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2021 | Buch

Disaster Risk Reduction in Mexico

Methodologies, Case Studies, and Prospective Views

verfasst von: Ph.D. Diana Sánchez-Partida, Ph.D. José-Luis Martínez-Flores, Ph.D. Santiago-Omar Caballero-Morales, Ph.D. Patricia Cano-Olivos

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book recognizes Mexico's effects and challenges in a natural disaster and offers empirical risk-reduction methods in critical cases.

The proposals considered here include real and detailed analysis, a set of models, frameworks, strategies, and findings in the three stages of the disaster (before–during–after).

This book:

describes the methodology to find secure locations for the Regional Humanitarian Response Depot;offers recommendations for the sites and creation of an Export Logistics Cluster;shows how to use available technology and information to locate volunteers in the right spotsdescribes mathematical models to help to allocate procedure of resources for restoring the affected communityand proposes actions to create resilience in the country's main economic sectors, including agriculture and industry.

The processes applied at recent disasters such as the 19S earthquake and their results are used as case studies, identifying possibilities for further improvement. The book also describes new trends for Mexico due to climate change and makes suggestions for mitigating future disasters.

The proposals are also replicable to other highly populated societies with similar socio-economic structures. Finally, this book is the basis for generating more innovative recommendations by researchers, graduate students, academics, professionals, and practitioners to obtain better planning and better collaboration between all the humanitarian chain actors.

This book intends to be of interest as a fundamental tool for decision-makers, governments, non-governmental organizations, and enterprises.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Before the Disaster

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. The Most Frequent Natural Disasters and Their Tendency in Mexico from a Perspective Based on Humanitarian Logistics

Abstract

This paper presents a detailed analysis of humanitarian logistics and its components; the specification is to be able to identify and can be characterized once the disasters caused by natural phenomena are interconnected. From a qualitative methodology with an exploratory and non-experimental descriptive approach, analyze in detail three information bases referring to natural phenomena data and their implications. The first of these was the Center of research in epidemiology and disasters (EM-DAT), considered as an international database, second as a national level, the National Center for Disaster Prevention (CENAPRED), and the third also considered a national level the drought monitor in Mexico (CONAGUA). Besides, several articles related to the subject matter were reviewed. Among the identified components are the following; the humanitarian logistics cycle according to the reviewed literature, the phases of disaster management in Mexico, the areas of logistics decision, the types of natural phenomena, and future trends of natural phenomena that could affect Mexico in a period very close. Finally, it carries out a statistic of the behavior of the components analyzed, as well as a series of conclusions in this regard. This analysis will help to be able to characterize the components involved in disaster risk management as well as the response of humanitarian logistics to different conditions and unforeseen situations of risk of which is the next type of disaster with the most significant possibility of occurrence and repercussions in Mexico.

Hugo Romero-Montoya, Diana Sánchez-Partida, José-Luis Martínez-Flores, Patricia Cano-Olivos

Chapter 2. An Analysis of Inventory Levels on Humanitarian Relief for Vulnerable Municipalities of Puebla, Mexico

Abstract

Recently, the concept of humanitarian relief was introduced, and there remains work to do to help people in any situation of disaster. The present research is focused on determining an inventory level for relief kits that can benefit 24 municipalities that belong to the State of Puebla, Mexico. Historically, these municipalities have been vulnerable to hydrometeorological phenomena. From 2001 to 2017, Puebla has had 1,632 emergency declarations, of which 59.7% were classified as a hydrometeorological issue. According to this historical, the disasters increased during August, September, and October, so it is proposed with this research to have an adequate inventory level of kits before the disasters happen in accordance to the months above. In the official records, there are not registered the number of affected people of these municipalities, so to determine demand, the frequency was found using the historical data regarding affected people by hydrometeorological phenomena at a national level. The lot size was calculated using the Newsboy Inventory Model, and the demand was separated in different age range and gender to make kits following the necessities.

