A cascaded tilt MPC controller for AGC in multi-area interconnected HPS with penetration of RESs and virtual inertia

This article emphasizes the intermittent nature of RESs and finds how virtual inertia (VI) works to enhance the operation of the automatic generation control (AGC) mechanism of the interconnected hybrid power system (HPS). The challenge of controlling frequency deviation becomes more difficult as the complexity of a HPS increases. The robustness of the controller significantly influences the stability of an HPS. Because of HPS hybridization, PID, FOPID, and TID, the basic AGC controllers, are insufficient to provide a plant with maximum performance. So, a robust controller is needed for this. To get the best performance in terms of overshoot, undershoot, and settling time, a modified TID–MPC controller has been suggested and evaluated by comparison with a few existing controllers. The suggested controller can manage the frequency deviation effectively; it can stabilize it in 7 s for area 1, 9 s for area-2, and an average of 8 s for both areas. However, the average time for MPC is 12.5 s, and 19.5 s for TID. A newly modified OSHO approach has been proposed to optimize the different controller settings. The OSHO has been compared with a few well-known, existing metaheuristic optimizations to show its superiority. Due to higher penetration of RESs reduced the system inertia, further deteriorating the frequency response in HPS. To overcome these challenges, VI is implemented with RESs. The suggested controller’s flexibility and reliability have been evaluated under different scenarios, such as step, multiple load disturbances, and modified IEEE-39 bus. The comprehensive research results provide strong evidence for the effectiveness and efficiency of the suggested control techniques and demonstrate the possibility of their use in actual power systems to enhance the stability and performance of modern HPS.