDD/F and NO_x during municipal solid waste incineration. Chemosphere 126, 60–66 (2015)CrossRef

203.

Lu, S., Ji, Y., Buekens, A., Ma, Z., Jin, Y., Li, X., Yan, J.: Activated carbon treatment of municipal solid waste incineration flue gas. Waste Manage. Res. 31, 169–177 (2013)CrossRef

204.

Everaert, K., Baeyens, J.: The formation and emission of dioxins in large scale thermal processes. Chemosphere 46, 439–448 (2002)CrossRef

205.

Chang, Y., Hung, C., Chen, J., Chang, C., Chen, C.: Minimum feeding rate of activated carbon to control dioxin emissions from a large-scale municipal solid waste incinerator. J. Hazard. Mater. 161, 1436–1443 (2009)CrossRef

206.

Ma, X.C., Zeng, X.P., Liu, J.T., You, K.K., Ren, J.X.: Technology to control PCDD/Fs from MSW incineration processes. Adv. Mater. Res. 610–613, 2621–2626 (2013)

207.

Atkinson, J.D., Hung, P.C., Zhang, Z., Chang, M.B., Yan, Z., Rood, M.J.: Adsorption and destruction of PCDD/Fs using surface-functionalized activated carbons. Chemosphere 118, 136–142 (2015)CrossRef

208.

Zhou, X., Li, X., Xu, S., Zhao, X., Ni, M., Cen, K.: Comparison of adsorption behavior of PCDD/Fs on carbon nanotubes and activated carbons in a bench-scale dioxin generating system. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 10463–10470 (2015)CrossRef

209.

Liljelind, P., Unsworth, J., Maaskant, O., Marklund, S.: Removal of dioxins and related aromatic hydrocarbons from flue gas streams by adsorption and catalytic destruction. Chemosphere 42, 615–623 (2001)CrossRef

210.

Shiomitsu, T., Hirayama, A., Iwasaki, T., Akashi, T., Fujisawa, Y.: Volatilization and decomposition of dioxin from fly ash with agitating fluidized bed heating chamber. Group 500, 5 (2002)

211.

Weber, R., Plinke, M., Xu, Z., Wilken, M.: Destruction efficiency of catalytic filters for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans in laboratory test and field operation—insight into destruction and adsorption behavior of semivolatile compounds. Appl. Catal. B 31, 195–207 (2001)CrossRef

212.

Hiraoka, M., Takeda, N., Okajima, S., Kasakura, T., Imoto, Y.: Catalytic destruction of PCDDs in flue gas. Chemosphere 19, 361–366 (1989)CrossRef

213.

Boos, R., Budin, R., Hartl, H., Stock, M., Wurst, F.: PCDD- and PCDF-destruction by a SCR-unit in a municipal waste incinerator. Chemosphere 25, 375–382 (1992)CrossRef

214.

Cho, C., Ihm, S.: Development of new vanadium-based oxide catalysts for decomposition of chlorinated aromatic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 1600–1606 (2002)CrossRef

215.

Yu, M., Lin, X., Li, X., Chen, T., Yan, J.: Catalytic decomposition of PCDD/Fs over nano-TiO₂ based V₂O₅/CeO₂ catalyst at low temperature. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 16, 2011–2022 (2016)CrossRef

216.

Yu, M., Li, W., Li, X., Lin, X., Chen, T., Yan, J.: Development of new transition metal oxide catalysts for the destruction of PCDD/Fs. Chemosphere 156, 383–391 (2016)CrossRef

217.

Zhan, M., Fu, J., Ji, L., Deviatkin, I., Lu, S.: Comparative analyses of catalytic degradation of PCDD/Fs in the laboratory vs. industrial conditions. Chemosphere 191, 895–902 (2018)CrossRef

218.

Yu, M., Lin, X., Yan, M., Li, X., Chen, T., Yan, J.: Low temperature destruction of PCDD/Fs over V₂O₅-CeO₂/TiO₂ catalyst with ozone. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23, 17563–17570 (2016)CrossRef

219.

Einaga, H., Futamura, S.: Catalytic oxidation of benzene with ozone over alumina-supported manganese oxides. J. Catal. 227, 304–312 (2004)CrossRef

220.

Wang, H.C., Liang, H.S., Chang, M.B.: Chlorobenzene oxidation using ozone over iron oxide and manganese oxide catalysts. J. Hazard. Mater. 186, 1781–1787 (2011)CrossRef

221.

Chmielewski, A.G., Han, B.: Electron beam technology for environmental pollution control. Top. Curr. Chem. 374, 68 (2016)CrossRef

222.