Paola Tapia Muñoz, Diana Sánchez-Partida, Santiago-Omar Caballero-Morales, Patricia Cano-Olivos

Chapter 3. Location of a Regional Humanitarian Response Depot (RHRD) in Puebla, Mexico Using an Analytical Hierarchical Process

Abstract

In recent years, the number of natural disasters has been increasing due to climate change. It is why the study of these events has become necessary, and finding practical solutions and responding to them has also been crucial since human lives are at risk. Humanitarian support has been of great importance for their care and rescue, which is why a quick response to this task is paramount. The present case study focuses on Puebla, Mexico. Events of hydrometeorological and seismological types have hit this entity. Two types of studies have been made in this case, one qualitatively and the other using an Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) in order to obtain the best municipalities to install a Regional Humanitarian Response Depot (RHRD) that protect items of first necessity, which will be delivered to the victims in case of emergency. The state is formed by 217 municipalities in which 203 have been impacted by some natural disaster, according to the data between the years 2006 and 2017. In the first scenario, the information above was considered and the results showed that the safest sites are found in the central and southeastern areas of the state, with a total of 14 municipalities. In the second scenario, an AHP was used but considering other aspects like infrastructure, roads, and so forth, the safety sites were found in the northwest, center-west, center-east, southwest, southeastern, and central areas of the state of Puebla.

Diana Sánchez-Partida, Brenda López-Durán, José-Luis Martínez-Flores, Santiago-Omar Caballero-Morales

Chapter 4. Selection of Humanitarian Response Distribution Centers (HRDC) in Puebla, Mexico

Abstract

In today’s world, crises related to natural phenomena are being generated with a higher frequency and more significant impact than before. Mexico, is not an exception, speaking specifically of the state of Puebla, it has suffered substantial impacts due to natural phenomena, such as frosts, heavy rains, tropical cyclones, low temperatures, reflecting many destruction, casualties, damages, and economic losses. So the importance of improving humanitarian aid is evident in order to safeguard lives and reduce the impacts. The adequate preparation of the different elements involved in the rapid response to natural disasters is the success factor of disaster management. The purpose of this paper is to find the best location of Humanitarian Response Distribution Centers (HRDC) to provide aid kits immediately after the occurrence of the natural phenomena in order to reduce health impacts and achieve the basic needs of the affected population. For this study, first, a statistical analysis was made for identifying the most vulnerable municipalities. After, the P-median model was used for assigning the municipalities to attend. Moreover, the results obtained with the experimentation of two scenarios are presented and reflect the best locations for the selection of HRDCs.

Martha Bello-Garduño, Diana Sánchez-Partida, José-Luis Martínez-Flores, Santiago-Omar Caballero-Morales

Chapter 5. Findings in Medicine Forecast in Cases of Hydrometeorological Phenomenon in Chiapas, Mexico

Abstract

Incorporating forecasts for situations of natural disasters may be of great use for knowing ahead of time about the requirements of the actual demands of the victims. It makes it possible to show a more efficient capacity of response when facing the negative impacts of a natural disaster. This study case was developed in the state of Chiapas, México, because it is a location where a natural disaster has a significant adverse impact due to the existing social vulnerability. This research integrates the use of time series in order to predict the demand for medicine des-tined to treat acute respiratory infections; a disease which originates from the impact of hydrometeorological events in that state. This study was developed to estimate the demand to provide the population in advance during the following period and by that be able to avoid diseases and even the loss of human lives caused by them. In the course of the research, it was detected that the consumption of medicine for the treatment of acute respiratory diseases shows a decreasing trend, which is probably related to the fact that there are more emergency declarations caused by heatwaves.

Paola Jiménez-Alonso, Diana Sánchez-Partida, Patricia Cano-Olivos, José-Luis Martínez-Flores

Chapter 6. Strategic Location of a Logistics Cluster for Exporting Humanitarian Aid and Distributing Internally in Case of Emergency

Abstract

The purpose of this document is to better understand the opportunities involved in exports for Mexico in the field of humanitarian aid and to have a safe place to settle a logistics Cluster that can distribute at the national level. The potential of the export industry could be improved through the development of a logistics cluster with the support of first aid providers, the Mexican government, and global non-governmental entities, such as the United Nations, the Red Cross, and so forth. This research proposes a new export cluster of humanitarian aid that can support and help in an emergency caused by natural disasters, giving priority to the disasters located mainly in the country, the north and center of the American continent, and if it is necessary to attend emergencies globally. The technique of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the strategic locations of the logistics cluster, considering five criteria such as security in the supply chain, vehicular traffic, the index of natural disasters, access routes to possible locations, and finally the importance of the airports by operations.

