nach oben

Erschienen in:

2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Dye Pollution in Water and Wastewater

verfasst von : Karishma Maheshwari, Madhu Agrawal, A. B. Gupta

Erschienen in: Novel Materials for Dye-containing Wastewater Treatment

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The presence of dye in water stream leads to unexceptional effects on living life. As dyes are consumed globally from small-scale to large-scale industries inculcating tanneries, food, cosmetic, textile, medicinal sectors with the production of 1,000,000 tons all over the world. Majorly, the textile sector plays a pertinent role in dye emissions into the ecosystem. Only dying industries discharge about 7.5 metric tons annually. The complex structures of dye comprising of aromatic rings bonded with different functional groups having π-electron could absorb light within 380–700 nm spectra. They impart coloration due to the presence of chromogens and chromophores. Out of several natural and synthetic dyes, azo group proliferation has been highly carcinogenic due to amine and benzidine emissions. Besides this, the fact of being non-biodegradable makes the dye molecules last longer in the environment producing hazards. Henceforth, eradication of dye molecules from wastewater is thus needed before discharging the stream into the environment with long- and short-term effects. The severe implications have been reported for the aquatic life due to direct contact. Whereas to human life, there were observations from skin irritations to cancer-like disease. Several approaches were reported for the treatment of dye-containing streams but the exploration for the best available technique is still ongoing. So, this chapter collects comprehensive facts about dyes, its harmful effect, and approaches for the treatment at a worldwide level and Indian perspective. Additionally, the article draws out the comparative analysis for available techniques and states the recent advancements for the purification of dye-containing wastewater.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nächstes Kapitel The Utilization of Biomaterials for Water Purification: Dyes, Heavy Metals, and Pharmaceuticals

Maheshwari K, Solanki YS, Ridoy MSH, Agarwal M, Dohare R, Gupta R (2020) Ultrasonic treatment of textile dye effluent utilizing microwave-assisted activated carbon. Environ Prog Sustain Energy. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13410CrossRef

Agrawal M, Maheshwari K (n.d.) Textile water: characterization, environmental impact and treatment, vol 2, pp 47–75

Salleh MAM, Mahmoud DK, Karim WAWA, Idris A (2011) Cationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solid wastes: a comprehensive review. Desalination 280:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.07.019CrossRef

Li W, Mu B, Yang Y (2019) Feasibility of industrial-scale treatment of dye wastewater via bio-adsorption technology. Bioresour Technol 277:157–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.002CrossRef

Nasseh N, Arghavan FS, Rodriguez-Couto S, Hossein Panahi A (2020) Synthesis of FeNi3/SiO2/CuS magnetic nano-composite as a novel adsorbent for Congo Red dye removal. Int J Environ Anal Chem 7319. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1754810

Saini RD (2017) Textile organic dyes: polluting effects and elimination methods from textile waste water. Int J Chem Eng Res 9:975–6442 (2017). http://www.ripublication.com

Mary Ealias A, Saravanakumar MP (2019) A critical review on ultrasonic-assisted dye adsorption: mass transfer, half-life and half-capacity concentration approach with future industrial perspectives. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 49:1959–2015 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1601488

Bhat SA, Zafar F, Mondal AH, Mirza AU, Rizwanul Haq QM, Nishat N (2020) Efficient removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution by adsorbent films of polyvinyl alcohol/melamine-formaldehyde composite and bactericidal effects. J Clean Prod 255:120062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120062

Al Prol AE (2019) Study of environmental concerns of dyes and recent textile effluents treatment technology: a review. Asian J Fish Aquat Res 3:1–18. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2019/v3i230032.

10.

Routoula E, Patwardhan SV (2020) Degradation of anthraquinone dyes from effluents: a review focusing on enzymatic dye degradation with industrial potential. Environ Sci Technol 54:647–664. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03737CrossRef

11.

Hassaan MA, El Nemr A (2017) Health and environmental impacts of dyes: mini review. Am J Environ Sci Eng 1:64–67. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.11CrossRef

12.

