Skip to main content
Top
Published in:
Cover of the book

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. A New Pure Economics

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In the decade following his address at the “Stella” student association in Lausanne and culminating in the publication of the French version of his Manual of Political Economy, Pareto’s conception of theoretical (or “pure”) economics, hitherto constituting an introduction to the field of applied economics which followed broadly in the footsteps of Walras, appears to have undergone a definitive and largely self-sustained development which was distinctly original, even if never disconnected from Pareto’s other interests in the social sciences. Hence, in this chapter, we will describe his ground-breaking theory of choice (Sects. 1.1 and 1.2) as well as the aspects of the Manual which display innovations in relation to Pareto’s economic thinking of the immediately preceding period (Sect. 1.3). We will then characterise the definitive description of pure economics offered by Pareto (Sect. 1.4) together with a selection of his critical—and self-critical—remarks on the discipline (Sect. 1.5).

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
See (Mornati 2018b, pp. 73–99).
 
2
In December 1906 Pareto expressed the view that pure economics falls within the scope of the political and social sciences, Pareto to Pantaleoni, 25th December 1906, see (Pareto 1984a, p. 467).
 
3
Pareto to Pantaleoni, 14th December 1898, ibid., p. 253.
 
4
Vaud Cantonal Archives, Lausanne, Stella Association Archive, correspondence received. It is of interest to point out that at the time membership was open not only to students of engineering as now but also to those from other faculties. It is thus legitimate to conclude that Pareto considered the first public presentation of the novel theory of choice to be comprehensible and of interest also for students lacking in specialised mathematical competence, such as his students in jurisprudence who belonged to the association.
 
5
See (Pareto 1898, reprinted in Pareto 1987, p. 106).
 
6
Ibid., p. 107.
 
7
Ibid.
 
8
Pareto does not address the conditions for the maximisation of the utility function beyond the first order.
 
9
According to Pareto, “the order of consumption can be disregarded, because once the goods are available, they can be consumed in any desired order”, Pareto to Antonio Graziadei, 16th June 1901, see (Pareto 1975a, pp. 427–428). In fact, Pareto maintained this approach and years later, in Pareto to Guido Sensini, 27th July, 1906, ibid., p. 570, he stated that his paper (Pareto 1906a) “has no significance in practice, but in theory has significant ramifications” as it indicated the mathematical conditions for the specification of the elementary ophelimities of goods, taking into account whether or not these were dependent on the order of consumption, ibid., pp. 29–30. Pareto’s view was that the second category considered, that of closed cycles, which “is the most important, since we can generally assume that the individual follows the order which is most advantageous to him, thus determining the path to be followed” (see Pareto 1911 reprinted in Pareto 1989a, p. 327). It is known that in the aftermath of the First World War, only the first part of this article was published, while the rest was lost.
 
10
Some time later, Pareto observed that the utility or ophelimity function Φ “always” exists only if we take into consideration solely the functions φa (xa), φb (xb), … On the other hand, this function may not exist if we consider the functions φa(xa, xb, …), φb (xa, xb, …), … However, he took the view that ignoring this complication “in many cases leads only to insignificant errors”, see (Pareto 1902a) translated by (Sensini 1906, pp. 431–432).
 
11
See (Pareto 1898, reprinted in Pareto 1987, p. 108).
 
12
Ibid.
 
13
Ibid.
 
14
Ibid.
 
15
Pareto to Hermann Laurent, 7th January 1899, see (Pareto 1989b, p. 337). On this occasion Pareto, ibid., stated that at that time, (Laurent 1885–1891) was an important point of reference for him. On this episode see (Chipman 1976). It is of interest to note that shortly afterwards, Pareto to Sensini, 18th January 1905, see (Pareto 1975a, p. 533), stated that “the study of the foundations [of mathematics] is evolving and in the name, or under the pretext, of rigour, various minutiae are pursued”, while underlining that “for practical purposes, all that is needed is the time-honoured knowledge, a sufficient understanding [of which] can be gained by studying” (Hoüel 1878–1881). In this same period, Pareto stated that in order to “perform original work [in mathematical economics] it is necessary to [possess a good knowledge of] differential calculus and the theory of differential equations” while in order to “simply understand works on mathematical economics some notion of differential and integral calculus suffices”, Pareto to Fabio Cristiani, 14th July 1906, Banca Popolare di Sondrio-letters archive (BPS-la).
 
