Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering
Published in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 4/2020

28-02-2020 | State-of-the-Art Review

A Review on Conventional and Innovative Pile System for Offshore Wind Turbines

Authors: Deendayal Rathod, K. T. Krishnanunni, D. Nigitha

Published in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering | Issue 4/2020

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This paper includes a brief review of analytical, experimental and numerical studies carried out on conventional and innovative piles subjected to monotonic and cyclic lateral loads. State-of-the-art developments and the important approaches relevant to the field of laterally loaded pile was discussed. The observations from small-scale experiments confirmed that monopiles embedded in cohesionless soil undergoes progressive accumulation of displacement and the rate of accumulation does not approach zero even after 10,000 cycles. The accumulated rotation of the foundations under the offshore loading conditions mainly depends on the characteristics of cyclic loading such as the magnitude of maximum and minimum load during a cycle. The review of existing works showed that there are hardly any studies addressing the effect of gentle seabed slope and also the effect of multi-directional loading on the magnitude of accumulated rotation of rigid monopiles. It is critically suggested to consider the influence of strong vertical loads and moments on stiff monopiles installed on gentle seabed slopes. The current study reveals the use of finned and helical piles in improving the lateral resistance and reducing the pile head deflections. However, further investigations are required to validate their performance in varying soil conditions and also to optimize and ease the design through the development of cyclic p–y curves.
previous article A Review of the Studies on Soil-EPS Composites: Beads and Blocks
next article Joint Support Technology and Its Engineering Application to Deep Soft Rock Tunnel with Strong Creep

