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Small Business Economics

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11.05.2017

Effects of extent and diversity of alliancing on innovation: the moderating role of firm newness

verfasst von: Marcus Wagner, Wilfried Zidorn

Erschienen in: Small Business Economics | Ausgabe 4/2017

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Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to show the varying effects of alliance portfolio size and heterogeneity on innovation in biotechnology firms. Previous literature has indicated that the number and heterogeneity of partners in an alliance portfolio might have positive effects on innovativeness. Yet, engaging in multiple and heterogeneous collaborations also raises managerial costs and complexity levels disproportionally, potentially causing detrimental performance effects. Analysis of a unique panel dataset suggests that engaging in many alliances generally has a positive influence on a firm’s innovation output. Furthermore, maintaining diverse alliance portfolios and a high extent of alliancing jointly affects a firm’s innovation output negatively. By additionally showing that younger firms benefit disproportionally from both alliance portfolio diversity and size, this study provides a more nuanced view of alliancing effects.

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For an overview of studies that analyze the effect of alliances on innovation, see (De Man and Duysters 2005).

The use of patents as a measure of innovation is often criticized, as some reasons prevent inventors from patenting their findings. Firstly, all knowledge about the new technology has to be disclosed, so inventors prefer keeping their findings secret. Secondly, patents will expire after some time and, if not protected through other means, the innovation can be copied by competitors. Lastly, costs for applying for a patent and for maintaining it are very high (especially if the inventor aims for global patent protection). Thus many inventions are not patented due to the high financial investment required. However, firms in the biotechnology industry patent 74% of their innovations (Arundel and Kabla 1998); hence, this study regards granted patents as a suitable measure for innovation output.

Mergers have been identified and eliminated from this variable, but are used as an important control variable named Acquisitions in the models, as is explained below.

We decided to maintain the full dataset for our analyses in order to appropriately reflect all information in our data. Estimations of all models without the observations were the Compustat and CRSP databases contained negative Tobin’s Q values (n = 300) yield identical results and are available from the authors on request.

Region dummies cannot be included in the fixed effects negative binomial model since they are time-invariant and thus dropped during the estimation. Also when using the xtpqml command, no constant is provided for fixed effect estimations since it cancels out of the conditional likelihood function (Allison 2009).

In case of the alternative dependent variable of annual patents, sign and significance remain however exactly as in Tables 3 and 4, i.e., H3 is fully confirmed for both the negative binomial model with region dummies as well as the Poisson model, as can be seen from Table 6.

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Titel: Effects of extent and diversity of alliancing on innovation: the moderating role of firm newness
verfasst von: Marcus Wagner
Wilfried Zidorn
Publikationsdatum: 11.05.2017
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Small Business Economics / Ausgabe 4/2017
Print ISSN: 0921-898X
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-0913
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9873-7

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