2. A Constructivist Theoretical Framework

In this chapter sets up the book’s theoretical apparatus. It starts by discussing the concept of identity, as well as its understanding and use by thin cognitivist Constructivists, while insisting on the multiplicity of each actor’s identities. The process of international socialization is then analyzed based on Jeffrey Checkel’s views of Type I and II socialization. International socialization is seen as an exercise of power but also as producing power. The chapter proceeds by defining normative power and discussing its key features. Because China’s specific type of normative power is based on relationality, this concept is analyzed in a separate section. The concept of empire is then discussed as relying on one state’s formal or informal control of other political societies. The final section brings together theoretical elements proposed by Richard Rosecrance in his analysis of the virtual state, Susan Strange in her study of structural power, and Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal in their discussion of the postmodern state. They are used to define and analyze the concepts of 19^th-century-style territorial empire and 21^st-century-style postmodern global power. Finally, the chapter shows that these concepts allow for a comprehensive understanding of the corresponding dimensions of China’s global actorness.