Kumar A, Sehgal M (2018) Hydrogen fuel cell technology for a sustainable future: a review. SAE Tech Pap 2018:2588–2591. https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1307

13.

Azari A, Nabizadeh R, Nasseri S, Mahvi AH, Mesdaghinia AR (2020) Comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of dyes adsorption by carbon-based adsorbent materials: classification and analysis of last decade studies. Chemosphere 250:126238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126238

14.

Tkaczyk A, Mitrowska K, Posyniak A (2020) Synthetic organic dyes as contaminants of the aquatic environment and their implications for ecosystems: a review. Sci Total Environ 717:137222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137222

15.

Yeow PK, Wong SW, Hadibarata T (2021) Removal of Azo and Anthraquinone dye by plant biomass as adsorbent—a review. 11:8218–8232

16.

Menon P, Singh TSA, Pani N, Nidheesh PV (2020) Chemosphere electro-fenton assisted sonication for removal of ammoniacal nitrogen and organic matter from dye intermediate industrial wastewater. Chemosphere 128739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128739

17.

Masarbo RS, Karegoudar TB (2020) Decolourisation of toxic azo dye Fast Red E by three bacterial strains: process optimisation and toxicity assessment. Int J Environ Anal Chem 00:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1759048CrossRef

18.

Qin Q, Ma J, Liu K (2009) Adsorption of anionic dyes on ammonium-functionalized MCM-41. 162:133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.016

19.

Sarkar S, Ponce NT, Banerjee A, Bandopadhyay R, Rajendran S, Lichtfouse E (2020) Green polymeric nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes: a review. Environ Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01021-wCrossRef

20.

Yazdani MR (2018) Engineered adsorptive materials for water remediation

21.

Leaper S, Abdel-Karim A, Gad-Allah TA, Gorgojo P (2019) Air-gap membrane distillation as a one-step process for textile wastewater treatment. Chem Eng J 360:1330–1340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.209CrossRef

22.

Gürses A, Açıkyıldız M, Güneş K, Gürses MS (2016) Dyes and pigments: their structure and properties. SpringerBriefs in green chemistry for sustainability, pp 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33892-7

23.

Mohebali S, Bastani D, Shayesteh H (2019) Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of a low-cost biosorbent for the removal of Congo red dye: acid and CTAB-acid modified celery (Apium graveolens). J Mol Struct 1176:181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.08.068CrossRef

24.

Yaseen DA, Scholz M (2019) Textile dye wastewater characteristics and constituents of synthetic effluents: a critical review. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2130-z

25.

Benkhaya S, M’ rabet S, El Harfi A (2020) A review on classifications, recent synthesis and applications of textile dyes. Inorg Chem Commun 115:107891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.107891

26.

Tanvi DA, Lohit RT, Pratam KM, Vijayalakshmi BK, Devaraja TN, Mahanthesh V, Chakra PS, Devaraja G, Ramesh A (2020) Biosorption of heavy metal arsenic from Industrial Sewage of Davangere District, Karnataka, India, using indigenous fungal isolates. Appl Sci.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03622-0

27.

Eriksson E, Auffarth K, Eilersen AM, Henze M, Ledin A (2003) Household chemicals and personal care products as sources for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater. Water SA 29:135–146. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v29i2.4848CrossRef

28.

Amin M, Khodabakhshi A (2012) Determination of malachite green in trout tissue and effluent water from fish farms. Int J Environ Health Eng 1:10. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9183.94394CrossRef

29.

li2013.pdf (n.d.)

30.

Rahi RK, Prasad RN, Gupta V (2018) Analysis of physico-chemical properties of textile effluents collected from Sanganer, Jaipur. https://doi.org/10.36282/IJASRM/3.7.2018.627

31.

Ahmed I, Haque F, Rahman MATMT, Parvez AK, Mou TJ (2020) Screening of Methyl Red degrading bacteria isolated from textile effluents of Savar Area, Dhaka, Bangladesh 301–318. https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2020.117022

32.

