1 Introduction
2 Etymology and History of the Resilience Concept
Field/discipline | Definition | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|
Ecology | “A measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between populations or state variables.” | Holling (1973, p. 14) |
Social–Ecological Systems | “The degree to which a complex adaptive system is capable of self-organization and the degree to which the system can build capacity for learning and adaptation.” | Adger et al. (2005, p. 1036) |
Mathematics, Physical Sciences, Engineering | “The ability of a material or system to bend or resist without breaking, and the speed at which it returns or ‘bounces back’ to equilibrium after a displacement.” | Aldunce et al. (2014, p. 255) |
Psychology, Psychiatry, Social Sciences | “The process, outcome or capacity of individuals and communities to resist, recover, and return to baseline functioning after a misfortune, stress, or external shock.” | Aldunce et al. (2014, p. 255) |
Risk Management, Disaster Risk Reduction | “The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions through risk management.” | UNDRR (2021) |
Climate Change Adaptation | “The capacity of social, economic, and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and structure while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation.” | IPCC (2018, p. 557) |
3 Conceptual Evolution of the Term Resilience in Risk and Disaster Management
[…] the development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities at all levels, in particular at the community level, that can systematically contribute to building resilience to hazards (UNISDR 2005, p. 4).
4 Key Components of Resilience
Components | Definition | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|
Absorptive capacity | “The ability of the community to absorb event impacts using predetermined coping responses.” | Cutter et al. (2008, p. 603) |
“The capacity to take intentional protective action to cope with known shocks and stresses.” | Jeans et al. (2016, p. 17) | |
Adaptability | “The accumulative experience […] in previous disasters.” | Chen et al. (2020, p. 3) |
“The capacity of social-ecological systems of learning, combining experience and knowledge, to adjust their response to pressures.” | Oliva and Lazzeretti (2017, p. 72) | |
Adaptive capacity (adaptivity) | “The ability of systems, institutions, humans, and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences.” | IPCC (2014, p. 1758 |
“The ability of the system to reorganize and transform its shape and its functions to minimize the impact of disturbances.” | Oliva and Lazzeretti (2017, p. 71) | |
“The capacity to make intentional incremental adjustments in anticipation of or in response to change, in ways that create more flexibility in the future.” | Jeans et al. (2016, p. 17) | |
“The ability of a community to react to changes to its environment, to adapt, learn from experiences and crucially, to be able to develop new structures based on internal, local interactions.” | Davis et al. (2021, p. 1568) | |
Anticipation | Process of “horizon scanning to identify potential dangers, registering those in a formal typology and recognition of the changing nature of risks that need to be continually identified and re-assessed.” | Rogers (2011, p. 55) |
Autonomy | “To withstand an extreme natural event […] without a large amount of assistance from outside the community.” | Mileti (1999, pp. 32−33) |
Connectivity | “The ability to create and maintain a connection […].” | Reggiani et al. (2015, p. 5) |
Connectiveness | “The strength of internal connections that mediate and regulate the influences between inside processes and the outside world […].” | Holling and Gunderson (2002, p. 50) |
Coping capacity | “The ability of people, organizations, and systems, using available skills and resources, to manage adverse conditions, risk or disasters. The capacity to cope requires continuing awareness, resources, and good management, both in normal times as well as during disasters or adverse conditions.” | UNDRR (2021) |
“The ability of people, institutions, organizations, and systems, using available skills, values, beliefs, resources, and opportunities, to address, manage, and overcome adverse conditions in the short to medium term.” | IPCC (2014, p. 1762) | |
Diversity | “Having both a number and a variety of means to realize a given resilience function.” | Frankenberger et al. (2013, p. 24) |
Ductility | Capacity to survive the application of a force by “absorbing it with deformation.” | Alexander (2013, p. 2710) |
Flexibility | “Willingness and ability to change, evolve and adapt in response to changing circumstances.” | UNDRR (2019, p. 52) |
Inclusivity | “To emphasize the need for broad consultation and participation.” | UNDRR (2019, p. 52) |
Innovation | “The successful application of new ideas.” | Jeans et al. (2016, p. 30) |
Learning capacity | “Processes that enable people to learn together, support experimentation and increase the potential for innovation (social and technological).” | Jeans et al. (2016, p. 25) |
Preparedness | “The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, response and recovery organizations, communities, and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current disasters.” | UNDRR (2021) |
Rapidity | “The capacity to restore functionality in a timely way, containing losses and avoiding disruptions.” | Tierney and Bruneau (2007, p. 15) |
Recovery capacity | “The ability that facilitates […] recovery to original state or a new equilibrium state after a disaster.” | Chen et al. (2020, p. 3) |
Redundancy | “The extent to which systems, system elements, or other units are substitutable, that is, capable of satisfying functional requirements, if significant degradation or loss of functionality occurs.” | Tierney and Bruneau (2007, p. 15) |
“Spare capacity purposely created to accommodate disruption and multiple ways to fulfill a particular need.” | UNDRR (2019, p. 52) | |
Reflectiveness | “Learning from the past and adjusting.” | UNDRR (2019, p. 52) |
Reflectivity | “A system attribute where cause and effect form a feedback loop, in which the effect changes the system itself.” | IPCC (2014, p. 1771) |
Resistance | “Ability to effectively block a stressor” and avoid any dysfunction. | Norris et al. (2008, p. 132) |
“An ability of urban to withstand disasters by its own functions and maintain the normal operation of the system.” | Chen et al. (2020, p. 3) | |
Resourcefulness | “The ability to diagnose and prioritize problems and to initiate solutions by identifying and mobilizing material, monetary, informational, technological, and human resources.” | Tierney and Bruneau (2007, p. 15) |
“Rapidly find alternative ways to achieve goals or meet need.” | UNDRR (2019, p. 52) | |
Robustness | “The ability of systems, system elements, and other units of analysis to withstand disaster forces without significant degradation or loss of performance.” | Tierney and Bruneau (2007, p. 15) |
To “accommodate certain failures and ensure that failure is predictable.” | UNDRR (2019, p. 52) | |
Self-organization | “The capacity to form networks, institutions, organizations, or other social collectives independently from the state or other central authority.” | Matyas and Pelling (2015, p. 13) |
Transformability (Transformative capacity) | “The capacity to create a fundamentally new system when ecological, economic, or social (including political) conditions make the existing system untenable.” | Walker et al. (2004, p. 5) |
“The capacity to make intentional change to stop or reduce the drivers of risk, vulnerability, and inequality, and ensure the more equitable sharing of risk so it is not unfairly borne by poor and vulnerable people.” | Jeans et al. (2016, p. 17) |