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
Literature
Abdrabbo FM, El Wakil AZ (2016) Laterally loaded helical piles in sand. Alex Eng J 55(4):3239–3245
Al-Baghdadi T, Brown M, Knappett J, Ishikura R (2015) Modelling of laterally loaded screw piles with large helical plates in sand. Front Offshore Geotech III:503–508
American Petroleum Institute (API-RP-2A) (2000) Recommended practices for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms. American Petroleum Institute, Washington
Ashour M, Norris GM, Pilling P (1998) Lateral loading of a pile in layered soil using the strain wedge model. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124:303–315
Ashour M, Pilling P, Norris GM (2004) Lateral behavior of pile group in layered soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130:580–592
Banerjee PK, Davies TG (1978) The behaviour of axially and laterally loaded single piles embedded in nonhomogeneous soils. Geotechnique 28(3):309–326
Barari A, Bagheri M, Rouainia M, Ibsen LB (2017) Deformation mechanisms for offshore monopile foundations accounting for cyclic mobility effects. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 97:439–453
Bhattacharya S, Carrington TM, Aldridge TR (2006) Design of FPSO piles against storm loading. In: Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 17861, pp 1–9
Bienen B, Dührkop J, Grabe J, Randolph MF, White DJ (2012) Response of piles with wings to monotonic and cyclic lateral loading in sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 138(3):364–375
Bourgeois E, Rakotonindriana MHJ, Le Kouby A, Mestat P, Serratrice JF (2010) Three-dimensional numerical modelling of the behaviour of a pile subjected to cyclic lateral loading. Comput Geotech 37:999–1007
Bransby MF (1999) Selection of p–y curves for the design of single laterally loaded piles. Int J Numer Methods Geomech 23(15):1909–1926
Broms BB (1964a) Lateral resistance of piles in cohesive soils. J Soil Mech Found Div 90:27–63
Broms BB (1964b) Lateral resistance of piles in cohesionless soils. J Soil Mech Found Div 90:123–156
Brown DA, Reese LC, O’Neill MW (1987) Cyclic lateral loading of a large-scale pile group. J Geotech Eng 113:1326–1343
Brown DA, Morrison C, Reese LC (1988) Lateral load behavior of pile group in sand. J Geotech Eng 114:1261–1276
Budhu M, Davies TG (1988) Analysis of laterally loaded piles in soft clays. J Geotech Eng 114:21–39
Chae KS, Ugai K, Wakai A (2004) Lateral resistance of short single piles and pile groups located near slopes. Int J Geomech 4(2):93–103
Chandrasekaran SS, Boominathan A, Dodagoudar GR (2010) Group interaction effects on laterally loaded piles in clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 136(4):573–582
Davisson MT, Gill HL (1963) Laterally loaded piles in a layered soil system. J Soil Mech Found Div 89:63–94
Deendayal R, Muthukkumaran K, Sitharam TG (2019) Experimental investigation on behavior of a laterally loaded single pile located on sloping ground. Int J Geomech 19(5):04019021
Deendayal R, Muthukkumaran K, Sitharam TG (2016a) Response of laterally loaded pile in soft clay on sloping ground. Int J Geotech Eng 10(1):10–22
Deendayal R, Sitharam TG, Muthukkumaran K (2016b) Effect of earthquake on a single pile located in sloping ground. Int J Geotech Earthq Eng 7(1):57–72
Deendayal R, Muthukkumaran K, Sitharam TG (2017) Development of non-dimensional p–y curves for laterally loaded piles in sloping Ground. Indian Geotech J 47(1):47–56
Deendayal K, Muthukkumaran K, Sitharam TG (2018a) Effect of slope on p–y curves for laterally loaded piles in soft clay. Geotech Geol Eng 36(3):1509–1524
Dührkop J, Grabe J (2009) Design of laterally loaded piles with bulge. In: Proc. 28th Int. Conf. on ocean, offshore and arctic engineering, OMAE, Hawaii, USA, vol 7
Fahmy A, El Naggar MH (2017) Axial and lateral performance of spun-cast ductile iron helical tapered piles in clay. Proc Inst Civil Eng Geotech Eng 170(6):503–516
Gabr MA, Borden RH (1990) Lateral analysis of piers constructed on slopes. J Geotech Eng 116:1831–1850
Gandhi SR, Selvam S (1997) Group effect on driven piles under lateral load. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 123(8):702–709
Georgiadis K, Georgiadis M (2010) Undrained lateral pile response in sloping ground. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 136(11):1489–1500
Georgiadis K, Georgiadis M (2012) Development of p–y curves for undrained response of piles near slopes. Comput Geotech 40:53–61
Georgiadis K, Georgiadis M, Anagnostopoulos C (2013) Lateral bearing capacity of rigid piles near clay slopes. Soils Found Jpn Geotech Soc 53:144–154
Gupta BK, Basu D (2017) Analysis of laterally loaded short and long piles in multilayered heterogeneous elastic soil. Soils Found 57(1):92–110
Hansen BJ (1961) The ultimate resistance of rigid piles against transversal forces. Geoteknik Institutute Bulletin 12:5–9
Hetenyi M (1946) Beams on elastic foundations. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Hirai H (2011) A Winkler model approach for vertically and laterally loaded piles in nonhomogeneous soil. Int J Numer Anal Method Geomech 36(17):1869–1897
Hong Y, He B, Wang LZ, Wang Z, Ng CWW, Masin D (2017) Cyclic lateral response and failure mechanisms of a semi-rigid pile in soft clay: centrifuge tests and numerical modelling. Can Geotech J 54:806–824
Hsiung Y, Chen Y (1997) Simplified method for analyzing laterally loaded single piles in clays. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 123(11):1018–1029
Ilyas T, Leung CF, Chow YK, Budi SS (2004) Centrifuge model study of laterally loaded pile groups in clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130:274–283
