Skip to main content
Top

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

A Conjecture on Laplacian Eigenvalues of Trees

Authors : David P. Jacobs, Vilmar Trevisan

Published in: Graph Theory

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Motivated by classic tree algorithms, in 1995 we designed a bottom-up O(n) algorithm to compute the determinant of a tree’s adjacency matrix A. In 2010 an O(n) algorithm was found for constructing a diagonal matrix congruent to A + xI n, \(x \in \mathbb {R}\), enabling one to easily count the number of eigenvalues in any interval. A variation of the algorithm allows Laplacian eigenvalues in trees to be counted. We conjecture that for any tree T of order n ≥ 2, at least half of its Laplacian eigenvalues are less than \(\bar {d} = 2 - \frac {2}{n} \), its average vertex degree.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
2.
go back to reference N. Abreu, Old and new results on algebraic connectivity of graphs. Linear Algebra Appl. 423(1), 53–73 (2007). MR 2312323 (2008b:05096) N. Abreu, Old and new results on algebraic connectivity of graphs. Linear Algebra Appl. 423(1), 53–73 (2007). MR 2312323 (2008b:05096)
3.
go back to reference N. Abreu, C.M. Justel, O. Rojo, V. Trevisan, Ordering trees and graphs with few cycles by algebraic connectivity. Linear Algebra Appl. 458, 429–453 (2014). MR 3231826MathSciNetMATHCrossRef N. Abreu, C.M. Justel, O. Rojo, V. Trevisan, Ordering trees and graphs with few cycles by algebraic connectivity. Linear Algebra Appl. 458, 429–453 (2014). MR 3231826MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Z. Bai, C. Bischof, S. Blackford, J. Demmel, J. Dongarra, J. Du Croz, A. Greenbaum, S. Hammarling, A. McKenney, D. Sorensen, LAPACK User Guide, 3rd edn. (SIAM, Philadelphia, 1999)MATH Z. Bai, C. Bischof, S. Blackford, J. Demmel, J. Dongarra, J. Du Croz, A. Greenbaum, S. Hammarling, A. McKenney, D. Sorensen, LAPACK User Guide, 3rd edn. (SIAM, Philadelphia, 1999)MATH
6.
go back to reference P. Bonacich, Power and centrality: a family of measures. Am. J. Soc. 92(5), 1170–1182 (1987)CrossRef P. Bonacich, Power and centrality: a family of measures. Am. J. Soc. 92(5), 1170–1182 (1987)CrossRef
7.
go back to reference R.O. Braga, V.M. Rodrigues, V. Trevisan, On the distribution of Laplacian eigenvalues of trees. Discrete Math. 313(21), 2382–2389 (2013). MR 3091280MathSciNetMATHCrossRef R.O. Braga, V.M. Rodrigues, V. Trevisan, On the distribution of Laplacian eigenvalues of trees. Discrete Math. 313(21), 2382–2389 (2013). MR 3091280MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
8.
go back to reference A.E. Brouwer, W.H. Haemers, Spectra of Graphs. Universitext (Springer, New York, 2012). MR 2882891MATHCrossRef A.E. Brouwer, W.H. Haemers, Spectra of Graphs. Universitext (Springer, New York, 2012). MR 2882891MATHCrossRef
9.
go back to reference P. Bürgisser, M. Clausen, M.A. Shokrollahi, Algebraic complexity theory, in Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences], vol. 315 (Springer, Berlin, 1997). With the collaboration of Thomas Lickteig. MR 1440179 (99c:68002) P. Bürgisser, M. Clausen, M.A. Shokrollahi, Algebraic complexity theory, in Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences], vol. 315 (Springer, Berlin, 1997). With the collaboration of Thomas Lickteig. MR 1440179 (99c:68002)
10.