Belderbos, J.S., Kepka, L., Martel, M.K., Videtic, G.M., Jeremic, B.: Report from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) consultants’ meeting on elective nodal irradiation in lung cancer: non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 72, 335–342 (2008)CrossRef

223.

Hirota, K., Hakoda, T., Taguchi, M., Takigami, M., Kim, H., Kojima, T.: Application of electron beam for the reduction of PCDD/F emission from municipal solid waste incinerators. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 3164–3170 (2003)CrossRef

224.

Gerasimov, G.Y.: Simulation of the behavior of dioxins under the conditions of electron-beam gas cleaning of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. High Energy Chem. 37, 141–145 (2003)CrossRef

225.

Frank, N.W.: Economics of the electron beam process. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1993(45), 1017–1019 (1995)CrossRef

226.

Yamamoto, T.: VOC decomposition by nonthermal plasma processing—a new approach. J. Electrostat. 42, 227–238 (1997)CrossRef

227.

Karatum, O., Deshusses, M.A.: A comparative study of dilute VOCs treatment in a non-thermal plasma reactor. Chem. Eng. J. 294, 308–315 (2016)CrossRef

228.

Van Durme, J., Dewulf, J., Leys, C., Van Langenhove, H.: Combining non-thermal plasma with heterogeneous catalysis in waste gas treatment: a review. Appl. Catal. B 78, 324–333 (2008)CrossRef

229.

Du, C., Lu, S., Wang, Q., Buekens, A.G., Ni, M., Debecker, D.P.: A review on catalytic oxidation of chloroaromatics from flue gas. Chem. Eng. J. 334, 519–544 (2018)CrossRef

230.

Saleem, F., Zhang, K., Harvey, A.: Temperature dependence of non-thermal plasma assisted hydrocracking of toluene to lower hydrocarbons in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor. Chem. Eng. J. 356, 1062–1069 (2019)CrossRef

231.

Ji, S., Yu, M., Ren, Y., Buekens, A., Lu, S., Cen, K., Li, X.: Combined catalytic oxidation and activated carbon adsorption of dioxins. Environ. Prog. Sustain. 34, 346–350 (2015)CrossRef

232.

Chandler, A.J., Eighmy, T.T., Hjelmar, O., Kosson, D.S., Sawell, S.E., Vehlow, J., Van der Sloot, H.A., Hartlén, J.: Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Residues. IAWG (International Ash Working Group), Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (1997)

233.

Cheung, W.H., Lee, V.K., McKay, G.: Minimizing dioxin emissions from integrated MSW thermal treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 2001–2007 (2007)CrossRef

234.

Lundin, L., Marklund, S.: Thermal degradation of PCDD/F, PCB and HCB in municipal solid waste ash. Chemosphere 67, 474–481 (2007)CrossRef

235.

Sakai, S., Hiraoka, M.: Municipal solid waste incinerator residue recycling by thermal processes. Waste Manage. 20, 249–258 (2000)CrossRef

236.

Buekens, A., Huang, H.: Comparative evaluation of techniques for controlling the formation and emission of chlorinated dioxins/furans in municipal waste incineration. J. Hazard. Mater. 62, 1–33 (1998)CrossRef

237.

Vogg, H., Stieglitz, L.: Thermal behavior of PCDD/PCDF in fly ash from municipal incinerators. Chemosphere 15, 1373–1378 (1986)CrossRef

238.

Hagenmaier, H., Kraft, M., Brunner, H., Haag, R.: Catalytic effects of fly ash from waste incineration facilities on the formation and decomposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 1080–1084 (1987)CrossRef

239.

Wu, H., Lu, S., Yan, J., Li, X., Chen, T.: Thermal removal of PCDD/Fs from medical waste incineration fly ash–effect of temperature and nitrogen flow rate. Chemosphere 84, 361–367 (2011)CrossRef

240.

Yamaguchi, H., Shibuya, E., Kanamaru, Y., Uyama, K., Nishioka, M., Yamasaki, N.: Hydrothermal decomposition of PCDDs/PCDFs in MSWI fly ash. Chemosphere 32, 203–208 (1996)CrossRef

241.

Hu, Y., Zhang, P., Chen, D., Zhou, B., Li, J., Li, X.: Hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash for dioxin decomposition. J. Hazard. Mater. 207, 79–85 (2012)CrossRef

242.

Jin, Y., Ma, X., Jiang, X., Liu, H., Li, X., Yan, J.: Hydrothermal degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration under non-oxidative and oxidative conditions. Energy Fuels 27, 414–420 (2012)CrossRef

243.

Ma, W., Brown, P.W.: Hydrothermal reactions of fly ash with Ca(OH)₂ and CaSO₄·2H₂O. Cement Concrete Res. 27, 1237–1248 (1997)CrossRef

244.