Daniel-Alejandro Fernandez-Barajas, Diana Sánchez-Partida, Patricia Cano-Olivos, Santiago-Omar Caballero-Morales

During the Disaster

Frontmatter

Chapter 7. 19S Earthquake in Puebla, Mexico: Intervention of the Different Actors in Humanitarian Aid

Abstract

Nowadays, humanitarian logistics (HL) has caught the attention of researchers and practitioners, given its role in natural disasters, which differentiates it from commercial logistics. However, research conducted in this field is not well-documented in different parts of the world. So, the objective of this chapter is to document how HL was applied in Mexico. Mainly, it is explained how the process was carried out from the occurrence of the 19S earthquake until one year later. This analysis summarizes the behavior of all involved agents in such catastrophe (victims, volunteers, government, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)), who also integrate the humanitarian supply chain (HSC). For example, the emergence of a civic organization whose objective was to provide support to those affected by the earthquake was documented. Among the findings, it was observed that the allocation of human and material resources for reconstruction is one of the central problems that face such organizations. Besides, it was found that that Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) played a predominant role in the coordination of logistics activities between volunteers and victims. Aside from the documentation of HL activities during the September 19th, it is also provided a comparison between the literature existing in the HSC management, and a theoretical framework as well to apply HL in a real context.

Meredith-Janeth Fon-Galvez, Diana Sánchez-Partida, Damián-Emilio Gibaja-Romero, Santiago-Omar Caballero-Morales

Chapter 8. Optimization Model to Locate Pre-positioned Warehouses and Establish Humanitarian Aid Inventory Levels

Abstract

The focus of this work is to enable the dignified survival of the people affected in a natural disaster through the optimal location of pre-positioned warehouses and the determination of their optimal inventory levels aiming to provide emergency supplies efficiently. To this end, a mixed-integer nonlinear mathematical model is presented to be applied during the disaster preparation phase. The mathematical model integrates two elements immersed in humanitarian logistics; one that is based on determining the optimal locations for the installation of pre-positioned warehouses, and the other that approaches the establishment of the inventory levels in these facilities to supply food, equipment, water, and vaccines to different kinds of groups of survivors classified according to the human life cycle. The mathematical model is validated through the analysis of two regions of the State of Veracruz, the Mexican state with the highest number of declarations of emergency related to hydrometeorological phenomena. The installation of instances with two and three pre-positioned warehouses, each with a total of 29 municipalities, 14 of which have been subject to the issuance of declarations of emergency, are presented. The results show the optimal location for the pre-positioned warehouses and the number of kits allocated to each one depending on the type of demand. The model is a decision support instrument designed for the use of planners for the timely and efficient response to disasters to aid the people affected by a natural phenomenon, especially one of the hydrometeorological type.

Erika Barojas-Payán, Diana Sánchez-Partida, Damián Emilio Gibaja-Romero, José Luis Martínez-Flores, Mauricio Cabrera-Rios

Chapter 9. A Hybrid Capacitated Multi-facility Location Model for Pre-positioning Warehouses and Inventories in Regions at Risk in Mexico

Abstract

During the period 2012–2016, 99.0% of the municipalities of the State of Veracruz in Mexico have been subject to emergency declarations by the National Fund for Disaster Relief derived from the impact of hydro-meteorological phenomena. The present work develops a hybrid capacitated multi-facility location model based on (1) the p-median algorithm, (2) the Nearest Neighbor (NN) algorithm, (3) the Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) algorithm, and (4) the continuous review (q, R) inventory model with uncertain demand. To support the organization of humanitarian relief efforts and maintain the quality of life of specific affected people in this region. The hybrid model identifies multiple feasible locations for the establishment of pre-positioned warehouses and their inventories. In contrast to other works, the proposed model extends on the characteristics of the required inventories to be stored. These are classified into food, clothing, personal hygiene, water, and personal health, and each one is classified depending on the life stages of the person: (a) early childhood; (b) childhood; (c) adolescence; (d) adult, and (e) third age. This classification is performed to provide products according to the specific needs of the affected people according to their age. As a result, 20 feasible locations throughout the State of Veracruz were identified, and for each pre-positioned warehouse, economic order quantities, reorder points, and safety stocks were defined.