11.
go back to reference E.J. Cockayne, S.E. Goodman, S.T. Hedetniemi, A linear algorithm for the domination number of a tree. Inf. Proc. Lett. 4, 41–44 (1975)MATHCrossRef E.J. Cockayne, S.E. Goodman, S.T. Hedetniemi, A linear algorithm for the domination number of a tree. Inf. Proc. Lett. 4, 41–44 (1975)MATHCrossRef
12.
go back to reference D.M. Cvetković, Graphs and their spectra. Univ. Beograd. Publ. Elektrotehn. Fak. Ser. Mat. Fiz. (354–356), 1–50 (1971). MR 0299508 (45 #8556) D.M. Cvetković, Graphs and their spectra. Univ. Beograd. Publ. Elektrotehn. Fak. Ser. Mat. Fiz. (354–356), 1–50 (1971). MR 0299508 (45 #8556)
13.
go back to reference D.E. Daykin, C.P. Ng, Algorithms for generalized stability numbers of tree graphs. J. Aust. Math. Soc. 6, 89–100 (1966). MR 0195756 (33 #3954)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef D.E. Daykin, C.P. Ng, Algorithms for generalized stability numbers of tree graphs. J. Aust. Math. Soc. 6, 89–100 (1966). MR 0195756 (33 #3954)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
14.
go back to reference M. Fiedler, Algebraic connectivity of graphs. Czechoslovak Math. J. 23(2), 298–305 (1973). MR 0318007 (47 #6556) M. Fiedler, Algebraic connectivity of graphs. Czechoslovak Math. J. 23(2), 298–305 (1973). MR 0318007 (47 #6556)
15.
go back to reference M. Fiedler, A property of eigenvectors of nonnegative symmetric matrices and its application to graph theory. Czechoslovak Math. J. 25(4), 619–633 (1975). MR 0387321 (52 #8164) M. Fiedler, A property of eigenvectors of nonnegative symmetric matrices and its application to graph theory. Czechoslovak Math. J. 25(4), 619–633 (1975). MR 0387321 (52 #8164)
16.
go back to reference M. Fiedler, V. Nikiforov, Spectral radius and Hamiltonicity of graphs. Linear Algebra Appl. 432(9), 2170–2173 (2010). MR 2599851 (2011a:05195)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef M. Fiedler, V. Nikiforov, Spectral radius and Hamiltonicity of graphs. Linear Algebra Appl. 432(9), 2170–2173 (2010). MR 2599851 (2011a:05195)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
17.
go back to reference G.H. Fricke, S.T. Hedetniemi, D.P. Jacobs, V. Trevisan, Reducing the adjacency matrix of a tree. Electron. J. Linear Algebra 1, 34–43 (1996). MR 1412944 (97g:05122) G.H. Fricke, S.T. Hedetniemi, D.P. Jacobs, V. Trevisan, Reducing the adjacency matrix of a tree. Electron. J. Linear Algebra 1, 34–43 (1996). MR 1412944 (97g:05122)
18.
go back to reference E. Fritscher, C. Hoppen, I. Rocha, V. Trevisan, On the sum of the Laplacian eigenvalues of a tree. Linear Algebra Appl. 435(2), 371–399 (2011). MR 2782788 (2012a:05182)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef E. Fritscher, C. Hoppen, I. Rocha, V. Trevisan, On the sum of the Laplacian eigenvalues of a tree. Linear Algebra Appl. 435(2), 371–399 (2011). MR 2782788 (2012a:05182)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
19.
go back to reference R. Grone, R. Merris, V.S. Sunder, The Laplacian spectrum of a graph. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 11(2), 218–238 (1990). MR 1041245 (91c:05130)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef R. Grone, R. Merris, V.S. Sunder, The Laplacian spectrum of a graph. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 11(2), 218–238 (1990). MR 1041245 (91c:05130)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
21.
go back to reference S.T. Hedetniemi, Unsolved algorithmic problems on trees. AKCE Int. J. Graphs Comb. 3(1), 1–37 (2006). MR 2232404 (2007f:05166) S.T. Hedetniemi, Unsolved algorithmic problems on trees. AKCE Int. J. Graphs Comb. 3(1), 1–37 (2006). MR 2232404 (2007f:05166)
22.
go back to reference S.T. Hedetniemi, D.P. Jacobs, V. Trevisan, Domination number and laplacian eigenvalue distribution. European Journal of Combinatorics 53, 66–71 (2016)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef S.T. Hedetniemi, D.P. Jacobs, V. Trevisan, Domination number and laplacian eigenvalue distribution. European Journal of Combinatorics 53, 66–71 (2016)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
23.
go back to reference A.J. Hoffman, On eigenvalues and colorings of graphs, in Graph Theory and its Applications,Proceedings of Advanced Seminar conducted by the Mathematics Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 1969 (Academic Press, New York, 1970), pp. 79–91. MR 0284373 (44 #1601) A.J. Hoffman, On eigenvalues and colorings of graphs, in Graph Theory and its Applications,Proceedings of Advanced Seminar conducted by the Mathematics Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 1969 (Academic Press, New York, 1970), pp. 79–91. MR 0284373 (44 #1601)
24.
