A FOPIDN-(1+PIDN) controller design and optimization for load frequency control system integrated with renewables and electric vehicles

Renewable energy sources offer numerous environmental and economic benefits, but their power production is intermittent and variable in nature. When integrated with traditional power systems, this unpredictable power production may impact the equilibrium between power production and load demand leading to instability of the overall system. Load frequency controller plays a vital role in effectively handling these problems. Nowadays, the increasing adaptability of electric vehicles plays an important role in power systems acting as a dynamic resource to stabilize grid frequency and absorb excess renewable energy during high-generation periods. Aligning electric vehicles with renewable energy sources availability can lead to a more sustainable and balanced energy profile. This paper discusses the challenges and consequences of integrating RES into power systems, particularly frequency oscillations under different scenarios. A FOPIDN-(1+PIDN) controller is proposed in this paper to address the challenges due to the integration of RESs. Firstly, the performance of PID, PIDN, FOPID, FOPIDN, and the proposed FOPIDN-(1+PIDN) controller is evaluated in the system without incorporating EVs and RESs. The supremacy of the proposed FOPIDN-(1+PIDN) is revealed over others during the analysis. The superiority of the proposed FOPIDN-(1+PIDN) controller is then used to analyse the system with the incorporation of EVs and RESs through extensive simulations and comparisons. The GWO algorithm is implemented to optimize the parameters of controllers, and the system is analysed under a step load perturbation of 10 % in Area-a. The proposed FOPIDN-(1+PIDN) controller in Area-a has 47.56 %, 33.68%, 21.63%, and 25.18% better settling time of frequency deviation than PID, PIDN, FOPID, and FOPIDN controllers without EVs and RES, respectively. The proposed controller outperforms overshoot values along with undershoot values by 74.01%, 16.28%, 25.95%, and 22.25%. After examining the results, it was found that the proposed controller performs better in terms of least overshoot/undershoot/settling time of frequency/tie-line power change and disturbance error criteria.