Erika Barojas-Payán, Diana Sánchez-Partida, Santiago-Omar Caballero-Morales, José-Luis Martínez-Flores

Chapter 10. Risk Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Systems to Supply Survival Kits in Search-and-Rescue (SAR) Operations

Abstract

In a “during disaster” phase, the response activities are executed during the emergency period or immediately after the event occurs. In most disasters, this period passes very quickly, and the human being is found vulnerable. Many of the registered cases the people can lose life in the rescue process, whether they cannot access the first aid within the first hours. Until now, many researchers and practitioners have determined that a survival kit must be light to transport and safeguard life. In this research, a solution for the delivery of survival kits to vulnerable people during a disaster is proposed by using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) under coordinated response with strategic support centers. An operational and technical risk analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) technology is made in order to determine its feasibility for the mission from a technical and legal point of view. A study case is developed in the mountain region of Veracruz, Mexico. It leads to particular attention on UAV design issues such as range, autonomy, sustainable, and communication levels by considering broader implications to create necessary humanitarian operations.

Diana Sánchez-Partida, Georgina G. Rosas-Guevara, José Luis Martínez-Flores, Azgad Casiano-Ramos

Chapter 11. Donation Management in Disaster Relief Operations: A Survey

Abstract

Donations play a crucial part in disaster relief operations since many of Humanitarian Organizations operate exclusively with donated resources. Donations can be made in-cash or in-kind, and depending on the situation, both present some advantages and disadvantages to their management in times of crisis. In this chapter, we explore some of the characteristics of both types of donations, the impact each one has on the general operations, and some challenges that they could present on the Humanitarian Organizations. Finally, a survey of the current state of the art is performed. This research presents a total of 24 papers that discuss different areas concerning donation management and prediction. The papers included are classified mainly according to the type of donation, and research focus, the latter being either Donations’ Analysis and Modeling or Donations Management and Material Convergence. The literature review clearly reflects the lack of research that has been made towards donations. Considering the relevance they have on real-life operations, it is motivated to continue this line of research.

Irais Mora-Ochomogo, Marco Serrato, Jaime Mora-Vargas, Raha Akhavan-Tabatabaei, Isabel Serrato

Chapter 12. Reliable Network Design: Case Study

Abstract

During the last 20 years the climate-related disasters have dominated the picture accounting for 91% of all 7255 recorded events, being the floods the most frequent type of disaster. Several decisions, such as the allocation of shelters and relief distribution, are made to minimize the aftermath impact on the population. In this chapter, we present a model to develop a reliable network based on a hierarchical preferences multi-criteria framework. This work aims to minimize the distance between the affected populations and the available shelters as well as their exposition to the risk due to damaged routes integrating the several stakeholders’ preferences. The proposed solution is tested with the hurricane Stan case, which impacted the Mexican Republic southeast in 2005, affecting Quintana Roo, Yucatan, Oaxaca, and Veracruz. The case study is based solely on the state of Veracruz’s situation, which considers 27 available distribution centers, 109 affected populations, and 1,379 available shelters. The problem is solved in GAMS commercial software, and the results showed that a reduction of non-used capacity of the opened temporary shelters up to 90.33% could be obtained when the integration of stakeholders’ preferences and adequate decision-making tool.

Fabiola Regis-Hernández, Jaime Mora-Vargas, Angel Ruíz, Diana Sánchez-Partida

After the Disaster

Frontmatter

Chapter 13. The Design of a Humanitarian Aid Assignment Mechanism in the Post-disaster Stage

Abstract

The humanitarian logistics literature points out that Humanitarian Aid (HA) allocations are unfair and inefficient at the post-disaster stage. Specifically, such problems arise during the allocation of indivisible goods due to instability and the short life of humanitarian supply chains. In this research, we focus on designing an assignment procedure to deal with the previous problem through a mechanism design approach since it is possible to elicit victims’ preferences and institutions’ priorities; then, we model the HA allocation problem as a three-sided market under victims get HA only if some member of the humanitarian supply chain can provide her. So, we propose the Nested Deferred Acceptance mechanism as an assignment procedure to allocate HA where HSC’ members do not have a (minimum or maximum) quota of goods to allocate among the disaster victims. It is possible to demonstrate that this mechanism generates the best possible assignment for the agents that make the requisition, and such mechanism is rational, fair, and strategy proofness (no victim can manipulate it to get a better allocation).

