Top

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering

Hint

Swipe to navigate through the articles of this issue

Published in:

16-07-2022 | Original Paper

A Comprehensive Review of Development and Properties of Flyash-Based Geopolymer as a Sustainable Construction Material

Authors: Poonam Shekhawat, Gunwant Sharma, Rao Martand Singh

Published in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering | Issue 11/2022

Abstract

Globally, cement is the highest utilized pozzolanic material in construction. Consequently, yearly ordinary Portland cement is manufactured in enormous amounts worldwide. Manufacturing of cement is a natural resource and energy consuming process which involves greenhouse gas CO₂ release in the air in vast amount. The utilization of ordinary Portland cement in construction can be lessened by replacing it with some other by-product cementitious material having equal or higher mechanical strength and durability. This paper discusses the impact of cement manufacturing on the environment and gives the background to the requirements for the invention of alternate binders over conventional binders like cement. Many researchers attempted to produce an environmentally friendly binder, “Geopolymer”. This paper aims to present an overview of past and recent studies on the utilization of flyash and other waste materials in developing geopolymer as a sustainable construction material. Description of the production of geopolymer, the chemistry of geopolymerization, microstructural analysis, and its relationship with mechanical strength and durability of geopolymer are reviewed. Moreover, the influence of the inclusion of calcium-based waste material in geopolymerization is reviewed and reported. Many researchers reported higher strength of a flyash-based geopolymer composite than the conventional cement composite.

previous article Experimental Study on Rainwater Erosion and Infiltration of Eco-Protection with PVC Pipes

next article Data Mining for Landslide Genetic Mechanism Analysis in the Yunnan Province of China

To get access to this content you need the following product:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt 90 Tage mit der neuen Mini-Lizenz testen!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt 90 Tage mit der neuen Mini-Lizenz testen!

inform now

Assi L, Carter K, Deaver E, Anay R, Ziehl P (2018) Sustainable concrete: building a greener future. J Clean Prod 198:1641–1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.123 CrossRef

ASTM D1557-12 (2013) Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort (56, 000 ft-lbf / ft 3 (2, 700 kN-m / m 3)). ASTM Int. https://doi.org/10.1520/D1557-12.1 CrossRef

ASTM D698-7 (2007) ASTM D 698–07 standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort. ASTM Int 3:15

Azarsa P, Gupta R (2020) Durability and leach-ability evaluation of K-based geopolymer concrete in real environmental conditions. Case Stud Constr Mater 13:e00366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00366 CrossRef

Barbosa VFF, MacKenzie KJD, Thaumaturgo C (2000) Synthesis and characterisation of materials based on inorganic polymers of alumina and silica: sodium polysialate polymers. Int J Inorg Mater 2:309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1466-6049(00)00041-6 CrossRef

Bin Marsono AK, Balasbaneh AT (2015) Combinations of building construction material for residential building for the global warming mitigation for Malaysia. Constr Build Mater 85:100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.083 CrossRef

Brew DRM, Mackenzie KJD (2007) Geopolymer synthesis using silica fume and sodium aluminate. J Mater Sci 42:3990–3993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0376-1 CrossRef

Chen Z, Li JS, Zhan BJ, Sharma U, Poon CS (2018) Compressive strength and microstructural properties of dry-mixed geopolymer pastes synthesized from GGBS and sewage sludge ash. Constr Build Mater 182:597–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.159 CrossRef

Chen J, Chen H, Xiao P, Zhang L (2004) A study on complex alkali-slag environmental concrete. In: International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology

Cheng TW, Chiu JP (2003) Fire-resistant geopolymer produce by granulated blast furnace slag. Miner Eng 16:205–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00008-6 CrossRef

