7. Electric and Hydrogen Vehicles: Systems, Infrastructure, and Future Trends

The global shift toward sustainable transportation is being propelled by the critical need to decrease carbon emissions, lessen dependence on fossil fuels, and tackle urban air pollution. As one of the primary sources of global greenhouse gas emissions, the transportation industry is experiencing a major transformation with the emergence of Electric Vehicles (EVs). This chapter offers a theoretical overview of the fundamental technologies facilitating this transition—from battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) to sophisticated charging systems, including wireless charging solutions. It examines essential technological elements such as power electronics, battery management systems (BMS), electric drive systems, vehicle control frameworks, and charging infrastructure. Particular focus is given to battery management systems for maintaining safety, extending longevity, and ensuring peak performance of EV batteries, alongside the importance of hydrogen fuel cells as a viable zero-emission energy alternative for extended-range and heavy-duty uses. The chapter also addresses vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which allows for two-way energy exchange between EVs and the electricity grid, contributing to grid stability and energy adaptability. By presenting the theoretical principles and system-wide considerations of these enabling technologies, this chapter acts as a valuable reference for students, researchers, and professionals who seek to grasp and influence the advancement of electric mobility.