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2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Effects and Empirical Critical Loads of Nitrogen for Ecoregions of the United States

verfasst von : Linda H. Pardo, Molly J. Robin-Abbott, Mark E. Fenn, Christine L. Goodale, Linda H. Geiser, Charles T. Driscoll, Edith B. Allen, Jill S. Baron, Roland Bobbink, William D. Bowman, Christopher M. Clark, Bridget Emmett, Frank S. Gilliam, Tara L. Greaver, Sharon J. Hall, Erik A. Lilleskov, Lingli Liu, Jason A. Lynch, Knute J. Nadelhoffer, Steven J. Perakis, John L. Stoddard, Kathleen C. Weathers, Robin L. Dennis

Erschienen in: Critical Loads and Dynamic Risk Assessments

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

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Abstract

Human activity in the last century has increased nitrogen (N) deposition to a level that has caused or is likely to cause alterations to the structure and function of many ecosystems across the United States. We synthesized current research relating atmospheric N deposition to effects on terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in the United States, and estimated associated empirical critical loads of N for several receptors: freshwater diatoms, mycorrhizal fungi, lichens, bryophytes, herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees. Biogeochemical responses included increased N mineralization and nitrification, increased gaseous N losses, and increased N leaching. Individual species, population, and community responses included increased tissue N, physiological and nutrient imbalances, increased growth, altered root-shoot ratios, increased susceptibility to secondary stresses, altered fire regime, shifts in competitive interactions and community composition, changes in species richness and other measures of biodiversity, and increases in invasive species. The range of critical loads of nutrient N reported for U.S. ecoregions, inland surface waters, and freshwater wetlands is 1–39 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, spanning the range of N deposition observed over most of the country. The empirical critical loads of N tend to increase in the following sequence: diatoms, lichens and bryophytes, mycorrhizal fungi, herbaceous plants and shrubs, trees.

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Titel: Effects and Empirical Critical Loads of Nitrogen for Ecoregions of the United States
verfasst von: Linda H. Pardo
Molly J. Robin-Abbott
Mark E. Fenn
Christine L. Goodale
Linda H. Geiser
Charles T. Driscoll
Edith B. Allen
Jill S. Baron
Roland Bobbink
William D. Bowman
Christopher M. Clark
Bridget Emmett
Frank S. Gilliam
Tara L. Greaver
Sharon J. Hall
Erik A. Lilleskov
Lingli Liu
Jason A. Lynch
Knute J. Nadelhoffer
Steven J. Perakis
John L. Stoddard
Kathleen C. Weathers
Robin L. Dennis
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Buch: Critical Loads and Dynamic Risk Assessments
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9507-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-017-9508-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9508-1_5