16
Pareto to Laurent, 14th January 1899, see (Pareto 1989b, p. 341).
 
17
A somewhat simplified version of Pareto’s notation is shown.
 
18
Pareto to Laurent, 11th January 1899, ibid., p. 339. In fact, if we start from the consumption of ra and continue with the consumption of rb, we obtain the increase in utility φa (ra + dra, rb) + φb(ra + dra, rb + drb), while if we start from the consumption of rb and continue with the consumption of ra, the generally different increase in utility φb (ra, rb + drb) + φa (ra + dra, rb + dra) will be obtained, Pareto to Laurent, 19th January 1899, ibid., p. 349.
 
19
Pareto to Laurent, 14th January 1899, ibid., p. 343.
 
20
Ibid.
 
21
Ibid.
 
22
Ibid., p. 345.
 
23
Ibid., p. 343.
 
24
Ibid.
 
25
Ibid., p. 344.
 
26
Ibid., p. 347.
 
27
Pareto to Pantaleoni, 28th December 1899, see (Pareto 1984a, p. 288).
 
28
Ibid., p. 292.
 
29
Ibid., pp. 289–290.
 
30
Ibid., p. 291.
 
31
Ibid., pp. 292–293. According to (Pareto 1900a, p. 540), these curves correspond to staple goods (i.e. those “for which our appetite tends to become a fixed quantity”) and to luxury goods (i.e. those “of which one gladly chooses the greatest quantity possible … and which one forgoes easily, rather than forgoing others”).
 
32
Ibid.
 
33
See (Pareto 1900b, p. 219–220).
 
34
Ibid., p. 222.
 
35
Pareto to Pantaleoni, 23rd July 1900, see (Pareto 1984a, pp. 323–324).
 
36
See (Pareto 1900a, pp. 511–512).
 
37
See (Pareto 1900b, p. 227).
 
38
Ibid., p. 224.
 
39
Ibid., p. 223.
 
40
Ibid., p. 220.
 
41
Ibid., p. 221.
 
42
That is, combinations of quantities of goods.
 
43
See (Pareto 1900a, pp. 511–512).
 
44
Ibid.
 
45
Ibid.
 
46
Ibid., p. 514.
 
47
Ibid., p. 512.
 
48
Ibid.
 
49
Ibid., p. 548.
 
50
Ibid., p. 515.
 
51
Ibid.
 
52
Ibid.
 
53
Ibid., p. 516.
 
54
Ibid., pp. 515–516.
 
55
Ibid., p. 516.
 
56
Ibid.
 
57
Pareto shows them all as waves.
 
58
Ibid., p. 517.
 
59
Ibid.
 
60
Ibid., p. 518.
 
61
Ibid.
 
62
Ibid., p. 519.
 
63
Ibid. In relation to the curves of indifference, Pareto considered that the maximum maximorum “may exist or not exist, or may be placed at infinity”, but even if it exists, he did not think, at first sight, “that we can imagine a mechanical attraction towards [it] in order to explain the actions of the economic agent”, Pareto to Amoroso, 14th May 1907, see (Pareto 1975a, p. 594).
 
64
See (Pareto 1900a, p. 26). Pareto, ibid., pp. 543–546, also gave some specific formulations of the lines of indifference.
 
65
Pareto, ibid., p. 537 pointed out that from (∂I/∂x) dx + (∂I/∂y) dy = 0 we can obtain (∂I/∂x) (dx/dy) + (∂I/∂y) = 0, from which it can be extrapolated that since ∂I/∂x e ∂I/∂y has the same positive sign, therefore dx/dy < 0, confirming that the curve of indifference is inclined negatively.
 
66
Ibid., p. 527.
 
67
Ibid., p. 523.
 
68
See (Pareto 1901, p. 236).
 
69
Pareto to Wilhelm Franz Meyer, 16th December 1901, see (Pareto 1975a, pp. 439–440). After this, Pareto specified that the prices “are a result and not a pre-existing element of economic reality (since) they depend on all the circumstances of the market, of production, of society, of the political context, etc.”, see (Pareto 1907, reprinted in Pareto 1988, p. 56).
 
70
See (Pareto 1902a, p. 445). In the terms of today’s microeconomics, note that the equilibrium of exchanges and production arises, for any given combination of quantities of goods produced, when the marginal rate of transformation corresponds to consumers’ marginal rates of substitution: consequently, prices have disappeared.
 
