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1990 | Buch

Walter Isard: Scholar, Teacher and Founder Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Dynamics and Conflict in Regional Structural Change

Essays in Honour of Walter Isard, Volume 2

herausgegeben von: Manas Chatterji, Robert E. Kuenne

Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan UK

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Walter Isard: Scholar, Teacher and Founder

Walter Isard: Scholar, Teacher and Founder
Abstract
Rarely indeed does the opportunity occur to scholars to honour a colleague who is singularly identifiable as the creator of their intellectual disciplines. The authors of papers in these two volumes honouring Walter Isard in his seventieth year have enjoyed that privilige, whether their specialities be Regional Science or Peace Science. Both fields are stamped with the Isardian hallmarks: rigorous technique; multidisciplinary synthesis; creative melding of the theoretical and empirical; international scholarly cooperation; and a fearless, analytical ambition.
Robert E. Kuenne

Introduction: From Location and Space Economics to Spatial Dynamics

Introduction: From Location and Space Economics to Spatial Dynamics
Abstract
Walter Isard’s major contribution started with of his attempt to develop a general theory of location. For the last three decades or so there has been significant contribution in the location and allocation (L-A) modelling of economic, social and political activities. This development has taken place in two distinctly separate directions. The first is in the discipline of operations research where the location-allocation models have been applied in facilities location in the private and public sectors. The second area encompasses a number of disciplines such as statistical geography, regional and space economics, city and regional planning, regional science, regional anthropology and sociology, etc. They often used the tools of operations research; however, they have their own diversity of ideas and well-developed methodologies.
Manas Chatterji

Spatial and Regional Dynamics: Theoretical Issues

Frontmatter
1. From Alfred Weber to Max: The Shifting Style of Regional Policy
Abstract
Until recently, most regional development policy, in both poor and rich countries, sought to attract manufacturing industry to underdeveloped or depressed areas and, to a lesser degree, to discourage the location of industry in areas which were considered to be overly developed. In order to attract industry to the designated areas, investments were made in infrastructure, such as transportation and industrial parks, and commonly various subsidies and inducements were offered to enterprises. By contrast to the emphasis on manufacturing, agriculture was usually neglected and the service sector commonly ignored except for quixotic attempts to move government agencies from the capital.
William Alonso
2. Externalities, Aging Processes and Spatial Structures: a General Dynamic Approach
Abstract
This paper deals with interactions of (1) externalities and non-convexities or indivisibilities — and (2) aging processes of various kinds of stocks. The interesting question is how these, together with factor market deficiencies, can generate waves or cycles of economic activities. Externalities work both on the production side and on the consumption side of economic activities — within industries, within groups of consumers or within cities in one kind of consideration, or on output markets or input markets, like labour markets or markets for information as another aspect. The relevant adjustment periods differ in length. I shall discuss cases ranging from less than a year in the one extreme case — particular cases of household demand — to a century (or more) at the other extreme — different developments of regions with different economic structures. The shortest cycles originate from psychic phenomena whereas very long waves are caused by changes of long-term capital stocks and very long-run changes in social attitudes and social organisations. In my chapter, I try to illustrate how the same kinds of mechanisms work in different settings, without going into mathematical detail.
Edwin von Böventer
3. A Varying Social Rate of Discount: Review of Arguments
Abstract
The assessment of the social value of multiperiod effects (costs and benefits) of public policy decisions is usually based on the net present value criterion. The use of this criterion is based on two major assumptions: (a) the possibility of expressing all relevant impacts of a decision in a common cardinal (usually monetary) denominator; (b) the existence of an appropriate social rate of discount which transforms all future flows into present values. Clearly, these two assumptions are not entirely independent: if no monetary cardinal metric can be specified for the effects of a decision on a plan or project, it becomes problematic to use a conventional social rate of discount; besides, various authors have argued that in case of intangible effects which cannot be valued monetarily, it may be plausible to adjust the social rate of discount.
Daniel Gijsbers, Peter Nijkamp
4. Self-organisation of Evolving Economic Space
Abstract
The idea of self-organisation (Prigogine [13]; Nicolis and Prigogine [11]) presents the way in which complex systems transform themselves from one structure to another, from one order to another. The systems considered are distinguished by three properties: They are (1) open for flows from the environment, (2) far from equilibrium, and (3) non-linear. These three properties are necessary and sufficient conditions for the systems to transform into new, usually more complex, structures.
Ryszard Domanski
5. The Dynamics of Central Place Networks
Abstract
A major current concern is with patterns of regional development in a variety of contexts and at a variety of spatial scales. Regional science should be able to provide a theoretical basis for this field but it can be argued that it has failed to do so. It is interesting to look back, therefore, at the origins of relevant theory, which we take as central place theory, and assess the progress towards the goal of building an effective theory of what might be called the ‘dynamics of central place networks’. This already introduces, in such a phrase, two new emphases: the first on dynamics, which is appropriate both in terms of the interests of theorists but also, more importantly, in the context of rapid structural change; and secondly, on networks, which emphasises the importance of interdependence in contemporary societies.
Alan Wilson
6. Endogenous Technological Changes and Economic Growth
Abstract
Since the days of Schumpeter and his Theory of Economic Development ([16]), little has been written on the interactions between economic and technological development. Even in the works of Schumpeter there is little evidence to suggest that Schumpeter had any deeper analysis of the interactive nature of technological and economic variables.
Åke Andersson, Wei-Bin Zhang

Empirical Analysis of Regional Change and Structure

Frontmatter
7. Five Principles of Spatial Econometrics Illustrated
Abstract
Since the term ‘spatial econometrics’ was coined (J.H.P. Paelinck [19]), the discipline has progressively gathered momentum. In the few pages to follow we would like to report on some recent work, linking it up with five principles which we have always thought to be useful guidelines for the applied spatial econometrician; they are recalled in the next section as an introduction to the rest of this study.
J. -P. Ancot, J. H. Kuiper, J. H. P. Paelinck
8. Spatial Linkages in the US Economy
Abstract
The publication of Walter Isard’s spatially extended input-output model (Isard [15]) must surely be regarded as a (if not the) cornerstone of operational regional science. At issue was the custom, perhaps especially noticeable in economics, of assuming that much of a nation’s human activity took place in a spaceless vacuum. Yet activities occur at specific locations, and since not all activities exist at all locations, there must be interactions among places. Thus, it was argued, an explicitly regional approach was called for; but such a perspective carries with it an obligation to pay attention to the structure of activity within each place (region) and also to the nature of connections that tie the regions together. It is precisely these two aspects of the regional view that are captured in Isard’s pioneering interregional input-output (IRIO) model, in which intraregional structures appear in on-diagonal blocks and interregional connections are captured in off-diagonal blocks of a spatially explicit technical coefficients matrix.
Peter D. Blair, Ronald E. Miller
9. Regional Health Care Systems Modelling
Abstract
The word ‘system’ is interpreted in various ways by different people. To some of my colleagues in computer science and management information systems, the word implies computer systems, and a systems analyst usually means computer systems analyst. To the scholars in organisational psychology, the word is used for organisational systems. They argue that the study of business, social or any other organisation needs an overall approach, meaning any change in one area is going to affect another area. In sociology, the use of a social system concept is well known through the development of Talcott Parsons’s theory.
Manas Chatterji
10. Macro- vs Micro-economic Approaches to Regional Industrialization Planning: The Case of Western Galilee
Abstract
The present paper describes some novel aspects and unorthodox methods of planning of industrialisation processes. It deals with a small region, in a new country which has for a time achieved an exceptionally high sustained rate of economic growth, and simultaneously also evolved the institutions and characteristics of an advanced welfare state. Significant for economic planning is the high cost of local labour and the peculiar egalitarian wage structure, making highly qualified labour relatively cheap and confering comparative advantage on industries relying upon small niches and advanced products.
Stan Czamanski
11. Public Choice and the Management of Regional Resource Systems: The Case of the Chesapeake Bay
Abstract
Interregional competition for growth, the waterfront location of economic activity, and the spatial division of regulatory authorities have led to market failures in the management of large natural resource systems. Market failures in the management of these natural resource systems create a case for government intervention and a search for efficient remedies. Although the literature on natural resource and environmental economics has developed refined policy instruments for the efficient management of marine resources, the regulatory approaches actually adopted are typically inefficient and fail to satisfy economic criteria. In order to identify the obstacles to the adoption of economically efficient management policies and to suggest more acceptable approaches, this chapter considers regional resource management from the viewpoint of public choice, interest groups, and institutional change.
John H. Cumberland
12. Spatial Planning in the Context of Decentralised Planning in Developing Countries: A Case Study of India
Abstract
The concept of spatial planning deals with the integration of various physical, social and economic functions over space. Such integration is achieved by planned action over time and brings about balanced regional development. The basic objective of such spatial planning is to distribute the benefits of development among the maximum number of people and to minimise the regional disparities in levels of development.
Chitta R. Pathak
13. Regional and Multiregional Modelling in the USSR
Abstract
In studies of the diverse economic relations among regions within the national economy three logical levels can be isolated:
1.
elemental level (for each form of interregional relations, for example, analyses of interregional products and scientific and technological information exchange, population migration, environment pollution flows, etc.);
 
2.
systemic regional level (for all forms of relations from the viewpoint of a separate region in a particular sub-system);
 
3.
systemic multiregional level (for all forms of relations in the perspective of the national economy in a system of interacting regions).
 
In our view, the concept of ‘interregional interactions’ corresponds to the third level of analysis. The specified concept embraces not only the specific forms of relations among separate regions, but also includes the combined impact of all forms of quantitative relationships on the totality of essential features of the system of regions.
Alexander Granberg
14. Input-Occupancy-Output Analysis and its Application in China
Abstract
The input-output analysis developed by American economist Wassily Leontief has found wide applications all over the world. In current input-output tables, the term input means the consumption of various essential factors in economic activities. This may be seen in the entries in the columns of any commonly used input-output table, that is, the sum of raw entries taken column-wise.
$$ \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{X_{ij}} + {D_j} + {V_j} + {M_j} = {X_j},\quad j = 1,2 \ldots ,n} $$
(14.1)
where \(\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n \; \) X ij is the sum of intermediate inputs in the production process (consumption of raw materials, semi-finished materials, auxiliary materials, fuel, electricity, etc.), D j is the depreciation of fixed assets, V j is the labour cost and M j is the net property income (indirect taxes, interest and profits).
Chen Xikang
15. A Note on the Usefulness of the ‘Round-by-Round’ Method of Performing Input-Output Impact Calculations
Abstract
The typical use of input-output (I-O) for impact analysis, in accordance with most basic texts such as Miller and Blair ([19]), involves the determination of the set of output changes, ΔX, necessary to support a set of changes in final demand, ΔY. To do this requires solving the I-O equation system:
$$\Delta X - A\Delta X = \Delta Y$$
(15.1)
by:
$$ \Delta X = {\left[ {I - A} \right]^{ - 1}}\Delta Y $$
(15.2)
where: A = a matrix of I-O technological coefficients; and: I = the identity matrix of the same order as A. According to Bodewig ([2]), the solution of such an equation system, either to obtain a particular solution by Gauss-Seidel condensation or a general solution by direct matrix inversion (DMI) using Gauss-Jordan methods, requires approximately n3 floating-point multiplication operations (FLOPs), where n is the order of the matrix.1
Benjamin H. Stevens
16. Some Educational Challenges in Regional Studies for More Developed and Third World Countries
Abstract
In developing policy prescriptions, we should try to be mindful of Justice Holmes’ inclination to temper hopes with at least a little cynical acid2 — on the grounds that those are disillusioned who suffer from illusions in the beginning. But if I have erred on this occasion, I suspect it may have been on the side of optimism.
Lloyd Rodwin

The Management of Conflict

Frontmatter
17. Management and Control of Conflict Using an Integrated Model
Abstract
The management and control of conflict has been an area of major concern to regional scientists for many years. This is reflected in the following definitions of the field provided in Isard ([16]):
1.
‘Regional science is a synthesis of the art of planning and management with the science of spatial systems’;
 
2.
‘Regional science is the study of spatial conflicts among behaving units and the methods for analysing and resolving these conflicts’;
 
3.
‘Regional science is the systematic study of the time-space patterns of systems and the ways in which social problems associated with these patterns can be effectively attacked and resolved.’
 
Christine Smith
18. Spatial Econometric Analysis of International Conflict
Abstract
One of the major contributions of Walter Isard to the modern social sciences undoubtedly lies in his emphasis on the importance of space as an organising construct. This goes back to his innovative neoclassical micro-economic theory of location (Isard [17]) which can be considered as the point of departure in the growth of the discipline of regional science. More recently, his work has emphasised general systems theory and the notion of policy spaces (Isard, [18]) and evolved to an outline for the new field of peace science as the possible ‘queen of social sciences’ (Isard, [19], and Isard and Smith, [23]).
Luc Anselin, John O’Loughlin

Postscript Regional Science and Peace Science: The Prospect of a Synthesis

Postscript Regional Science and Peace Science: The Prospect of a Synthesis
Abstract
Walter Isard has devoted his career to the fields of Regional Science and Peace Science. For the last twenty years, he has channeled his enormous energy almost exclusively to Peace Science. It is not because he has nothing else to say about Regional Science but because he realised that almost all the theories and methods developed in regional science came to a stage where a conflict resolution approach is necessary for them to solve a practical problem. Also, he has a very strong commitment to universal peace and many times he has expressed his unhappiness because regional science is not more relevant to the developing countries where conflicts abound. Developments in Conflict Management and Peace Science can redress these deficiencies and open up a new era of development of Regional Science theory.
Manas Chatterji
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Dynamics and Conflict in Regional Structural Change
herausgegeben von
Manas Chatterji
Robert E. Kuenne
Copyright-Jahr
1990
Verlag
Palgrave Macmillan UK
Electronic ISBN
978-1-349-10636-3
Print ISBN
978-1-349-10638-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10636-3