25.
go back to reference D.P. Jacobs, V. Trevisan, Constructing the characteristic polynomial of a tree’s adjacency matrix, in Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Southeastern International Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing (Boca Raton, FL, 1998), vol. 134 (1998), pp. 139–145. MR 1676541 (99j:05138) D.P. Jacobs, V. Trevisan, Constructing the characteristic polynomial of a tree’s adjacency matrix, in Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Southeastern International Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing (Boca Raton, FL, 1998), vol. 134 (1998), pp. 139–145. MR 1676541 (99j:05138)
26.
go back to reference D.P. Jacobs, V. Trevisan, Linear-time LUP decomposition of forest-like matrices. Comput. Math. Appl. 37(10), 37–50 (1999). MR 1687980 (2000a:65032)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef D.P. Jacobs, V. Trevisan, Linear-time LUP decomposition of forest-like matrices. Comput. Math. Appl. 37(10), 37–50 (1999). MR 1687980 (2000a:65032)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
27.
28.
go back to reference D.P. Jacobs, C.M.S. Machado, V. Trevisan, An O(n 2) algorithm for the characteristic polynomial of a tree. J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput. 54, 213–221 (2005). MR 2143242 (2006a:05153) D.P. Jacobs, C.M.S. Machado, V. Trevisan, An O(n 2) algorithm for the characteristic polynomial of a tree. J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput. 54, 213–221 (2005). MR 2143242 (2006a:05153)
29.
go back to reference D.P. Jacobs, C.M.S. Machado, E.C. Pereira, V. Trevisan, Computing the inverse of a tree’s incidence matrix, in Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Southeastern International Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing, vol. 189 (2008), pp. 169–176. MR 2489782 D.P. Jacobs, C.M.S. Machado, E.C. Pereira, V. Trevisan, Computing the inverse of a tree’s incidence matrix, in Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Southeastern International Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing, vol. 189 (2008), pp. 169–176. MR 2489782
30.
go back to reference D.P. Jacobs, M.O. Rayes, V. Trevisan, Characterization of Chebyshev numbers. Algebra Discrete Math. (2), 65–82 (2008). MR 2484592 (2009j:11199) D.P. Jacobs, M.O. Rayes, V. Trevisan, Characterization of Chebyshev numbers. Algebra Discrete Math. (2), 65–82 (2008). MR 2484592 (2009j:11199)
31.
go back to reference D.P. Jacobs, M.O. Rayes, V. Trevisan, Randomized compositeness testing with Chebyshev polynomials. Int. J. Pure Appl. Math. 44(3), 347–362 (2008). MR 2412208 D.P. Jacobs, M.O. Rayes, V. Trevisan, Randomized compositeness testing with Chebyshev polynomials. Int. J. Pure Appl. Math. 44(3), 347–362 (2008). MR 2412208
32.
go back to reference G. Kirchhoff, Über die auflösung der gleichungen, auf welche man bei der untersuchung der linearen verteilung galvanisher ströme gerfuht wird. Ann. Phys. Chem. 72, 497–508 (1847). English transl. IRE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-5:4–7, 1958CrossRef G. Kirchhoff, Über die auflösung der gleichungen, auf welche man bei der untersuchung der linearen verteilung galvanisher ströme gerfuht wird. Ann. Phys. Chem. 72, 497–508 (1847). English transl. IRE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-5:4–7, 1958CrossRef
33.
go back to reference M. Lu, H. Liu, F. Tian, Bounds of Laplacian spectrum of graphs based on the domination number. Linear Algebra Appl. 402, 390–396 (2005). MR 2141097 (2006a:05091)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef M. Lu, H. Liu, F. Tian, Bounds of Laplacian spectrum of graphs based on the domination number. Linear Algebra Appl. 402, 390–396 (2005). MR 2141097 (2006a:05091)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
35.
go back to reference R. Merris, Laplacian matrices of graphs: a survey, Linear Algebra Appl. 197–198, 143–176 (1994). Second Conference of the International Linear Algebra Society (ILAS) (Lisbon, 1992). MR 1275613 (95e:05084)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef R. Merris, Laplacian matrices of graphs: a survey, Linear Algebra Appl. 197–198, 143–176 (1994). Second Conference of the International Linear Algebra Society (ILAS) (Lisbon, 1992). MR 1275613 (95e:05084)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
36.