Cristelo N, Glendinning S, Miranda T, Oliveira D, Silva R (2012) Soil stabilisation using alkaline activation of fly ash for self compacting rammed earth construction. Constr Build Mater 36:727–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.037 CrossRef

da Bezerra ACS, França S, de Magalhães LF, de Carvalho MCR (2019) Alkaline activation of high-calcium ash and iron ore tailings and their recycling potential in building materials. Ambient Construído 19:99–112. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212019000300327 CrossRef

Das SK, Yudhbir (2005) Geotechnical characterization of some indian fly ashes. J Mater Civ Eng 17: 544–552. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005)17:5(544)

Davidovits J (1991) Geopolymers: inorganic polymeric new materials. J Therm Anal 37:1633–1656. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01912193 CrossRef

Davidovits J (1994b) Geopolymers: man-made rock geosynthesis and the resulting development of very early high strength cement. Mater Educ 16:91–139

Davidovits J, Al Iaga F (1981) Fabrication of stone objects, by geopolymeric synthesis, in the Pre-Incan Huanka Civilization (Peru). In: 21st international symposium for archaeometry. Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA, pp 21

Davidovits F, Naso A, Davidovits J (1999) The making of etruscian ceramic (Bucchero Nero) in Vii-Viii Century B.C. In: Géopolymère ’99 proceedings, 2nd international conference on geopolymers. Pp. 297–314

Davidovits J (1981) The need to create a new technical language for the transfer of basic scientific information. In: Transfer and exploitation of scientific and technical information. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg, France, pp 316–320

Davidovits J (1984) X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction of casing stones from the pyramids of Egypt, and the limestone of the associated quarries. In: Science In Egyptology Symposia. Science In Egyptology Symposia, Florida, USA, pp 511–520

Davidovits J (1994a) Properties of geopolymer cements. In: Alkaline cements and concretes. Scientific Research Institute on Binders and Materials , Kiev State Technical University, Kiev, Ukraine, pp 131–149

Davidovits J (1999) Chemistry of geopolymeric systems, terminology. In: Second International Conference on Geopolymer. Geopolymer Institute, Saint-Quentin, France, pp 9–340

Davidovits J (2011) Geopolymer chemistry and applications, 5th edn. Institut Géopolymère, Saint-Quentin, France

Duxson P, Provis JL, Lukey GC, Mallicoat SW, Kriven WM, Van Deventer JSJ (2005) Understanding the relationship between geopolymer composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp 269:47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.06.060 CrossRef

Duxson P, Fernández-Jiménez A, Provis JL, Lukey GC, Palomo A, Van Deventer JSJ (2007) Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. J Mater Sci 42:2917–2933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z CrossRef

Duxson P, Mallicoat SW, Lukey GC, Kriven WM, Van Deventer JSJ (2007) The effect of alkali and Si/Al ratio on the development of mechanical properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 292:8–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.05.044 CrossRef

Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A (2003) Characterisation of fly ashes. Potential reactivity as alkaline cements. Fuel 82:2259–2265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00194-7 CrossRef

Gourley JT (2003) Geopolymers; opportunities for environmentally friendly construction materials. In: Materials 2003 conference: adaptive materials for a modern society, Institute of Materials Engineering Australia, Sydney

Guleria SP, Dutta RK (2013) Durability and leachate analysis of fly ash-lime-gypsum composite mixed with treated tire chips. J Geoengin 8:33–40. https://doi.org/10.6310/jog.2013.8(2).1 CrossRef

Guo X, Shi H, Dick WA (2010) Compressive strength and microstructural characteristics of class C fly ash geopolymer. Cem Concr Compos 32:142–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.11.003 CrossRef

Horpibulsuk S, Suksiripattanapong C, Samingthong W, Rachan R, Arulrajah A (2016) Durability against wetting-drying cycles of water treatment sludge-fly ash geopolymer and water treatment sludge-cement and silty clay-cement systems. J Mater Civ Eng 28:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001351 CrossRef

Hoy M, Horpibulsuk S, Arulrajah A (2016) Strength development of Recycled Asphalt Pavement - Fly ash geopolymer as a road construction material. Constr Build Mater 117:209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.136 CrossRef