Khatun M, Mohammad G, Rahman MT, Kabir SE (2020) Organic waste removal from pharmaceutical and textile effluents using composite adsorbent 55:197–206. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v55i3.49393

33.

Sani ZM, Dalhatu AS, Namadina MM, Abdullahi IL (2020) Impact assessment of dyeing processing activity on soils of selected sites in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. 6:219–225

34.

Zhou H, Zhou L, Ma K (2020) Science of the total environment micro fiber from textile dyeing and printing wastewater of a typical industrial park in China: occurrence, removal and release. Sci Total Environ 739:140329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140329

35.

Ahmad MT, Sushil M, Krishna M (2012) Influence of dye industrial effluent on physico chemical characteristics properties of soil at Bhairavgarh, Ujjain, MP, India. 1:50–53

36.

Gupta K, Khatri OP (2019) Fast and efficient adsorptive removal of organic dyes and active pharmaceutical ingredient by microporous carbon: effect of molecular size and charge. Chem Eng J 378:122218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122218

37.

Lokhande RS, Singare PU, Pimple DS (2011) Study on physico-chemical parameters of waste water effluents from Taloja Industrial Area of Mumbai, India. 1:1–9. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ije.20110101.01

38.

Ranganathan K, Karunagaran K, Sharma DC (2007) Recycling of wastewaters of textile dyeing industries using advanced treatment technology and cost analysis—case studies. 50:306–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.06.004

39.

Dubey SK, Yadav R, Chaturvedi RK, Yadav RK, Sharma VK, Minhas PS (2010) Contamination of ground water as a consequence of land disposal of dye waste mixed sewage effluents : a case study of Panipat District of Haryana, India. 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-010-0073-2

40.

Kumar S, Walia YK (2018) Study on physico-chemical parameters of water from different dyeing units effluents in Ludhiana City, India 4:145–150

41.

Gupta R, Jindal T, Khan AS, Srivastava P, Kanaujia A (2019) Assessment of ground water quality and its suitability for drinking in industrial area Jajmau, Kanpur, India. 19:1569–1571

42.

Mostafa MRIMG (2020) Characterization of textile dyeing effluent and its treatment using polyaluminum chloride. Appl Water Sci 10:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01204-4

43.

Madamwar D, Onkar T, Jain K (2019) Mapping of research outcome on remediation of dyes, dye intermediates and textile industrial waste. 1–228. http://dbtindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/Textile_Dyes_Compendium-Final.pdf

44.

Dey S, Islam A (2015) A review on textile wastewater characterization in Bangladesh. Academia.edu. Resour Environ 5:15–44. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.re.20150501.03

45.

Samir S, Al-tohamy R, Koutra E, El-naggar AH, Kornaros M, Sun J (2021) Valorizing lignin-like dyes and textile dyeing wastewater by a newly constructed lipid-producing and lignin modifying oleaginous yeast consortium valued for biodiesel and bioremediation. J Hazard Mater 403:123575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123575

46.

Methneni N, Anthonissen R, Van De Maele J, Trifa F, Verschaeve L, Ben Mansour H (2020) Assessment of natural coagulants to remediate Tunisian textile wastewater by combining physicochemical, analytical, and toxicological data

47.

Li F, Huang J, Xia Q, Lou M, Yang B, Tian Q, Liu Y (2018) Separation and purification technology direct contact membrane distillation for the treatment of industrial dyeing wastewater and characteristic pollutants. Sep Purif Technol 195:83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.058CrossRef

48.

Rathore J (2012) Studies on pollution load induced by dyeing and printing units in River. Int J Environ Sci 3:735–742. https://doi.org/10.6088/ijes.2012030131072CrossRef

49.

Sharma N, Sharma SK, Gehlot A (2014) Influence of dyeing and printing industrial effluent on physicochemical Characteristics of water—case study on the printing cluster of Bagru, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India. IOSR J Appl Chem 7:61–64. https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-07416164

50.

