Heavy metal removal from polluted hydroponic solutions is a key challenge in contemporary agriculture. Due to its affordability and ecological consciousness, bio-sorption, a biotechnological technique, has gained interest as an effective heavy metal expulsion technique. The study presents the findings of several investigations about various bio-sorbents for heavy metal removal in hydroponic systems, including bacteria, fungus, algae, and plant-based materials. It emphasizes bio-sorption mechanisms such as adsorption, chelation, ion exchange, and phytoremediation, which aid in binding heavy metals to the bio-sorbent surface. The review also goes through the variables influencing bio-sorption effectiveness, including pH, temperature, contact duration, and metal level. It has shown remarkable removal efficiency for different heavy metals from hydroponic solutions, including lead, cadmium, copper, arsenic, chromium, and nickel. Furthermore, bio-sorption is an appealing choice for heavy metal removal in hydroponic systems because of its low cost, convenience of use, and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the possibility of bio-sorbent regeneration, reusability, and the long-term impacts of bio-sorption on plant development and soil health should be investigated. Finally, bio-sorptive heavy metal removal from hydroponic solutions appears to be a potential technique for controlling heavy metal pollution in agricultural systems. The assessment’s outcomes indicate that biosorption can be a successful and sustainable technology for heavy metal removal in hydroponic systems, but additional study is required to improve the procedure and investigate its long-term effects.