Hoy M, Rachan R, Horpibulsuk S, Arulrajah A, Mirzababaei M (2017) Effect of wetting–drying cycles on compressive strength and microstructure of Recycled Asphalt Pavement – Fly ash geopolymer. Constr Build Mater 144:624–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.243 CrossRef

Jana D (2007) The Great Pyramid debate: Evidence from detailed petrographic examinations of casing stones from the great pyramid of khufu, a natural limestone from tura, and a man-made (Geopolymeric) limestone. In: international cement microscopy association - 29th international conference on cement microscopy 2007

Kua TA, Arulrajah A, Horpibulsuk S, Du YJ, Shen SL (2016) Strength assessment of spent coffee grounds-geopolymer cement utilizing slag and fly ash precursors. Constr Build Mater 115:565–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.021 CrossRef

Kumar S, Kristály F, Mucsi G (2015) Geopolymerisation behaviour of size fractioned fly ash. Adv Powder Technol 26:24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2014.09.001 CrossRef

Lahoti M, Tan KH, Yang EH (2019) A critical review of geopolymer properties for structural fire-resistance applications. Constr Build Mater 221:514–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.076 CrossRef

Leelarungroj K, Likitlersuang S, Chompoorat T, Janjaroen D (2018) Leaching Mechanisms of Heavy Metals from Fly Ash Stabilised Soils. Waste Manag Res. 36:616–623. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18775494 CrossRef

Malhotra VM (1999) Making concrete" greener" with fly ash. Concrete International 21:61–66

Malhotra VM (2002) Introduction: sustainable development and concrete technology. Concrete International 24:22

Malkawi AB, Nuruddin MF, Fauzi A, Almattarneh H, Mohammed BS (2016) Effects of alkaline solution on properties of the HCFA geopolymer mortars. Proced Eng 148:710–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.581 CrossRef

McCaffrey R (2002) Climate change and cement industry. In: Global cement and lime magazine(Environmental Special Issue). 9:15–19

McLellan BC, Williams RP, Lay J, Riessen AV, Corder GD (2011) Costs and carbon emissions for geopolymer pastes in comparison to ordinary portland cement. J Clean Prod 19:1080–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.02.010 CrossRef

Mustafa Al Bakri AM, Abdulkareem OA, Kamarudin H, Nizar IK, Rafiza AR, Zarina Y, Alida A (2013) Microstructure studies on the effect of the alkaline activators of fly ash-based geopolymer at elevated heat treatment temperature. Appl Mech Mater 421:342–348. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.421.342 CrossRef

Nath SK, Maitra S, Mukherjee S, Kumar S (2016) Microstructural and morphological evolution of fly ash based geopolymers. Constr Build Mater 111:758–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.106 CrossRef

Pacheco-Torgal F, Castro-Gomes J, Jalali S (2008) Alkali-activated binders: a review. Part 1. Historical background, terminology, reaction mechanisms and hydration products. Constr Build Mater 22:1305–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.015 CrossRef

Palomo A, Grutzeck MW, Blanco MT (1999) Alkali-activated fly ashes: a cement for the future. Cem Concr Res 29:1323–1329 CrossRef

Parathi S, Nagarajan P, Pallikkara SA (2021) Ecofriendly geopolymer concrete: a comprehensive review. Clean Technol Environ Policy 23:1701–1713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02085-0 CrossRef

Poorveekan K, Ath KMS, Anburuvel A, Sathiparan N (2021) Investigation of the engineering properties of cementless stabilized earth blocks with alkali-activated eggshell and rice husk ash as a binder. Constr Build Mater 277:122371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122371 CrossRef

Pourabbas Bilondi M, Toufigh MM, Toufigh V (2018) Experimental investigation of using a recycled glass powder-based geopolymer to improve the mechanical behavior of clay soils. Constr Build Mater 170:302–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.049 CrossRef