71
See (Pareto 1902b, reprinted in Pareto 1987, pp. 129–130).
 
72
Ibid., p. 130.
 
73
Ibid.
 
74
Ibid., p. 131.
 
75
Ibid.
 
76
See (Pareto 1902c, p. 405).
 
77
Ibid., p. 407.
 
78
Pareto to Pantaleoni, 19th November 1898, see (Pareto 1984a, pp. 278–279).
 
79
Pareto to Francesco Papafava, 27th November 1888, see (Pareto 1981, p. 590).
 
80
As is commonly known, the original edition of this work, to which reference is principally made here, was published in Italian as (Pareto 1906b). The second edition was published in French as Pareto 1909): Pareto was far from satisfied with this translation by the socialist scholar Alfred Bonnet, Pareto to Pantaleoni, 7th and 13th September 1898, see (Pareto 1984b, pp. 86–87, 117). Recently, there have been two major critical editions: see Pareto (2006) and Pareto (2014). As regards the first uses of the volume for teaching purposes, Pareto, who continued to believe that “there is a certain interest for the University [of Lausanne] to preserve the teaching of pure economics … on a mathematical and scientific basis”, Pareto to André Mercier, 24th November 1906, see (Pareto 1975a, p. 577), reported that in the course of pure economics “for this audience, [I] cannot cover the theories from the Appendix [to the Manual] but [I] cover, roughly speaking, the theories from the non-mathematical part”, Pareto to Attilio Cabiati, 13th February 1908, ibid., p. 624.
 
81
See (Pareto 1906b, chapter III, §18).
 
82
Ibid.
 
83
Ibid., chapter III, §21.
 
84
Ibid., chapter III, §14.
 
85
Ibid., chapter III, §22.
 
86
Ibid., chapter III, §27.
 
87
Ibid., chapter III, §18.
 
88
Ibid., chapter III, §39.
 
89
Ibid., chapter III, §§46, 160, 162. An important instance of this case consists in “all transactions relating to household consumption”, ibid., chapter III, §44.
 
90
Ibid., chapter III, §41.
 
91
Ibid., chapter III, §§47, 161, 162.
 
92
Ibid., chapter III, §42.
 
93
Ibid., chapter III, §51.
 
94
Ibid., chapter V, §9.
 
95
Ibid., chapter V, §10.
 
96
Ibid., chapter V, §10.
 
97
Ibid.
 
98
Chapter IV, §4.
 
99
Ibid., chapter IV, §8.
 
100
Ibid., chapter IV, §13.
 
101
Ibid., chapter IV, §8.
 
102
Ibid., chapter IV, §§8, 10.
 
103
Ibid., chapter III, §52.
 
104
Ibid., chapter IV, §§33, 35, 36, 39, 40.
 
105
Pareto, ibid., chapter III, §99, stated that the curves of indifference of the population in general can be derived from “the curves of indifference of the individuals constituting it”, without, however, specifying how.
 
106
That is, “a decrease of x must be compensated by an increase in y and vice versa”, see (Pareto 1909, appendix, §44).
 
107
That is, “the variable quantity dy which an individual is disposed to exchange along a line of indifference for a constant quantity dx diminishes with each increase in x”, ibid.
 
108
Thus by, cz, … represent the quantities which, in today’s elementary microeconomics, are termed marginal rates of substitution.
 
109
Ibid., appendix, §13.
 
110
Given that dx = (∂x/∂y)dy.
 
111
110 We follow the interpretation given by Aldo Montesano, see (Pareto 2006 p. 647, note 1).
 
112
See (Pareto 1909, appendix, §13).
 
113
Ibid., appendix, §6.
 
114
Ibid., appendix, §19. Therefore, the integration is not possible if the total ophelimity depends on the order of consumption, of which we have no empirical knowledge (see also note 10 above); total ophelimity does not depend on the order of consumption but the ophelimity resulting from the consumption of a given quantity of a commodity depends on all the commodities available.
 
115
Ibid., appendix, §13.
 
116
Ibid., appendix, §13.
“The relation between ophelimity and the indices of ophelimity is similar to [that] between the quantity of heat and the temperature”, that is, a relation of a purely ordinal character which indicates for two differing indices of ophelimity that the corresponding quantities of ophelimity are different, but not by how much, Pareto to Giovanni De Fraja Frangipane, 18th February 1907, in Banca Popolare di Sondrio letter archive (BPS-la).
 
117
From an algebraic point of view both elementary ophelimities could have a negative sign too: the common positive sign is preferred because it connotes the condition adopted previously that “a combination to be preferred to another should have a greater index”, see (Pareto 1909, appendix, §46).
 