Reddy S, Osborne WJ (2020) Heavy metal determination and aquatic toxicity evaluation of textile dyes and effluents using Artemia salina. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 25:101574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101574

51.

Novotný Č, Dias N, Kapanen A, Malachová K, Vándrovcová M, Itävaara M, Lima N (2006) Comparative use of bacterial, algal and protozoan tests to study toxicity of azo- and anthraquinone dyes. Chemosphere 63:1436–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.002CrossRef

52.

Gottlieb A, Shaw C, Smith A, Wheatley A, Forsythe S (2003) The toxicity of textile reactive azo dyes after hydrolysis and decolourisation. J Biotechnol 101:49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(02)00302-4CrossRef

53.

Vinitnantharat S, Chartthe W, Pinisakul A (2008) Toxicity of reactive red 141 and basic red 14 to algae and waterfleas. Water Sci Technol 58:1193–1198. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.476CrossRef

54.

de Luna LAV, da Silva THG, Nogueira RFP, Kummrow F, Umbuzeiro GA (2014) Aquatic toxicity of dyes before and after photo-Fenton treatment. J Hazard Mater 276:332–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.047CrossRef

55.

Croce R, Cinà F, Lombardo A, Crispeyn G, Cappelli CI, Vian M, Maiorana S, Benfenati E, Baderna D (2017) Aquatic toxicity of several textile dye formulations: acute and chronic assays with Daphnia magna and Raphidocelis subcapitata. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 144:79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.046CrossRef

56.

Aksu O, Yildirim NC, Danabas D, Yildirim N (2017) Biochemical impacts of the textile dyes Remazol Brillant Blue R and Congo Red on the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Decapoda, Astacidae). Crustaceana 90:1563–1574. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003738CrossRef

57.

Chung K-T (2016) Azo dyes and human health: a review. Environ Sci Health Care 34:1–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2016.1236602CrossRef

58.

Feng J, Cerniglia CE, Chen H (2012) Toxicological significance of azo dye metabolism by human intestinal microbiota. Front Biosci Elit 4:568–586. https://doi.org/10.2741/e400

59.

Chequer FMD, Angeli JPF, Ferraz ERA, Tsuboy MS, Marcarini JC, Mantovani MS, de Oliveira DP (2009) The azo dyes Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Orange 1 increase the micronuclei frequencies in human lymphocytes and in HepG2 cells. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 676:83–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.04.004CrossRef

60.

Sathishkumar K, AlSalhi MS, Sanganyado E, Devanesan S, Arulprakash A, Rajasekar A (2019) Sequential electrochemical oxidation and bio-treatment of the azo dye congo red and textile effluent. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 200:111655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111655

61.

Lee YH, Jeong JY, Jegal J, Mo JH (2008) Preparation and characterization of polymer-carbon composite membranes for the removal of the dissolved salts from dye wastewater. Dye Pigment 76:372–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2006.08.049CrossRef

62.

Baghel R, Upadhyaya S, Chaurasia SP, Singh K, Kalla S (2018) Optimization of process variables by the application of response surface methodology for naphthol blue black dye removal in vacuum membrane distillation. J Clean Prod 199:900–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.214CrossRef

63.

Khumalo NP, Nthunya LN, De Canck E, Derese S, Verliefde AR, Kuvarega AT (2019) Separation and purification technology Congo red dye removal by direct membrane distillation using PVDF/PTFE membrane. Sep Purif Technol 211:578–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.039CrossRef

64.

Heidari MR, Varma RS, Ahmadian M, Pourkhosravani M, Asadzadeh SN, Karimi P, Khatami M (2019) Photo-Fenton like catalyst system: activated carbon/CoFe 2 O 4 nanocomposite for reactive dye removal from textile wastewater. Appl Sci 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9050963

65.

Mook WT, Aroua MK, Szlachta M, Lee CS (2017) Optimisation of Reactive Black 5 dye removal by electrocoagulation process using response surface methodology. Water Sci Technol 75:952–962. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.563CrossRef

66.