Rahier H, Wastiels J, Biesemans M, Willlem R, Assche GV, Mele BV (2007) Reaction mechanism, kinetics and high temperature transformations of geopolymers. J Mater Sci 42:2982–2996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0568-8 CrossRef

Ravikumar D, Peethamparan S, Neithalath N (2010) Structure and strength of NaOH activated concretes containing fly ash or GGBFS as the sole binder. Cem Concr Compos 32:399–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.03.007 CrossRef

Roy DM (1999) Alkali activated cements, opportunities and challenges. Cem Concr Res 29:249–254 CrossRef

Saeli M, Senff L, Tobaldi DM, Carvalheiras J, Seabra MP, Labrincha JA (2020) Unexplored alternative use of calcareous sludge from the paper-pulp industry in green geopolymer construction materials. Constr Build Mater 246:118457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118457 CrossRef

Shekhawat P, Sharma G, Singh RM (2019) Strength behavior of alkaline activated eggshell powder and flyash geopolymer cured at ambient temperature. Constr Build Mater 223:1112–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.325 CrossRef

Shekhawat P, Sharma G, Singh RM (2020a) Potential application of heat cured eggshell powder and flyash-based geopolymer in pavement construction. Int J Geosynth Gr Eng 6:28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-020-00213-2 CrossRef

Shekhawat P, Sharma G, Singh RM (2020b) Microstructural and morphological development of eggshell powder and flyash-based geopolymers. Constr Build Mater 260:119886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119886 CrossRef

Shekhawat P, Sharma G, Singh RM (2020c) Durability analysis of eggshell powder–flyash geopolymer composite subjected to wetting–drying cycles. J Eng Des Technol 18:2043–2060. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-03-2020-0075 CrossRef

Sindhunata, Van Deventer JSJ, Lukey GC, Xu H (2006) Effect of curing temperature and silicate concentration on fly-ash-based geopolymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 45: 3559–3568. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/ie051251p

Sofi M, van Deventer JSJ, Mendis PA, Lukey GC (2007) Engineering properties of inorganic polymer concretes (IPCs). Cem Concr Res 37:251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.008 CrossRef

Somna K, Jaturapitakkul C, Kajitvichyanukul P, Chindaprasirt P (2011) NaOH-activated ground fly ash geopolymer cured at ambient temperature. Fuel 90:2118–2124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.01.018 CrossRef

Sukmak P, Horpibulsuk S, Shen SL (2013) Strength development in clay-fly ash geopolymer. Constr Build Mater 40:566–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.015 CrossRef

Sukmak P, De SP, Horpibulsuk S, Chindaprasirt P (2015) Sulfate resistance of clay-portland cement and clay high-calcium fly ash geopolymer. J Mater Civ Eng 27:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001112 CrossRef

Sukmak P, Kunchariyakun K, Sukmak G, Horpibulsuk A, Kassawat S, Arulrajah A (2019) Strength and microstructure of palm oil fuel ash-fly ash–soft soil geopolymer masonry units. J Mater Civ Eng 31:04019164. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002809 CrossRef

Swanepoel JC, Strydom CA (2002) Utilisation of fly ash in a geopolymeric material. Appl Geochem 17:1143–1148 CrossRef

Tahir MFM, Abdullah MMAB, Hasan MRM, Zailani WWA (2019) Optimization of fly ash based geopolymer mix design for rigid pavement application. In: 5th International conference on green design and manufacture. p. 020144

Teixeira-Pinto A, Fernandes P, Jalali S (2002) Geopolymer manufacture and application-Main problems when using concrete technology. In: Geopolymers 2002 International Conference, Melbourne, Australia, Siloxo Pty. Ltd

Tekin I (2016) Properties of NaOH activated geopolymer with marble, travertine and volcanic tuff wastes. Constr Build Mater 127:607–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.038 CrossRef

Thaarrini J, Dhivya S (2016) Comparative study on the production cost of geopolymer and conventional concretes. Int J Civ Eng Res 7:117–124

Van Jaarsveld JGS, Van Deventer JSJ, Lukey GC (2002) The effect of composition and temperature on the properties offly ash- and kaolinite-based geopolymers. Chem Eng J 89:63–73 CrossRef

Van Jaarsveld JGS, Van Deventer JSJ, Lukey GC (2003) The characterization of source materials in fly ash-based geopolymers. Mater Lett 57:1272–1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(04)91393-8 CrossRef

Weng L, Sagoe-Crentsil K (2007) Dissolution processes, hydrolysis and condensation reactions during geopolymer synthesis: part I-Low Si/Al ratio systems. J Mater Sci 42:2997–3006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0820-2 CrossRef

Xiao R, Polaczyk P, Zhang M, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Huang B, Hu W (2020) Evaluation of glass powder-based geopolymer stabilized road bases containing recycled waste glass aggregate. Transp Res Rec 2674:22–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119898695 CrossRef

Xu H, Van Deventer JSJ (2000) The geopolymerisation of alumino-silicate minerals. Int J Miner Process 59:247–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-7516(99)00074-5 CrossRef

Xu H, Van Deventer JSJ (2002) Geopolymerisation of multiple minerals. Miner Eng 15:1131–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(02)00255-8 CrossRef

Yadav JS, Tiwari SK, Shekhwat P (2018) Strength behaviour of clayey soil mixed with pond ash, cement and randomly distributed fibres. Transp Infrastruct Geotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-018-0056-z CrossRef

Yang KH, Hwang HZ, Lee S (2010) Effects of water-binder ratio and fine aggregate-total aggregate ratio on the properties of hwangtoh-based alkali-activated concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 22:887–896. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000091 CrossRef

Yang T, Zhu H, Zhang Z (2017) Influence of fly ash on the pore structure and shrinkage characteristics of metakaolin-based geopolymer pastes and mortars. Constr Build Mater 153:284–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.067 CrossRef

Zhang W, Yao X, Yang T, Zhang Z (2018) The degradation mechanisms of alkali-activated fly ash/slag blend cements exposed to sulphuric acid. Constr Build Mater 186:1177–1187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.050 CrossRef

Zhao M, Zhang G, Htet KW, Kwon M, Liu C, Xu Y, Tao M (2019) Freeze-thaw durability of red mud slurry-class F fly ash-based geopolymer: effect of curing conditions. Constr Build Mater 215:381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.235 CrossRef

Title: A Comprehensive Review of Development and Properties of Flyash-Based Geopolymer as a Sustainable Construction Material
Authors: Poonam Shekhawat
Gunwant Sharma
Rao Martand Singh
Publication date: 16-07-2022
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering / Issue 11/2022
Print ISSN: 0960-3182
Electronic ISSN: 1573-1529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02236-0

Disciplines

Events

Books

Journals

Start single access now

Request access for companies

Springer Professional

Hint

Swipe to navigate through the articles of this issue

A Comprehensive Review of Development and Properties of Flyash-Based Geopolymer as a Sustainable Construction Material

Abstract

To get access to this content you need the following product:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Disciplines Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Events

Books

Journals

Start single access now

Request access for companies

Springer Professional

Hint

Swipe to navigate through the articles of this issue

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

To get access to this content you need the following product:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 11/2022

A Size-Dependent Bonded-Particle Model for Transversely Isotropic Rock and its Application in Studying the Size Effect of Shale

A Semi-Empirical Approach for Rockfall Prediction Along the Lengpui-Aizawl Highway Mizoram, India

An Innovative Post Grouting Technique for Soil Nails

Experimental Study on Rainwater Erosion and Infiltration of Eco-Protection with PVC Pipes

Influence of Weathering on Pore Size Distribution of Soft Rocks

Study on Rationality of Large Diameter Pressure Relief Drilling Parameters Under Different Coal Seam Conditions

Disciplines