Sako, T., Sugeta, T., Otake, K., Sato, M., Tsugumi, M., Hiaki, T., Hongo, M.: Decomposition of dioxins in fly ash with supercritical water oxidation. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 30, 744–747 (1997)CrossRef

245.

Sako, T.: Destruction of dioxins and PCBs in solid wastes by supercritical fluid treatment. Organohalogen Compd. 66, 1171–1177 (2004)

246.

Zhou, Y.X., Yan, P., Cheng, Z.X., Nifuku, M., Liang, X.D., Guan, Z.C.: Application of non-thermal plasmas on toxic removal of dioxin-contained fly ash. Powder Technol. 135, 345–353 (2003)CrossRef

247.

Yan, J., Peng, Z., Lu, S., Du, C., Li, X., Tong, C., Ni, M., Cen, K.: Destruction of PCDD/Fs by gliding arc discharges. J. Environ. Sci. China 19, 1404–1408 (2007)CrossRef

248.

Ren, Y., Li, X., Yu, L., Cheng, K., Yan, J., Du, C.: Degradation of PCDD/Fs in fly ash by vortex-shaped gliding arc plasma. Plasma Chem. Plasma P 33, 293–305 (2013)CrossRef

249.

Cagnetta, G., Robertson, J., Huang, J., Zhang, K., Yu, G.: Mechanochemical destruction of halogenated organic pollutants: a critical review. J. Hazard. Mater. 313, 85–102 (2016)CrossRef

250.

Lu, S., Huang, J., Peng, Z., Li, X., Yan, J.: Ball milling 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol with calcium oxide: dechlorination experiment and mechanism considerations. Chem. Eng. J. 195, 62–68 (2012)CrossRef

251.

Zhang, K., Huang, J., Zhang, W., Yu, Y., Deng, S., Yu, G.: Mechanochemical degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A: performance, products and pathway. J. Hazard. Mater. 243, 278–285 (2012)CrossRef

252.

Zhang, K., Huang, J., Yu, G., Zhang, Q., Deng, S., Wang, B.: Destruction of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by ball milling. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 6471–6477 (2013)CrossRef

253.

Yan, J.H., Peng, Z., Lu, S.Y., Li, X.D., Ni, M.J., Cen, K.F., Dai, H.F.: Degradation of PCDD/Fs by mechanochemical treatment of fly ash from medical waste incineration. J. Hazard. Mater. 147, 652–657 (2007)CrossRef

254.

Mao, Q., Peng, Z., Lu, S., Li, X., Yan, J.: Mechanochemical degradation of OCDD/OCDF in fly ash from medical waste incinerators. Acta Chim. Sinica 70, 659–666 (2012)CrossRef

255.

Mitoma, Y., Miyata, H., Egashira, N., Simion, A.M., Kakeda, M., Simion, C.: Mechanochemical degradation of chlorinated contaminants in fly ash with a calcium-based degradation reagent. Chemosphere 83, 1326–1330 (2011)CrossRef

256.

Chen, Z., Mao, Q., Lu, S., Buekens, A., Xu, S., Wang, X., Yan, J.: Dioxins degradation and reformation during mechanochemical treatment. Chemosphere 180, 130–140 (2017)CrossRef

257.

Radicalplanet Technology Mechanochemical Principle Provisional Version, POPs Technology Specification and Data Sheet, pp. 1–11. http://www.radicalplanet.co.jp/en

258.

Bulley, M., Black, B.: Mechano-Chemical Remediation (MCDTM) of POP’s Contaminated Soil, pp. 1–11. EDL, New Zealand (2013)

259.

Shi, H., Kan, L.: Leaching behavior of heavy metals from municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI) fly ash used in concrete. J. Hazard. Mater. 164, 750–754 (2009)CrossRef

260.

Youcai, Z., Lijie, S., Guojian, L.: Chemical stabilization of MSW incinerator fly ashes. J. Hazard. Mater. 95, 47–63 (2002)CrossRef

261.

Mulder, E.: Pre-treatment of MSWI fly ash for useful application. Waste Manage. 16, 181–184 (1996)CrossRef

262.

Mangialardi, T.: Disposal of MSWI fly ash through a combined washing-immobilisation process. J. Hazard. Mater. 98, 225–240 (2003)CrossRef

Titel: Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds
verfasst von: Shengyong Lu
Alfons Buekens
Tong Chen
Xiaoqing Lin
Mingxiu Zhan
Mengmei Zhang
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Handbook on Characterization of Biomass, Biowaste and Related By-products
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35019-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-35020-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35020-8_13

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht