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Das Kapitel befasst sich mit dem EALU-AER-Projekt, einer Schlüsselinitiative in der Kategorie Digital Sky Demonstrators, die darauf abzielt, die Automatisierung für die Integration von U-Raumfahrt und Flugverkehrsmanagement (ATM) zu verbessern. Es untersucht die U-Raum-Architektur, ihre Anforderungen und den geplanten Zeitplan für die Umsetzung und hebt die vier U-Raum-Ebenen (U1 bis U4) hervor, die die Entwicklung der Drohnenoperationen umreißen. Der Text diskutiert auch den EU-Regulierungsrahmen, der die Mindestanforderungen für U-Raumfahrtdienste festlegt, und die spezifischen Ziele des EALU-AER-Projekts, einschließlich der Validierung des Betriebs von Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) und der Entwicklung autonomer Softwarelösungen für elektrische vertikale Start- und Landeflugzeuge (eVTOL). Das Kapitel schließt mit den potenziellen Auswirkungen des EALU-AER-Projekts auf die Luftfahrt- und Drohnentechnologie-Industrie und positioniert den FMCI-Campus in Shannon als erstklassige Einrichtung für Tests und Forschung im U-Raum.
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Abstract
EALU-AER is a proposed scalable U-Space ecosystem technology infrastructure integration and demonstration project to establish Ireland’s first Digital Sky Demonstrator (DSD), enabling the smooth transition towards smart cities and is centered at Future Mobility Campus Ireland’s (FMCI) recently established vertiport site, in the vicinity of Shannon Airport, Ireland, therefore inside controlled airspace. The project focusses on deploying a reliable infrastructure, catering U1 and U2 services with higher levels of performance, refinement, and integration to enhanced levels of automated interface with the ATM/ATC, aiming to drive and support U-space regulations and standards development along with global interoperability between Uspace and ATM in a cross-border dimension. This allows for a safe and co-operative integration of zero-emission drones into the airspace that will perform different Urban Air Mobility (UAM) missions. The infrastructure will be facilitated by a mature USpace Services Provider (USSP) platform (WebUAS), a backhaul network for secure data exchange within the ecosystem (ARINC Ground Network (AGN)), Command and Non-payload Communication (CNPC) ground solution (CNPC 5000) and advanced three-dimensional ground surveillance RADAR. The project builds on the reliable integration of these technologies, to provide an autonomous, connected, and collaborative ecosystem ready for U3 and U4 services provision. In this paper, we build the case for the need of such efforts, provide a deep dive into the solution structure the project proposes and describe the operations planned, to validate the system architecture and infrastructure put in place for the same.
1 Introduction
To unlock the potential of the drone economy and enable urban air mobility (UAM) on a wide scale, a new air traffic management framework for low-altitude operations needs to be put in place. Known as U-space, the framework foresees a set of new services relying on a high level of digitalization and automation of functions and specific procedures designed to support safe, efficient, and secure access to airspace for large numbers of drones. As such, U-space is an enabling framework designed to facilitate any kind of routine mission, in all classes of airspace and all types of environment - even the most congested - while addressing an appropriate interface with manned aviation and air traffic control [1]. This is a key requirement identified and captured under the vision of the Digital European Sky and hence many of the projects in the innovation pipeline of Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) have been designed to deliver this ideology at a solution level ready for market, with some project focusing on driving the deliverables to market uptake. To deliver the Digital European Sky, the SESAR research and innovation programme is designed as an innovation pipeline, made up of exploratory research, industrial research and validation, fast-track innovation and uptake, and very largescale demonstrations/demonstrators, where ideas are transformed into tangible solutions [1]. EALU-AER project falls in the category of ‘Digital Sky Demonstrators’. Aimed at closing the gap between applied/industrial research and industrialization, the success of these projects will depend on involvement of early movers, while maintaining the solution architecture to be closely tied and aligned with the relevant standardizations and regulatory activity bodies.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Sect. 2 focuses on the U-space architecture, its requirements, projected delivery time scale and connection with current regulations and standards in place. Section 3 provides a deep insight into EALUAER, to understand the overall project aim, deliverables and strategy and finally Sect. 4 allows space for remarks.
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2 U-Space
2.1 Introduction
Following on the comments made in Sect. 1, U-space is a set of services and methods designed to ensure safe and efficient access to airspace for many Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), and which are based on highly of digitalized and automated structures. The purpose of U-space is hence to achieve fully automated UAS management and integration, allowing for a large set of operations, simultaneously on most events, and all of this in harmonious co-existence with the ATM system. The services are also envisioned as a further goal to be modified for and adopted by the ATM ecosystem,
enabling automation and optimization in manned aviation, noting the foreseen increase in flight services demand.
The question then to answer next is what and how are the services expected to be implemented, in terms of performance expectations, workflow setup, integration and interoperability needs and expected outcomes. This was the key aim of the SESAR project, which ran from 2017 – 2019, namely Concept of Operations (ConOps) for European U-space services (CORUS). Four editions of U-space Concept of Operations document have been produced because of this project, the latest one having been published in 2023, which considers additional Urban Air Mobility (UAM) needs, adjustments to reflect regulatory evolution and incorporation of learnings from various U-space projects commissioned. The European Union regulations, primarily 2021/664, 665 and 666 known as the U-space regulatory framework, sets the minimum requirements for the U-space in terms of seven services, six functional plus “common information.”[2].
The document lays out an expected evolution of U-space, as many of the services requirements identified and expected to be fulfilled require technological and infrastructural advancements, that are yet to be achieved. To simplify the discussion around the challenges this rise in traffic will pose, and the solutions that U-space should provide, the CORUS-XUAM project groups the expected traffic evolution into five eras [2].
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The “U levels” or “U blocks” as defined in the U-space Blueprint [3] are assumed, as shown in Fig. 1.
The idea behind these levels is to divide and set the roadmap of services development, allowing for viable and achievable maturity of a full scale U-space deployment. To briefly summarize each of these stages [2]:
U1 (Before 2023) - States are setting up registries and defining geographic areas in accordance with the UAS regulatory framework. Drones flights without U-space services. Manual coordination with and authorizations from the involved authorities are usually required. ATC procedures make Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) flights possible, though sometimes requiring some effort. Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) flights are limited, time consuming and expensive to set up.
U2 (2023 – 2030) – EU Regulatory framework has been issued. A minimum set of services, with the expected performance and availability needs, data exchange/report and expected outcome has been defined. Based on these, the services development is except to enhance and evolve, with many of the SESAR project focused on catering to develop, enhance or validate the provision of these services and set the base ground for U3/U4 deployment.
U3 (2030 and beyond) – U-space airspaces exists in controlled and uncontrolled airspace. Most drone operations are performed in Very Low Level (VLL) airspace. For UAM use-cases, corridors are defined and declared.
U4 – Full U-space integration in place. The timing for this level to be reached is difficult to gauge, but the expected outcome is most professional aerial operation are uncrewed and fully utilizing the whole suite of U-space services available. The U-space airspace is widely defined and infrastructure in place is highly automated, integrated, fully operational and scaled to facilitate dynamic and all ranges of U-space flight operations.
The U-space services have hence been classified along these 4 ‘U-levels’, providing a guidance path for industry progression and development to cater to these service requirements. Details of exactly which service falls under which U-level can been found in the CORUS-XUAM ConOps documents. Most of the explanation in this section will be based on the ConOps defined by the document provided in reference [2], as this sets the base strategy of the various exploratory, industrial, and demonstrative projects planned in the U-space domain.
2.2 EU Regulatory Framework
This section aims to highlight the regulations that have been put in place by the EU, to provide structure and guidance as governments, Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP), Aviation authorities, airports and private entities work together on implementing viable, scalable, and commercial solutions in place for the U-space economy.
The Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/664 of April 22, 2021 was published on April 23 2021, on a regulatory framework for U-Space that will allow the start of the U2 phase of provision of services with drones within the U -Space for drones. This regulation represents a great step forward for the development of UAVs “U-space is a way of responding to the growth of UAV operations in European airspace”, adding “A U-space regulation must promise equitable access to operators of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to airspace in a gainful way through a competitive.
services market”, that is, it is the step towards the widespread usage of drones as one more element of airspace and, consequently, the take-off of this ecosystem. The entry into force of this regulation has resulted in regulatory modifications through Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/665 of April 22, 2021, which modifies Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/373 as regards the requirements for air traffic management / air navigation service providers and other functions of the air traffic management network in designated U-Space airspace in controlled airspace and the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/666 of the Commission of April 22, 2021 amending Regulation (EU) No. 923/2012 as regards the requirements for manned aviation operating in U-Space airspace. Hence, bearing the concept of EALU-AER in mind, essentially all three regulations are applicable, in terms of ensuring that our solution design and architecture, from a user, services, equipment and data perspective, is well aligned with these.
3 EALU-AER
Based on the call objectives and priorities, the project aims to:
Prove feasibility, reliability and operational efficiency of transport services provided by various Electric Vertical TakeOff/Landing (eVTOL) aircraft for a variety of use cases and applications that range from freight delivery to autonomous air taxis.
Foster and accelerate the development of autonomous software solutions for the control, monitoring, data gathering/orchestration and overall interaction and safety of eVTOL aircraft.
Develop, deploy, and continually test/optimize the use of UAM, rural/remote air transport/freight delivery, and systems in support of eVTOL services.
Develop, deploy, and refine operational systems in general eVTOL-based USSP services across multiple use cases and political jurisdictions.
Define possible Separation Standards Aircraft and UAVs in Controlled Airspace (CAS) through partnership with Irish ANSP (Air Nav Ireland).
To demonstrate a range of UAM operations, across the range of U-space services projected through the SESAR U-space ConOps, the project will execute several use-cases across the period of the program that capture the operational requirements, vehicle dynamics, and technology demonstrations associated with the projected near-term UAM services market.
Use Case 1 – BVLOS Validation. Supporting technological deployments are as follows; Phase 1 - The first phase per the simplest ConOps defined as a VLOS flight leverages WebUAS connectivity to the ground control station and Shannon air traffic control utilizing the ARINC Global Network Point of Presence (PoP) and Network Monitoring. Phase 2 - The second phase adds Skyler Surveillance and extended line of sight operations.
Use Case 2 – Remote BVLOS. Supporting technological deployments are as follows; Phase 3 - Addition of CNPC C2 ground network and integration of CNPC onto a test platform.
Use Case 3 – Remote BVLOS, Use Case 4 – BVLOS Cross Jurisdiction and Use Case 5 – Remote/Mobile Launch. Supporting technological deployments are as follows; Phase 4 – BVLOS corridors and additional C2 links (i.e., SATCOM) to add robustness through redundant and dissimilar C2 methods.
4 Concluding Remarks
Within Ireland, the facilities in FMCI and the program proposed in EALU-AER are a first for the country. The AAM/UAM market, like the rest of the world, is in a start-up or wait and see phase, where new actors are establishing themselves (such as Manna Aero) and large players who may exploit UAM/U-Space (for example FedEx) are exploring the market opportunities through demonstration and collaboration activities. The infrastructure leveraged through the EALU-AER will make the FMCI campus in Shannon a world class facility for testing AAM platforms, testing operating use-cases, evaluating standardization and certification of systems, and catalysing further research and development for U-Space.
Acknowledgments
Authors thank the whole EALU-AER consortium. Research partially funded from CINEA under the Connecting Europe Facility and supported by SESAR through the research and innovation program EALU-AER (grant agreement No. 101079674). The content of the paper does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the funding parties.
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EALU-AER: Enhanced Automation for U-Space/ATM Integration
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N. Liberko
X. Esneu
U. Houssou
D. Taurino
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L. Portoghese
W. Derguech
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