118
Ibid., appendix, §11.
 
119
That is, when the two commodities are independent of each other, ibid., appendix, §47.
 
120
Ibid., appendix, §11.
 
121
See (Pareto 1906b, chapter III, §69).
 
122
Ibid., chapter V, §1.
 
123
Ibid., chapter III, §§73–74.
 
124
Ibid., chapter III, §60.
 
125
Ibid., chapter III, §96.
 
126
Ibid., chapter V, §21. Capital appears on a company’s balance sheet “for the expenditure required to replenish it and for the cost associated with its use”, ibid., §29.
 
127
Ibid., chapter V, §19.
 
128
Ibid., chapter V, §21.
 
129
Ibid., V, §16.
 
130
Ibid., chapter III, §72.
 
131
Ibid., chapter III, §102.
 
132
Ibid., chapter III, §103.
 
133
Ibid., chapter III, §105.
 
134
Ibid., chapter III, §75. An alternative formulation could be that “the locus of complete transformations is where the accounts are settled without either profit or loss”, Pareto, ibid., chapter III, §176, with the implication that “if we consider the phenomenon on the average and for a sufficiently long time, in the end the greater part of the profit deriving from all the endeavour of the companies is enjoyed by the consumers”, ibid., chapter V, §74. Pareto also specified, ibid., chapter V, §75, that in the transition to equilibrium, the concerns which are “quicker and more judicious will make a profit, temporarily, while the more tardy and less astute will lose out and be ruined”.
 
135
Ibid., chapter III, §75.
 
136
Ibid., chapter III, §76. See also Pareto to Alfonso de Pietri Tonelli, 6th December 1912, see (Pareto 1975b, pp. 796–798).
 
137
At a later juncture, Pareto to Amoroso, 14th May 1907, see (Pareto 1975a, pp. 593–594), declared that the economic agent, having reached the point of tangency, continues his movement, as in the case of inertia in mechanics. If he continues along the route, his movement will terminate at a point situated at the same level as that from which he started, while if he continues along the curve of indifference the movement “will continue indefinitely”. Experience (especially observation) identifies cases of the first type, for example, “people who suddenly earn a large profit”, Pareto to Pantaleoni, 14th May 1907, see (Pareto 1984b, p. 29). Even if we accept that habit in economics corresponds to inertia in mechanics, “the difficulty, [nevertheless], is in finding out what in economics corresponds to mass in mechanics and what in economics corresponds to acceleration multiplied by mass in mechanics”, so that “if this is not known to us we cannot formulate the equations of economic dynamics”, Pareto to Amoroso, 14th May 1907, cit.
 
138
See (Pareto 1906b, chapter III, §60).
 
139
Which are obtained by varying the route followed.
 
140
Ibid., chapter III, §97.
 
141
Ibid., chapter III, §184.
 
142
Ibid., chapter III, §186.
 
143
Ibid., chapter III, §99.
 
144
Ibid., chapter III, §34.
 
145
Ibid., chapter III, §33.
 
146
See (Pareto 1909, appendix, §24).
 
147
Ibid., appendix, §24, underlined that “experience yields only” the ratios φy/φx, φz/φx, …
 
148
Ibid., appendix, §41.
 
149
Ibid., appendix, §37.
 
150
Ibid., appendix, §38.
 
151
When c is a constant, ibid., appendix, §38.
 
152
With x0, y0, z0, … representing the initial quantities of commodities X, Y, Z, …
 
153
Ibid., appendix, §41.
 
154
On the other hand, Pareto specified that in practice “mankind represents a very imperfect scales for weighing ophelimities”, with the implication that “the equivalence of weighted ophelimities occurs only with a greater or lesser degree of approximation”, see (Pareto 1906b, chapter IX, §2).
 
155
This definition of prices is valid only for the equilibrium values for the quantities of commodities, see (Pareto 1909, appendix, §41).
 
156
Making use, in particular, of matrix algebra.
 
157
For details see (Mornati 2018b, §§3.4, 3.5).
 
158
See (Pareto 1909, appendix, §§52–54).
 
159
Ibid., appendix, §27.
 
160
See (Pareto 1906b, chapter III, §100).
 
161
Ibid., chapter III, §101.
 
162
Ibid., chapter III, §116.
 
163
Ibid., chapter III, §117. At this point of intersection, supply and demand are equal for each commodity, ibid., chapter III, §189.
 
164
Ibid., chapter III, §128.
 
165
Ibid., chapter III, §123.
 
166
Ibid., chapter III, §124.
 
167
Ibid., chapter III, §118.
 
168
Ibid., chapter III, §130.
 
169
Ibid.
 
170
See (Pareto 1909, appendix, §29).
 
171
Ibid., appendix, §20.
 
172
Where 𝜇 is a parameter.
 
173
Ibid., appendix, §34.
 
174
See (Pareto 1906b, appendix, §26).
 
175
Ibid., appendix, §30.
 
176
Ibid., appendix, §26.
 
177
The addends containing zero in the subscript indicate initial quantities, while those whose addends do not contain zero indicate quantities at any other moment of the exchange, such as the state of equilibrium.
 
178
Ibid., appendix, §27.
 
179
Ibid.
 
180
Ibid., appendix, §30.
 
181
Ibid., appendix, §28.
 
182
Ibid., appendix, §63.
 
183
Ibid., appendix, §30.
 
184
Readers are reminded that Pareto, in the course of his long managerial experience, was involved at an executive level with situations of non-free competition, see (Mornati 2018a, chapter III).
 
185
See (Pareto 1909, appendix, §67).
 
186
More precisely, the equation 𝜑1x = 𝜑1y/py is discarded.
 
187
Ibid., appendix, §68.
 
188
Pareto, ibid., appendix, §76, implicitly introducing the concept of monopolistic competition and possibly drawing on his experience in management, observed that “there are certain additional circumstances, relating to credit, customer care, etc. which can serve to differentiate commodities which are otherwise identical”.
 
189
Ibid., appendix, §69.
 
190
Ibid.
 
191
Ibid., appendix, §76.
 
192
Ibid., appendix, §71.
 
193
Ibid.
 
194
Ibid., appendix, §77.
 
195
A is supposed to be the numéraire, with the implication that pa = 1.
 
196
The only context we will deal with, for the sake of simplicity.
 
197
If the enterprises in free competition sold less than they produced, they would incur an operating deficit.
 
198
See (Pareto 1906b, appendix, §39).
 
199
See (Pareto 1909, appendix, §78).
 
200
Ibid., appendix, §79.
 
201
See (Pareto 1906b, appendix, §37).
 
202
Ibid., appendix, §37.
 
203
Ibid., chapter III, §106.
 
204
Here the selling price (corresponding to the inclination of the curve of exchanges) and the cost of production (corresponding to the inclination of the curve of complete transformations) are identical, ibid., chapter III, §194.
 
205
Ibid., chapter III, §107.
 
206
Ibid., chapter III, §151.
 
207
Ibid., chapter V, §7.
 
208
See Furlan (1908). For a short biographical sketch, see (Mornati 2006).
 
209
Pareto to Furlan, 11th October 1907, see (Pareto 1975a, p. 609).
 
210
See (Pareto 1913a) and Pareto (1917–1919, §2134).
 
211
See (Mornati 2018b, pp. 111–121).
 
212
Pareto to Sensini, 22nd March 1912, see (Pareto 1975b, p. 764).
 
213
See (Pareto 1911, §1).
 
214
Ibid., §2.
 
215
Ibid.
 
216
Ibid.
 
217
On the construction of these, ibid., §§3–4.
 
218
Ibid., §3.
 
219
Ibid., §8.
 
220
Ibid., §7.
 
221
Ibid., §8.
 
222
Ibid.
 
223
Ibid., §9.
 
224
Ibid., §10.
 
225
Ibid.
 
226
Ibid., §11.
 
227
Ibid., §27.
 
228
Ibid.
 
229
Ibid., §28.
 
230
Ibid., §31.
 
231
Pareto, ibid., indicated that the budget equation for individual 𝜃 + 1 is not specified as it is a consequence of the remaining budget equations and of the m equations of the total (and constant) quantities of the commodities exchanged.
 
232
The general equilibrium of exchange with two monopolists, each of them having a monopoly of a single commodity, is likewise determined, ibid., §38, while the general equilibrium of exchange with two monopolists of the same commodity has more equations than variables, ibid., §37.
 
233
Ibid., §41.
 
234
Ibid., §42.
 
235
Ibid., §46.
 
236
Ibid. The general equilibrium of production and of exchange also includes that of capitalisation as this is interpreted as the production of new capital services, ibid., §47 and is thus conceptually equivalent to “the manufacture of ordinary items”, ibid., §48.
 
237
See (Pareto 1913b, reprinted in Pareto 1987, p. 164).
 
238
See (Pareto 1902a, pp. 426–427).
 
239
Ibid., p. 425.
 
240
Ibid., pp. 426–427.
 
241
Pareto to Pantaleoni, 28th September 1907, see (Pareto 1984a, p. 64).
 
242
See (Pareto 1902a, pp. 426–427).
 
243
Pareto to Sensini, 5th April 1917, see (Pareto 1975b, p. 958).
 
244
Pareto to Pietri Tonelli, 8th August 1917, see (Pareto 1975b, p. 978).
 
245
Pareto to Graziadei, 29th March 1901, see (Pareto 1975a, p. 428); Pareto to Domenico Berardi, 18th August 1901, see (Pareto 1989b, p. 136).
 
246
Pareto to Amoroso, 11th January 1909, see (Pareto 1975a, p. 849).
 
247
Pareto to Felice Vinci, 16th January 1912, see (Pareto 1975b, p. 757).
 
248
Pareto to Vinci, 16th January 1912, see (Pareto 1975b, p. 759).
 
249
Pareto to Sensini, 8th August 1911, see (Pareto 1975b, p. 735).
 
250
See (Pareto 1911, §31, note 44).
 
Literature
go back to reference Chipman, John Somerset. 1976. An episode in the early development of ordinal utility theory, Pareto’s letters to Hermann Laurent. Revue européenne des sciences sociales XIV (37): 39–64. Chipman, John Somerset. 1976. An episode in the early development of ordinal utility theory, Pareto’s letters to Hermann Laurent. Revue européenne des sciences sociales XIV (37): 39–64.
go back to reference Furlan, Luigi Wladimiro. 1908. Cenni su una generalizzazione del concetto di ofelimità [Notes on a generalisation of ophelimity]. Giornale degli Economisti XIX (XXXVII–3): 259–265. Furlan, Luigi Wladimiro. 1908. Cenni su una generalizzazione del concetto di ofelimità [Notes on a generalisation of ophelimity]. Giornale degli Economisti XIX (XXXVII–3): 259–265.
go back to reference Hoüel, Jules. 1878–1881. Cours de calcul infinitesimal [Course in infinitesimal calculus]. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. Hoüel, Jules. 1878–1881. Cours de calcul infinitesimal [Course in infinitesimal calculus]. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
go back to reference Laurent, Hermann. 1885–1891. Traité d’analyse [Treatise on mathematic analysis]. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. Laurent, Hermann. 1885–1891. Traité d’analyse [Treatise on mathematic analysis]. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
go back to reference Mornati, Fiorenzo. 2006. Luigi Wladimiro Furlan. In Dictionnaire Historique de la Suisse, vol. 5, p. 273. Hauterive: Attinger. Mornati, Fiorenzo. 2006. Luigi Wladimiro Furlan. In Dictionnaire Historique de la Suisse, vol. 5, p. 273. Hauterive: Attinger.
go back to reference ———. 2018a. An intellectual biography of Vilfredo Pareto, I, From Science to Liberty (1848–1891). London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef ———. 2018a. An intellectual biography of Vilfredo Pareto, I, From Science to Liberty (1848–1891). London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference ———. 2018b. An intellectual biography of Vilfredo Pareto, II, Illusions and delusions of liberty (1891–1898). London: Palgrave Macmillan. ———. 2018b. An intellectual biography of Vilfredo Pareto, II, Illusions and delusions of liberty (1891–1898). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Pareto, Vilfredo. 1898. Comment se pose le problème de l’économie pure [Expounding the pure economics]. Lausanne: self-publication. Pareto, Vilfredo. 1898. Comment se pose le problème de l’économie pure [Expounding the pure economics]. Lausanne: self-publication.
go back to reference ———. 1900a. Sunto di alcuni capitoli di un nuovo trattato di economia pura-II [Summary of some chapters from a new treatise on pure economics—II]. Giornale degli Economisti XI (XX–6): 511–549. ———. 1900a. Sunto di alcuni capitoli di un nuovo trattato di economia pura-II [Summary of some chapters from a new treatise on pure economics—II]. Giornale degli Economisti XI (XX–6): 511–549.
go back to reference ———. 1900b. Sunto di alcuni capitoli di un nuovo trattato di economia pura-I [Summary of some chapters from a new treatise on pure economics—II]. Giornale degli Economisti XI (XX–3): 219–235. ———. 1900b. Sunto di alcuni capitoli di un nuovo trattato di economia pura-I [Summary of some chapters from a new treatise on pure economics—II]. Giornale degli Economisti XI (XX–3): 219–235.
go back to reference ———. 1902a. Anwendungen der Mathematik auf Nationalökonomie [Applications of mathematics to political economy]. In Encyclopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen [Encyclopaedia of mathematical science and its applications], vol. I, section 7, pp. 1904–1112. Leipzig: Teubner. ———. 1902a. Anwendungen der Mathematik auf Nationalökonomie [Applications of mathematics to political economy]. In Encyclopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen [Encyclopaedia of mathematical science and its applications], vol. I, section 7, pp. 1904–1112. Leipzig: Teubner.
go back to reference ———. 1902b. L’économie pure [Pure economics ]. Summary of the course given at the École des Hautes Études Sociales di Paris. Lausanne: self-publication. ———. 1902b. L’économie pure [Pure economics ]. Summary of the course given at the École des Hautes Études Sociales di Paris. Lausanne: self-publication.
go back to reference ———. 1902c. Di un nuovo errore nell’interpretare le teorie dell’economia matematica [On a new error in the interpretation of the theory of mathematical economics]. Giornale degli Economisti XIII (XXV–5): 401–433. ———. 1902c. Di un nuovo errore nell’interpretare le teorie dell’economia matematica [On a new error in the interpretation of the theory of mathematical economics]. Giornale degli Economisti XIII (XXV–5): 401–433.
go back to reference ———. 1906a. L’ofelimità dei cicli non chiusi [The ophelimity of open cycles]. Giornale degli economisti XVII (XXXIII–1): 15–30. ———. 1906a. L’ofelimità dei cicli non chiusi [The ophelimity of open cycles]. Giornale degli economisti XVII (XXXIII–1): 15–30.
go back to reference ———. 1906b. Manuale d’economia politica con una introduzione alla scienza sociale [Manual of political economy with an introduction to social science]. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria. ———. 1906b. Manuale d’economia politica con una introduzione alla scienza sociale [Manual of political economy with an introduction to social science]. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria.
go back to reference ———. 1907. Metafisica economica [Economic metaphysics]. La libertà economica. 15th–30th November. ———. 1907. Metafisica economica [Economic metaphysics]. La libertà economica. 15th–30th November.
go back to reference ———. 1909. Manuel d’économie politique [Manual of political economy]. Paris: Giard et Brière. ———. 1909. Manuel d’économie politique [Manual of political economy]. Paris: Giard et Brière.
go back to reference ———. 1911. Economie mathématique [Mathematical Economics]. In Encyclopédie des sciences mathématiques [Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences], tome I, vol. IV, pp. 591–640. Paris: Gauthiers-Villars. ———. 1911. Economie mathématique [Mathematical Economics]. In Encyclopédie des sciences mathématiques [Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences], tome I, vol. IV, pp. 591–640. Paris: Gauthiers-Villars.
go back to reference ———. 1913a. Il massimo di utilità per una collettività in Sociologia [The maximum of collective ophelimity in Sociology]. Giornale degli Economisti XXIV (XLVI–4): 339–341. ———. 1913a. Il massimo di utilità per una collettività in Sociologia [The maximum of collective ophelimity in Sociology]. Giornale degli Economisti XXIV (XLVI–4): 339–341.
go back to reference ———. 1913b. Introduction to Antonio Osorio. In Théorie mathématique de l’échange [The mathematical theory of exchange], V–XVIII. Paris: Giard et Brière. ———. 1913b. Introduction to Antonio Osorio. In Théorie mathématique de l’échange [The mathematical theory of exchange], V–XVIII. Paris: Giard et Brière.
go back to reference ———. 1917–1919. Traité de sociologie générale [Treatise on general sociology]. Lausanne-Paris: Payot. ———. 1917–1919. Traité de sociologie générale [Treatise on general sociology]. Lausanne-Paris: Payot.
go back to reference ———. 1975a. Epistolario 1890–1923 [Correspondence, 1890–1923]. Complete works, tome XIX–1, ed. Giovanni Busino. Geneva: Droz. ———. 1975a. Epistolario 1890–1923 [Correspondence, 1890–1923]. Complete works, tome XIX–1, ed. Giovanni Busino. Geneva: Droz.
go back to reference ———. 1975b. Epistolario 1890–1923 [Correspondence, 1890–1923]. Complete works, tome XIX–2, ed. Giovanni Busino. Geneva: Droz. ———. 1975b. Epistolario 1890–1923 [Correspondence, 1890–1923]. Complete works, tome XIX–2, ed. Giovanni Busino. Geneva: Droz.
go back to reference ———. 1981. Lettere 1860–1890 [Letters 1860–1890]. Complete Works, tome XXIII, ed. G. Busino. Geneva: Droz. ———. 1981. Lettere 1860–1890 [Letters 1860–1890]. Complete Works, tome XXIII, ed. G. Busino. Geneva: Droz.
go back to reference ———. 1984a. Lettere a Maffeo Pantaleoni 1897–1906 [Letters to Maffeo Pantaleoni 1897–1906]. Complete works, tome XXVIII.II, ed. Gabriele De Rosa. Geneva: Droz. ———. 1984a. Lettere a Maffeo Pantaleoni 1897–1906 [Letters to Maffeo Pantaleoni 1897–1906]. Complete works, tome XXVIII.II, ed. Gabriele De Rosa. Geneva: Droz.
go back to reference ———. 1984b. Lettere a Maffeo Pantaleoni 1907–1923 [Letters to Maffeo Pantaleoni 1907–1923]. Complete works, tome XXVIII.III, ed. Gabriele De Rosa. Geneva: Droz. ———. 1984b. Lettere a Maffeo Pantaleoni 1907–1923 [Letters to Maffeo Pantaleoni 1907–1923]. Complete works, tome XXVIII.III, ed. Gabriele De Rosa. Geneva: Droz.
go back to reference ———. 1987. Marxisme et économie pure [Marxisme and pure economics]. Complete works, tome IX, ed. Giovanni Busino. Geneva: Droz. ———. 1987. Marxisme et économie pure [Marxisme and pure economics]. Complete works, tome IX, ed. Giovanni Busino. Geneva: Droz.
go back to reference ———. 1988. Pages retrouvées [Rediscovered pages]. Complete Works, tome XXIX, ed. Giovanni Busino. Geneva: Droz. ———. 1988. Pages retrouvées [Rediscovered pages]. Complete Works, tome XXIX, ed. Giovanni Busino. Geneva: Droz.
go back to reference ———. 1989a. Statistique et économie mathématique [Statistics and Mathematical Economics]. Complete Works, tome VIII, Geneva: Droz. ———. 1989a. Statistique et économie mathématique [Statistics and Mathematical Economics]. Complete Works, tome VIII, Geneva: Droz.
go back to reference ———. 1989b. Lettres et Correspondances [Letters and correspondence]. Complete works, tome XXX, ed. Giovanni Busino. Geneva: Droz. ———. 1989b. Lettres et Correspondances [Letters and correspondence]. Complete works, tome XXX, ed. Giovanni Busino. Geneva: Droz.
go back to reference ———. 2006. Manuale di economia politica [Manual of political economy]. Edited by Aldo Montesano, Alberto Zanni and Luigino Bruni. Milano: Università Bocconi Editore. ———. 2006. Manuale di economia politica [Manual of political economy]. Edited by Aldo Montesano, Alberto Zanni and Luigino Bruni. Milano: Università Bocconi Editore.
go back to reference ———. 2014. Manual of political economy. A critical and variorum edition. Edited by Aldo Montesano, Alberto Zanni, Luigino Bruni, John S. Chipman and Michael McLure. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ———. 2014. Manual of political economy. A critical and variorum edition. Edited by Aldo Montesano, Alberto Zanni, Luigino Bruni, John S. Chipman and Michael McLure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Pareto, Le nuove teorie economiche. Appunti, «Giornale degli Economisti», XII (1901), XXIII-3, pp. 235–252: 236. Pareto, Le nuove teorie economiche. Appunti, «Giornale degli Economisti», XII (1901), XXIII-3, pp. 235–252: 236.
go back to reference Sensini, Guido. 1906. Applicazioni della matematica all’economia politica del Prof. Vilfredo Pareto [Applications of mathematics to the political economy of Prof. Vilfredo Pareto]. Giornale degli economisti XVII (XXXIII–5): 424–453. Sensini, Guido. 1906. Applicazioni della matematica all’economia politica del Prof. Vilfredo Pareto [Applications of mathematics to the political economy of Prof. Vilfredo Pareto]. Giornale degli economisti XVII (XXXIII–5): 424–453.
Metadata
Title
A New Pure Economics
Author
Fiorenzo Mornati
Copyright Year
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57757-5_1