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Introduction: The Game in the Arctic—A Historical Review Read chapter Read first chapter

2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. A Panorama of the Arctic: Geopolitics and International Law

Author : Edmund Li Sheng

Published in: Arctic Opportunities and Challenges

Publisher: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

As the Arctic has exhibited the effects of rapid climate change over the past few decades, it has become a new focus of competition between states. This increased competition has unfolded as various countries have sought to maximize their own economic and political benefits in the region. This chapter provides a panorama of the rapidly changing Arctic by illustrating its geographic significance and legal status and outlining the disputes over the region.

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previous chapter Introduction: The Game in the Arctic—A Historical Review
next chapter The New Strategic Triangle in the Arctic: China, Russia, and the United States
Footnotes
1
Tamnes, R., & Holtsmark, S. G. (2014). The geopolitics of the Arctic in historical perspective. In R. Tamnes & K. Offerdal (Eds.), Geopolitics and security in the Arctic (pp. 26–62). Routledge.
 
2
Ibid.
 
3
Ibid.
 
4
NSIDC. (2008). Sea ice decline accelerates, Amundsen’s Northwest Passage opens.
 
5
Zellen, B. S. (2009). Arctic doom, Arctic boom: The geopolitics of climate change in the Arctic. ABC-CLIO.
 
6
Wegge, N. (2011). The political order in the Arctic: Power structures, regimes and influence. Polar Record, 47(2), 165–176.
 
7
Exner-Pirot, H. (2013). What is the Arctic a case of? The Arctic as a regional environmental security complex and the implications for policy. The Polar Journal, 3(1), 120–135.
 
8
Sheng, L. (2021) How Covid-19 reshapes new world order: Political economy Perspective. Springer.
 
9
Heininen, L. (2012). State of the Arctic strategies and policies–A summary. Arctic Yearbook 2012, 2–47.
 
10
Sheng, L. (2012). Dealing with financial risks of international capital flows: A theoretical framework. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 25(3), 463–474.
 
11
Sheng, L. (2014a). Capital controls and international development: A theoretical reconsideration. Global Policy, 5(1), 114–120.
 
12
Sheng, L. (2014b). Economic structure, cost outsourcing and global imbalances. Journal of Australian Political Economy, 74, 81–95.
 
13
Sheng, L. (2015). Theorizing income inequality in the face of financial globalization. The Social Science Journal, 52(3), 415–424.
 
14
Sheng, L., & do Nascimento, D. F. (2021). Love and trade war: China and the US in historical context. Springer.
 
15
Bjola, C. (2013). Keeping the Arctic “cold”: The rise of plurilateral diplomacy? Global Policy, 4(4), 347–358.
 
16
The Antarctic Treaty. (1959).
 
17
Clote, P. (2008). Implications of global warming on state sovereignty and Arctic resources under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: How the Arctic is no longer communis omnium naturali jure. Richmond Journal of Global Law and Business, 8, 195.
 
18
Roach, J. A. (2020). Freedom of the seas in the Arctic region. In K. Spohr, D. S. Hamilton, & J. C. Moyer (Eds.), The Arctic and world order (pp. 219–250). Brookings.
 
19
Machowski, J. (1995). Scientific activities on Spitsbergen in the light of the international legal status of the archipelago. Polish Polar Research, 16(1/2), 13–35.
 
20
Ibid.
 
21
Clote, P. (2008). Implications of global warming on state sovereignty and Arctic resources under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: How the Arctic is no longer communis omnium naturali jure. Richmond Journal of Global Law and Business, 8, 195.
 
22
Frey, L. (2018). Who owns the North Pole? Analysis of the territorial claims made by the Arctic states over the Continental Shelf in the Arctic Ocean.
 
23
Li, X. P., Fang, Z., & Liu, H. Y. (2017). Rights and obligations of the Arctic Region under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and their relationship with geographically disadvantaged States. Polar Research 02, 279–285.
 
24
Gift, A. H. (2018). Hans Island.
 
25
Ibid.
 
26
Breum, M. (2018). Analysis: Hans Island and the endless dispute over its sovereignty. High North News. https://​www.​highnorthnews.​com/​en/​analysis-hans-island-and-endless-dispute-over-its-sovereignty.
 
27
Baker, J. S., & Byers, M. (2012). Crossed lines: The curious case of the Beaufort Sea maritime boundary dispute. Ocean Development & International Law, 43(1), 70–95.
 
28
Gray, D. (1997). Canada’s unresolved maritime boundaries. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin.
 
29
Huebert, R. (2018). Drawing boundaries in the Beaufort Sea: Different visions/different needs. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 33(2), 203–223.
 
30
Ibid.
 
31
Baker, J. S., & Byers, M. (2012). Crossed lines: The curious case of the Beaufort Sea maritime boundary dispute. Ocean Development & International Law, 43(1), 70–95.
 
32
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
 
33
UNCLOS, Article 2(1–2).
 
34
UNCLOS, Articles 2(2) & 17–20. The rights and duties of the coastal state are set out in Articles 24–26.
 
35
Federal Act on the Internal Maritime Waters, Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone of the Russian Federation.
 
36
Fahey, S. (2018). Access control: Freedom of the seas in the Arctic and the Russian Northern Sea Route regime. Harvard National Security Journal, 9, 154.
 
37
United States Department of Defense. (2015). The Asia–Pacific maritime security strategy: Achieving US national security objectives in a changing environment.
 
38
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS).
 
39
UNCLOS.
 
40
Matz-Luck, N. (2009). Planting a flag in Arctic waters: Russia’s claim to the North Pole. Goettingen Journal of International Law, 1, 235.
 
41
Ibid.
 
42
Kuznetsova, E., & Loshchakov, D. (2021). Actual legal situation and international controversy concerning the continental shelf in the Arctic zone. Laplage em Revista, 7(Extra-E), 584–590.
 
43
Egede, E. (2017). Common heritage of mankind.
 
44
UNCLOS, Article 137(1).
 
45
UNCLOS, Article 137(2).
 
46
UNCLOS, Preamble.
 
47
The Svalbard Treaty. (1920).
 
48
Machowski, J. (1995). Scientific activities on Spitsbergen in the light of the international legal status of the archipelago. Polish Polar Research, 16(1/2), 13–35.
 
Literature
Baker, J. S., & Byers, M. (2012). Crossed lines: The curious case of the Beaufort Sea maritime boundary dispute. Ocean Development & International Law, 43(1), 70–95. CrossRef
Bjola, C. (2013). Keeping the Arctic “cold”: The rise of plurilateral diplomacy? Global Policy, 4(4), 347–358. CrossRef
Clote, P. (2008). Implications of global warming on state sovereignty and Arctic resources under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: How the Arctic is no longer communis omnium naturali jure. Richmond Journal of Global Law and Business, 8(2), 195–247.
Exner-Pirot, H. (2013). What is the Arctic a case of? The Arctic as a regional environmental security complex and the implications for policy. The Polar Journal, 3(1), 120–135. CrossRef
Fahey, S. (2018). Access control: Freedom of the seas in the Arctic and the Russian Northern Sea Route regime. Harvard National Security Journal, 9, 154–200.
Huebert, R. (2018). Drawing boundaries in the Beaufort Sea: Different visions/different needs. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 33(2), 203–223. CrossRef
Kuznetsova, E., & Loshchakov, D. (2021). Actual legal situation and international controversy concerning the continental shelf in the Arctic zone. Laplage em Revista, 7(Extra-E), 584–590.
Li, X. P., Fang, Z., & Liu, H. Y. (2017). Rights and obligations of the Arctic Region under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and their relationship with geographically disadvantaged States. Polar Research, 02, 279–285.
Machowski, J. (1995). Scientific activities on Spitsbergen in the light of the international legal status of the archipelago. Polish Polar Research, 16(1/2), 13–35.
Matz-Luck, N. (2009). Planting a flag in Arctic waters: Russia’s claim to the North Pole. Goettingen Journal of International Law, 1, 235–256.
Roach, J. A. (2020). Freedom of the seas in the Arctic region. In K. Spohr, D. S. Hamilton, & J. C. Moyer (Eds.), The Arctic and world order (pp. 219–250). Brookings Institution Press.
Sheng, L. (2012). Dealing with financial risks of international capital flows: A theoretical framework. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 25(3), 463–474. CrossRef
Sheng, L. (2014). Capital controls and international development: A theoretical reconsideration. Global Policy, 5(1), 114–120. CrossRef
Sheng, L. (2014). Economic structure, cost outsourcing and global imbalances. Journal of Australian Political Economy, 74, 81–94.
Sheng, L. (2015). Theorizing income inequality in the face of financial globalization. The Social Science Journal, 52(3), 415–424. CrossRef
Sheng, L. (2021). How Covid-19 reshapes new world order: Political economy perspective. Springer.
Sheng, L., & do Nascimento, D. F. (2021). Love and trade war: China and the US in historical context. Springer.
Tamnes, R., & Holtsmark, S. G. (2014). The geopolitics of the Arctic in historical perspective. In R. Tamnes & K. Offerdal (Eds.), Geopolitics and security in the Arctic (pp. 26–62). Routledge.
Wegge, N. (2011). The political order in the Arctic: Power structures, regimes and influence. Polar Record, 47(2), 165–176. CrossRef
Metadata
Title
A Panorama of the Arctic: Geopolitics and International Law
Author
Edmund Li Sheng
Copyright Year
2022
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Book
Arctic Opportunities and Challenges

Print ISBN: 978-981-19-1245-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-19-1246-7

Copyright Year: 2022

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1246-7_2

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