go back to reference H. Minc, M. Marcus, Introduction to Linear Algebra (The Macmillan, New York/Collier-Macmillan, London, 1965). MR 0188221 (32 #5660) H. Minc, M. Marcus, Introduction to Linear Algebra (The Macmillan, New York/Collier-Macmillan, London, 1965). MR 0188221 (32 #5660)
37.
go back to reference B. Mohar, The Laplacian spectrum of graphs, in Graph Theory, Combinatorics, and Applications, vol. 2, Kalamazoo, MI, 1988 (Wiley, New York, 1991), pp. 871–898. MR 1170831 (93b:05116) B. Mohar, The Laplacian spectrum of graphs, in Graph Theory, Combinatorics, and Applications, vol. 2, Kalamazoo, MI, 1988 (Wiley, New York, 1991), pp. 871–898. MR 1170831 (93b:05116)
38.
go back to reference B. Mohar, Laplace eigenvalues of graphs—a survey. Discrete Math. 109(1–3), 171–183 (1992). Algebraic graph theory (Leibnitz, 1989). MR 1192380 (93m:05133)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef B. Mohar, Laplace eigenvalues of graphs—a survey. Discrete Math. 109(1–3), 171–183 (1992). Algebraic graph theory (Leibnitz, 1989). MR 1192380 (93m:05133)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
39.
40.
41.
go back to reference V. Nikiforov, The influence of Miroslav Fiedler on spectral graph theory. Linear Algebra Appl. 439(4), 818–821 (2013). MR 3061737MathSciNetMATHCrossRef V. Nikiforov, The influence of Miroslav Fiedler on spectral graph theory. Linear Algebra Appl. 439(4), 818–821 (2013). MR 3061737MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
42.
go back to reference A.J. Schwenk, Almost all trees are cospectral, in New Directions in the Theory of Graphs Proceedings of Third Ann Arbor Conference, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1971 (Academic Press, New York, 1973), pp. 275–307. MR 0384582 (52 #5456) A.J. Schwenk, Almost all trees are cospectral, in New Directions in the Theory of Graphs Proceedings of Third Ann Arbor Conference, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1971 (Academic Press, New York, 1973), pp. 275–307. MR 0384582 (52 #5456)
43.
go back to reference V. Trevisan, J.B. Carvalho, R.R. Del Vecchio, C.T.M. Vinagre, Laplacian energy of diameter 3 trees. Appl. Math. Lett. 24(6), 918–923 (2011). MR 2776161 (2012g:05144)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef V. Trevisan, J.B. Carvalho, R.R. Del Vecchio, C.T.M. Vinagre, Laplacian energy of diameter 3 trees. Appl. Math. Lett. 24(6), 918–923 (2011). MR 2776161 (2012g:05144)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
44.
go back to reference E.R. van Dam, W.H. Haemers, Which graphs are determined by their spectrum? Linear Algebra Appl. 373, 241–272 (2003). Special issue on the Combinatorial Matrix Theory Conference (Pohang, 2002). MR 2022290 (2005a:05135) E.R. van Dam, W.H. Haemers, Which graphs are determined by their spectrum? Linear Algebra Appl. 373, 241–272 (2003). Special issue on the Combinatorial Matrix Theory Conference (Pohang, 2002). MR 2022290 (2005a:05135)
46.
47.
go back to reference T.V. Wimer, S.T. Hedetniemi, R. Laskar, A methodology for constructing linear graph algorithms, in Proceedings of the Sundance conference on combinatorics and related topics Sundance, Utah, 1985, vol. 50 (1985), pp. 43–60. MR 833536 (87h:68074) T.V. Wimer, S.T. Hedetniemi, R. Laskar, A methodology for constructing linear graph algorithms, in Proceedings of the Sundance conference on combinatorics and related topics Sundance, Utah, 1985, vol. 50 (1985), pp. 43–60. MR 833536 (87h:68074)
Metadata
Title
A Conjecture on Laplacian Eigenvalues of Trees
Authors
David P. Jacobs
Vilmar Trevisan
Copyright Year
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97686-0_4

Premium Partner