1. Drawing Lessons from Experience in Marine Ecosystem-Based Management

Unless otherwise indicated, this quotation and all subsequent quotations in the chapter are taken from telephone interviews conducted with the named respondent by the authors or their research assistants, January 2009 to December 2010.

Quoted in World Wildlife Fund, “Florida Residents Give Thumbs Up as Largest No-Fish Zone in the US Gets the Nod,” April 25, 2001, accessed March 26, 2016, http://​wwf.​panda.​org/​wwf_​news/​?​2243/​Florida-residents-give-the-thumbs-up-as-largest-no-fish-zone-in-the-US-gets-the-nod.

See, e.g., Tundi Agardy et al., Taking Steps toward Marine and Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management—an Introductory Guide (Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme, 2011); Katie K. Arkema, Sarah C. Abramson, and Bryan M. Dewsbury, “Marine Ecosystem-Based Management: From Characterization to Implementation,” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4 (2006): 525–32; Richard Curtin and Raul Prellezo, “Understanding Marine Ecosystem Based Management: A Literature Review,” Marine Policy 34 (2010): 821–30; Verna G. DeLauer et al., “The Complexity of the Practice of Ecosystem-Based Management,” Integral Review 10 (2014): 4–28; Sue Kidd, Andy Plater, and Chris Frid, eds., The Ecosystem Approach to Marine Planning and Management (London: Earthscan, 2011); Sarah E. Lester et al., “Science in Support of Ecosystem-Based Management for the US West Coast and Beyond,” Biological Conservation 143 (2010): 576–87; James Lindholm and Robert Pavia, eds, “Examples of Ecosystem-Based Management in National Marine Sanctuaries: Moving from Theory to Practice,” Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series ONMS-10-02 (Silver Spring MD: US Department of Commerce, NOAA, 2010); Karen L. McLeod and Heather M. Leslie, Ecosystem-Based Management for the Oceans (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009); Mary Ruckelshaus et al., “Marine Ecosystem-Based Management in Practice: Scientific and Governance Challenges,” BioScience 58 (2008): 53–63.

N. L. Christensen et al., “The Report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management,” Ecological Applications 6 (1996): 665–91; R. Edward Grumbine, “What Is Ecosystem Management?” Conservation Biology 8 (1994): 27–38.

See, e.g., Peter A. Larkin, “Concepts and Issues in Marine Ecosystem Management,” Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 6 (1996): 139–64; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, New Priorities for the 21st Century: National Marine Fisheries Service Strategic Plan, Updated for FY 2005–FY 2010 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2004.)

Pew Oceans Commission, America’s Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change (Arlington VA: Pew Oceans Commission, 2003); U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, 2004).

Exec. Order No. 13547. Stewardship of the Ocean, Our Coasts, and the Great Lakes. 3 C.F.R. 13547 (2010).

California Ocean Protection Act, 26.5 California Public Resources Code 35500–35650 (2004); Massachusetts Oceans Act, 114 Massachusetts General Laws 35HH (2008).

Canada’s Oceans Act, S.C. 1996, c. 31.

See, e.g., Steven A. Murawski, “Ten Myths Concerning Ecosystem Approaches to Marine Resource Management,” Marine Policy 31 (2007): 681–90; Heather Tallis et al., “The Many Faces of Ecosystem-Based Management: Making the Process Work Today in Real Places,” Marine Policy 34 (2010): 340–48; Steven L. Yaffee, “Three Faces of Ecosystem Management,” Conservation Biology 13 (1999): 713–25.

Karen L. McLeod et al., “Scientific Consensus Statement on Marine Ecosystem-Based Management,” signed by 217 academic scientists and policy experts with relevant expertise and published by the Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea (2005), http://​compassonline.​org/​science/​EBM_​CMSP/​EBMconsensus.

See, e.g., Charles Ehler and Fanny Douvere, Marine Spatial Planning: A Step-by-Step Approach toward Ecosystem-Based Management, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and Man and the Biosphere Programme, IOC Manual and Guides No. 53, ICAM Dossier No. 6 (Paris: UNESCO. 2009); and Tundi Agardy, Ocean Zoning: Making Marine Management More Effective (London: Earthscan, 2010).

Other researchers have used a cross-case analysis approach to study MEBM. See, e.g., Agardy et al., Taking Steps toward Marine and Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management—an Introductory Guide; Peter J. S. Jones, Governing Marine Protected Areas: Resilience through Diversity (London: Earthscan/Routledge, 2014); and McLeod and Leslie, Ecosystem-Based Management for the Oceans.

Julia Wondolleck and Steven Yaffee, “Marine Ecosystem-Based Management in Practice” (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2012), http://​www.​snre.​umich.​edu/​ecomgt/​mebm.

Wondolleck and Yaffee, “Marine Ecosystem-Based Management in Practice.”