Damián-Emilio Gibaja-Romero, Diana Sánchez-Partida

Ways to Create Resilience in the Economic Activities

Frontmatter

Chapter 14. Disaster Resilience Index in the Agricultural Sector in the State of Mexico

Abstract

This paper quantifies the resilience of the agricultural sector in the State of Mexico when the frost-disrupting agent threatens it. This sector represents that 66.9% of the municipalities are engaged in agriculture, and there are very few works develop on the subject. This analysis is essential because with climate change, the number of frost events has increased, and it has become more severe. In 2015, one municipality was affected by frosts, while in 2016, 24 municipalities were affected, which mainly affects the farmer sector being able to reach 100% of the loss of the crops. Given this, it is crucial to managing measures that measure and help to strengthen the sector. For that, it is necessary to know the current level of resilience, considering indicators that help the first development of the sector. So far it has not been taken into account that a large number of farmers have or not adaptive experience when these disturbing agents are present, so a methodological approach is proposed for the development of a disaster resilience index taking into account this experience and other indicators such as infrastructure capacity, local economic capacity, socio-demographic capacity, and agricultural production capacity.

Diana Sánchez-Partida, Alejandro Monterroso-Rivas, María-del-Carmen Ferruzca-Albarrán

Chapter 15. Development of a Resilience Strategy for a Supply Chain of a Tool Manufacturer

Abstract

This paper focuses its study in the generation of a Supply Chain Resilience strategy for a metal-transformation company located in the City of Puebla, Mexico. The study tends to strengthen the capacity of the company, in terms of resilience in case of any logistic or operational disruption caused by the negative impacts of a disaster. It was suggested to start with a Risk Management Analysis (RMA) following by a Business Continuity Plan implementation. Using the (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) DMAIC methodology, disturbing agents from a national federal agency were analyzed to detect potential risks on the complete Mapping Production Process of the company, to sort those risks per weighted damage impact later. The strategy set up would help to the Tool Manufacturer to control risks better and improve the resilience culture of the company. The risk cost impact was estimated to be reduced from 1.2 M USD to USD 500 k USD. In the second scenario, an AHP was used, but considering other aspects like infrastructure, roads, and so forth, the safety sites were found in the northwest, center-west, center-east, southwest, southeastern, and central areas of the state of Puebla.

Ricardo Hernandez-Zitlalpopoca, Diana Sánchez-Partida, Patricia Cano-Olivos, Santiago-Omar Caballero-Morales

Chapter 16. Inclusive Short Chains as Strategy for Creating Resilience in Agricultural Economic Activity

Abstract

This case study was carried out in the Chontla municipality located in Veracruz, Mexico, belonging to the Huasteca Baja Region. The problem addressed in this research was the micro-regions design for a municipality that has 138 localities. The aim is to articulate the agricultural backyard producers into short commercialization circuits to minimize the distances traveled for their product collection and distribution. As a basis for this study, the p-median model used and a balanced constraint was included. It can hypothesize that this study will contribute to establishing inclusive agro-food shorts chains that can create resilience in agricultural economic activities. Computational results indicate that the Chontla municipality can segment into seven micro-regions.

Horacio Bautista-Santos, Fabiola Sánchez-Galván, Diana Sánchez-Partida, José-Luis Martínez-Flores, Arely Del Rocio Ireta-Paredes

Titel: Disaster Risk Reduction in Mexico
verfasst von: Ph.D. Diana Sánchez-Partida
Ph.D. José-Luis Martínez-Flores
Ph.D. Santiago-Omar Caballero-Morales
Ph.D. Patricia Cano-Olivos
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-67295-9
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-67294-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67295-9