Direct-Injection Hydrogen Combustion Engines - New Requirements for Hardware Development and Simulation Methodology

CO2 emissions from light commercial vehicles and passenger cars have already been regulated by the EU since 2009, yet it was not until 2020 that the limit was tightened from the original 130 g CO2/km to 95 g CO2/km [21]. However, in the heavy-duty sector, especially for trucks and buses, such strict, EU-wide regulation was completely absent until 2019. Nevertheless, in order to achieve the defined climate targets of the EU, it is essential to regulate emissions also or especially in this sector, since heavy-duty vehicles are responsible for about 6% of the total emissions in the EU and for about 25% of the CO2 emissions of road transport in the EU. By 2030, CO2 emissions could even increase by another 40% compared to 2010 [23].