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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Dispute Settlement in the TPP and the WTO: Which Way Will Asian TPP Members Turn?

verfasst von : Lisa Toohey

Erschienen in: Paradigm Shift in International Economic Law Rule-Making

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

Assuming that the TPP will eventually enter into force with its current dispute settlement architecture intact, the Agreement will increase the dispute settlement options for its members, with most having a range of multilateral, bilateral, and regional dispute mechanisms at their disposal in any given dispute. However, where a choice of forum exists, a number of considerations arise for a complaining member, including legal and political dimensions. This Chapter examines the dispute resolution provisions contained in the TPP, evaluating the extent to which they represent change and innovation for the TPP’s membership, and then considers the impact of the TPP on the dispute settlement architecture already available in the Asian region. While it is clear that there are a number of features that will enhance the efficacy of the dispute settlement process for, other features may make the TPP’s mechanisms less attractive forum, particularly for the Asian Members of the TPP. Thus, this chapter argues, where a choice of forum exists, complainant members are likely to continue to use the WTO dispute settlement system in at least the near future.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Rules of Origin in the Trans-Pacific Partnership

Nächstes Kapitel Friends with Benefits? Amicus Curiae in the TPP Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism

* Dr Lisa Toohey, Associate Professor and Associate Dean (Education), Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales Australia. I gratefully acknowledge the benefit of discussion, advice and debate with colleagues, particularly Professor Luke Nottage and Professor Colin Picker, and of A. Sinan Unur in providing the full text in a single file, which greatly facilitated my analysis of the 6500+ pages of the TPP. However, all errors of course remain entirely my own.

See, for example, Allen Mintz and Karl DeRouen, Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2010) 8–9.

It is acknowledged that the concept of ‘Asia’ or the ‘Asian region’ is not without controversy, and that competing definitions exist. Given that such debates are outside the scope of present discussion, this chapter, when referring to ‘Asia’, refers to those states included in the United Nations Statistical Division’s definition of Eastern Asia (China, Hong Kong, Macau, DPR Korea, Japan, Mongolia, and the Republic of Korea); South-Eastern Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam); and Southern Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). See further http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia.

Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Implicatons for Sri Lanka, 18 November 2015, available at http://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2015/11/18/trans-pacific-partnership-tpp-implications-for-sri-lanka/.

‘The Truth About South Korea’s TPP Shift’ The Diplomat (2015), available at http://thediplomat.com/2015/10/the-truth-about-south-koreas-tpp-shift/.

See further Sebastian Herreros, Coping with multiple uncertainties: Latin America in the TPP negotiations in Chin Lim and others (eds), [2012]. The Transpacific Partnership: A Quest for a Twenty-first Century Trade Agreement 260–279.

An application was made on 13 April 2015, although it was not considered to be a complete application by the WTO owing to the absence of a memorandum on Timor’s foreign trade regime. See further WTO Accessions Newsletter (2015) available at https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/nl_e/2015_06_acc_newsletter_e.pdf.

See, most recently, Resolution 2270 by the Security Council at its 7638th meeting, on 2 March 2016, UN Document S/RES/2270.

Richard E Baldwin, ‘Managing the Noodle Bowl: The Fragility of East Asian CEPR’ (2006) Discussion Papers Number 5561, ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/5561.html. See also Richard EBaldwin, ‘Multilateralising Regionalism: Spaghetti Bowls as ‘Building Blocs on the Path to Global Free Trade’ (2006) 29 The World Economy 1451.

Richard E Baldwin, ‘Multilateralising Regionalism: Spaghetti Bowls as ‘Building Blocs on the Path to Global Free Trade’ (2006) 29 The World Economy 1480.

See, for example, http://greens.org.au/news/sa/investor-state-dispute-settlement-isds.

Malaysia and Peru have the 1995 Agreement between the Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Republic of Peru for the Promotion and Protection of Investment, which although old in terms of its references to ‘Deutschemark’ and the French Franc, nonetheless contains an investor-state dispute settlement mechanism in Article 7, and the Agreement appears to remain in force.

World Trade Organization, Disputes by Country/Territory https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_by_country_e.htm.

The statistics for the remaining TPP Members are—Chile (10 cases), New Zealand (9 cases), Australia (7 cases), Vietnam (3 cases) Singapore and Malaysia (1 case each), and Brunei (no cases).

https://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/Home/Dispute-Settlement/Decisions-and-Reports.

Source: https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/TPP-Chapter-Summary-Dispute-Settlement.pdf.

Adopted in Vientiane, Laos on 29 November 2004.

Adopted in Hanoi, Vietnam on 8 April 2010.

L Toohey, ‘When ‘failure’ indicates success: Understanding trade disputes between ASEAN members’ in D Arner and others (eds) East Asian Integration: Finance, Law and Trade (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 2011) 150.

For a comprehensive overview of how these methods are used in general public international law, see Collier, John G and Vaughan Lowe. The Settlement of Disputes in International Law: Institutions and Procedures (Oxford University Press, 2000).

See, for example, the Lac Lanoux Arbitration and Costa Rica v Nicaragua ICJ 2009.

Collier, John G and Vaughan Lowe, The Settlement of Disputes in International Law: Institutions and Procedures (Oxford University Press 2000) 27.

Donald McRae and John Siwiec, ‘NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Success or Failure?’ in Arturo Oropeza Garcia (ed) América del Norte en el siglo XXI (Mexico City: Corporación Industrial Gráfica, 2010), Online at http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/6/2904/21.pdf.

See, for example, Andrea K Bjorklund, ‘Private rights and public international law: why competition among international economic law tribunals is not working. [2007] Hastings Law Journal 59.

See [K: Requires full references].

https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/TPP-Chapter-Summary-Dispute-Settlement.pdf.

Report by the Chairman, Ambassador Ronald Saborío Soto, TN/DS/28 4 December 2015.

Contribution by the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu to the Doha Mandated Review Of The Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), TN/DS/W/25 27 November 2002.

Japan Trade Policy Review Minutes of the Meeting Addendum, WT/TPR/M/310/Add.1, 17 June 2015.

See para. 7.7 of the Panel Report.

https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/disp_settlement_cbt_e/c6s9p1_e.htm.

See I. Garcia Bercero & P. Garzotti, “DSU Reform: What are the Underlying Issues?” in D. Georgiev and K. Van der Borght, (eds) Reform and Development of the WTO Dispute Settlement (2006, Cameron May Publishers, London) 123 at 143.

For all figures, see Members’ contributions to the WTO budget and the budget of the Appellate Body for the year 2015, available at https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/contrib_e.htm.

See ‘Govt wants NZ Base for TPP Deal’ New Zealand Herald, (2016) (online edition) http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11572801 accessed 30 June 2016.

L Toohey, ‘Reinvigorating the WTO from the Inside Out—Revisiting the Role of the Secretariat’ (2014) 9 Asian Journal of WTO and International Health Law and Policy 385.

C Davis, (2006) The Politics of Forum choice in Trade Disputes: Evidence from US Trade Policy Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 2006. Online at http://www.princeton.edu/~cldavis/files/davis_2006APSA.pdf.

Titel: Dispute Settlement in the TPP and the WTO: Which Way Will Asian TPP Members Turn?
verfasst von: Lisa Toohey
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Paradigm Shift in International Economic Law Rule-Making
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-6730-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-6731-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6731-0_6