Chen W, Yan X (2020) Progress in achieving high-performance piezoresistive and capacitive flexible pressure sensors: a review [J]. J Mater Sci Technol 43(0):175–188

67.

Zhou Y, Lu J, Zhou Y, Liu Y (2019) Recent advances for dyes removal using novel adsorbents: a review. Environ Pollut 252:352–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.072CrossRef

68.

Silva TL, Cazetta AL, Souza PSC, Zhang T, Asefa T, Almeida VC (2018) Mesoporous activated carbon fibers synthesized from denim fabric waste: efficient adsorbents for removal of textile dye from aqueous solutions. J Clean Prod 171:482–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.034CrossRef

69.

Mahmoodi NM, Masrouri O, Arabi AM (2014) Synthesis of porous adsorbent using microwave assisted combustion method and dye removal. J Alloys Compd 602:210–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.02.155CrossRef

70.

Borousan F, Youse F, Ghaedi M (2019) Removal of Malachite Green Dye using IRMOF-3−MWCNT-OH−Pd-NPs as a novel adsorbent: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.9b00298

71.

Liu Q, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Tian N, Liang G, Ma N, Dai W (2019) Highly improved water resistance and Congo red uptake capacity with a Zn/Cu-BTC@MC composite adsorbent. J Chem Eng Data. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.9b00159CrossRef

72.

Zolgharnein J, Dermanaki Farahani S, Bagtash M, Amani S (2020) Application of a new metal-organic framework of [Ni2F2(4,4′-bipy)2(H2O)2](VO3)2.8H2O as an efficient adsorbent for removal of Congo red dye using experimental design optimization. Environ Res 182:109054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.109054.

73.

Dalvand A, Gholibegloo E, Ganjali MR, Golchinpoor N, Khazaei M, Kamani H, Hosseini SS, Mahvi AH (2016) Comparison of Moringa stenopetala seed extract as a clean coagulant with Alum and Moringa stenopetala-Alum hybrid coagulant to remove direct dye from Textile Wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:16396–16405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6708-zCrossRef

74.

Shankar YS, Ankur K, Bhushan P (n.d.) Utilization of water treatment plant (WTP) sludge for pretreatment of dye wastewater using coagulation/Flocculation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0215-2

75.

Le OTH, Tran LN, Doan VT, Van Pham Q, Van Ngo A, Nguyen HH (2020) Mucilage extracted from dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus undatus) as flocculant for treatment of dye wastewater by coagulation and flocculation process. Int J Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7468343

76.

Nataraj SK, Hosamani KM, Aminabhavi TM (2009) Nano filtration and reverse osmosis thin film composite membrane module for the removal of dye and salts from the simulated mixtures. Desalination 249:12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.06.008CrossRef

77.

Korenak J, Hélix-Nielsen C, Bukšek H, Petrinić I (2019) Efficiency and economic feasibility of forward osmosis in textile wastewater treatment. J Clean Prod 210:1483–1495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.130CrossRef

78.

Moussa DT, El-Naas MH, Nasser M, Al-Marri MJ (2017) A comprehensive review of electrocoagulation for water treatment: potentials and challenges. J Environ Manag 186:24–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.032CrossRef

79.

Baroud TN, Giannelis EP (2018) High salt capacity and high removal rate capacitive deionization enabled by hierarchical porous carbons. Carbon NY 139:614–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.05.053CrossRef

80.

Xu X, Tan H, Wang Z, Wang C, Pan L, Kaneti YV, Yang T, Yamauchi Y (2019) Extraordinary capacitive deionization performance of highly-ordered mesoporous carbon nano-polyhedra for brackish water desalination. Environ Sci Nano 6:981–989. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9en00017hCrossRef

Titel: Dye Pollution in Water and Wastewater
verfasst von: Karishma Maheshwari
Madhu Agrawal
A. B. Gupta
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Novel Materials for Dye-containing Wastewater Treatment
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-2891-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-16-2892-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2892-4_1

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht