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A Logical Framework for Graded Predicates Read chapter Read first chapter

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

A Note on Belief, Question Embedding and Neg-Raising

Author : Michael Cohen

Published in: Logic, Rationality, and Interaction

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

The epistemic verb to believe does not embed polar questions, unlike the verb to know. After reviewing this phenomenon, I propose an explanation which connects the neg-raising behavior of belief with its embedding patterns (following [14]). I use dynamic epistemic logic to model the presuppositions and the effects associated with belief assertions.

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previous chapter Distributed Knowledge Whether
next chapter Distributed Knowing Whether
Footnotes
1
For an overview of the problem of the embedding patterns of questions, see e.g. [5].
 
2
For a few examples of this tendency, within both epistemology and epistemic logic, see e.g. [3, 11].
 
3
A verb is veridical if it entails the truth of its complement.
 
4
See [5] for a recent overview and a development of Hintikka’s proposal.
 
5
Similar arguments have been proposed. Zuber’s [14] original argument uses strong assumptions about factivity and concludes that the construction ‘* believing whether’ is contradictory. Egré ([5], footnote 3) acknowledges the possibility of this proposal, but does not develop it. [12] endorses a similar kind of argument and develops it using inquisitive semantics (on grounds independent from mine). [10] proposes a similar solution but develops it differently.
 
6
The account in [10] is open to this kind of criticism.
 
7
See [1] for more about the notion of soft presuppositions.
 
8
The exact connection between uninfomativness and ungrammaticality should be spelled out. [7] offers a possible approach.
 
9
A longer version of this submission, [4], develops the above proposal more formally and considers some special cases in which to believe embeds wh-questions.
 
Literature
1.
Abusch, D.: Presupposition triggering from alternatives. J. Semant. 27(1), 37–80 (2009)CrossRef
2.
Baltag, A., Renne, B.: Dynamic epistemic logic. In: Zalta, E.N. (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Springer, Netherlands (2016)
3.
4.
Cohen, M.: Belief: neg-raising and question embedding. Manuscript (2017)
5.
Egré, P.: Question-embedding and factivity. Grazer Philosophische Stud. 77, 85–125 (2008)CrossRef
6.
van-Eijck, J., Unger, C.: The epistemics of presupposition projection. In: Aloni, M., Dekker, P., Roelofsen, F. (eds.) Proceedings of the 16th Amsterdam Colloquium, pp. 235–240, Palteam ILLC. University of Amsterdam (2007)
7.
Gajewski, J.: L-analyticity and natural language. Manuscript (2002)
8.
Gajewski, J.: Neg-raising and polarity. Linguist. Philos. 30(3), 289–328 (2007)CrossRef
9.
Hintikka, J.: Different Constructions in terms of the basic epistemological verbs. In: The Intentions of Intensionality, pp. 1–25. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1975)
10.
Mayr, C.: Predicting Polar question embedding. In: Truswell, R. (ed.) Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, vol. 21, pp. 1–18. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (2017)
11.
Schaffer, J.: Knowing the Answer. Philos. Phenomenol. Res. 75(2), 383–403 (2007)CrossRef
12.
Theiler, N., Roelofsen, F., Aloni, M.: A uniform semantics for declarative and interrogative complements. Manuscript, 29 November, 2016 version (2016)
13.
Spector, B., Egré, P.: A uniform semantics for embedded interrogatives: An answer, not necessarily the answer. Synthese 192(6), 1729–1784 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH
14.
Zuber, R.: Semantic restrictions on certain complementizers. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Linguists, Tokyo, pp. 434–436 (1982)
Metadata
Title
A Note on Belief, Question Embedding and Neg-Raising
Author
Michael Cohen
Copyright Year
2017
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Book
Logic, Rationality, and Interaction

Print ISBN: 978-3-662-55664-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-55665-8

Copyright Year: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55665-8_46

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