Karthigeyan S, Ramakrishna VVGST, Rajagopal K (2007) Numerical investigation of the effect of vertical load on the lateral response of piles. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133(5):512–521
Kim BT, Yoon GL (2011) Laboratory modeling of laterally loaded pile groups in sand. KSCE J Civil Eng 15(1):65–75
Kim BT, Kim NK, Lee WJ, Kim YS (2004) Experimental load–transfer curves of laterally loaded piles in Nak-Dong river sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130(4):416–425
Leblanc C, Gt Houlsby, Bw Byrne (2010) Response of stiff piles in sand to long-term cyclic lateral loading. Géotechnique 60(2):79–90
Matlock H (1970) Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay. In: Proc. of 2nd Annual Offshore Tech Conf., Texas, vol 1, pp 577–594
McVay M, Casper R, Shang Te-I (1995) Lateral response of three-row groups in loose to dense sands at 3d and 5d pile spacing. J Geotech Eng 121:436–441
McVay M, Zhang L, Molnit T, Lai P (1998) Centrifuge testing of large laterally loaded pile groups in sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124:1016–1026
Meyerhof GG, Mathur SK, Valsangkar AJ (1981) Lateral resistance and deflection of rigid walls and piles in layered soils. Can Geotech J 18:159–170
Mezazigh S, Levacher D (1998) Laterally loaded piles in sand: slope effect on p–y reaction curves. Can Geotech J 35:433–441
Murphy G, Igoe D, Doherty P, Gavin K (2018) 3D FEM approach for laterally loaded monopile design. Comput Geotech 100:76–83
Murthy VNS (1971) Non-dimensional solutions for laterally loaded vertical and batter piles embedded in cohesionless soils. In: 4th Asian Reg. Conf. on Soil mechanics and Foundation Eng, Thailand, vol 1, pp 295–300
Muthukkumaran (2014) Effect of slope and loading direction on laterally loaded piles in cohesionless soil. Int J Geomech 14(1):1–7
Muthukkumaran K, Arun KS (2015) Effect of seabed slope on pile behaviour of fixed offshore platform under lateral forces. J Ocean Eng Mar Energy 1(3):207–221
Muthukkumaran K, Sundaravadivelu R, Gandhi SR (2008) Effect of slope on p–y Curves due to surcharge load. Soils Found 48(3):353–361
Najjar YM, Zaman MM (1988) Effect of loading sequence and soil non-linearity on the response of a pile group foundation using a three-dimensional finite element analysis. In: 6th Int. Conf. on numerical methods in geomechanics, Innsbruck, Australia, pp 1127–1135
Nasr AMA (2013) Experimental and theoretical studies of laterally loaded finned piles in sand. Can Geotech J 51(4):381–393
Ng CWW, Zhang LM, Ho KKS (2001) Influence of laterally loaded sleeved piles and pile groups on slope stability. Can Geotech J 38(3):553–566
Nimityongskul N, Barker P, Ashford SA (2018) Effects of soil slope on lateral capacity of piles in cohesive soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 94(0704):1–12
Norris GM (1986) Theoretically based BEF laterally loaded pile analysis. In: Proc., Third Int. Conf. on numerical methods in offshore piling, Editions Technip, Paris, France, pp 361–386
O’Neill M, Murchison J (1983) An evaluation of p–y relationships in sands. University of Houston, Houston
Patra NR, Pise PJ (2001) ultimate lateral resistance of pile groups in sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127(6):481–487
Peng J, Clarke BG, Rouainia M (2011) Increasing the resistance of piles subject to cyclic lateral loading. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 137:977–982
Poulos HG (1971) Behaviour of laterally loaded piles: I-single piles. J Soil Mech Found Div 97:711–732
Poulos HG (1976) Behavior of laterally loaded piles near a cut or slope. Aust Geomech J 6:6–12
Poulos HG (1982) Single pile response to cyclic lateral load. J Geotech Eng 108:355–375
Poulos HG, Davis EH (1980) Pile foundation analysis and design. Wiley, New York
Prasad YVSN, Rao SN (1996) Lateral capacity of helical piles in clays. J Geotech Eng 122(11):938–941
Randolph MF (1981) The response of flexible piles to lateral loading. Geotechnique 31:247–259
Rao S, Ramakrishna V, Rao M (1998) Influence of rigidity on laterally loaded pile groups in marine clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124(6):542–549
Reese LC (1977) Laterally loaded piles: program documentation. J Geotech Eng Div 103:287–305
Reese LC, Matlock H (1956) Non-dimensional solutions for laterally loaded piles with soil modulus assumed proportional to depth. In: Proc. 8th Texas Conf. on soil mech and foundation engineering, vol 7, pp 1–41
Reese LC, Van Impe W (2001) Single piles and pile groups under lateral loading. Balkema, London
Reese LC, Welch RC (1975) Lateral loading of deep foundations in stiff clay. J Geotech Eng 101:633–649
Reese LC, Cox WR, Kapoo FP (1974) Analysis of laterally loaded piles in sand. Proc Offshore Tech Conf Texas 2:472–483
Reese LC, Isenhower WM, Wang ST (2006) Analysis and design of shallow and deep foundations. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
Rollins KM, Peterson KT, Weaver TJ (1998) Lateral load behavior of full-scale pile group in clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124(6):468–478
Rollins KM, Lane JD, Gerber TM (2005) Measured and computed lateral response of a pile group in sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 113:103–114
Rosquoet F, Thorel L, Garnier J, Canepa Y (2007) Lateral cyclic loading of sand-installed piles. Soils Found 47(5):821–832
Ruesta PF, Townsend FC (1997) Evaluation of laterally loaded pile group at Roosevelt Bridge. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 123:1153–1161
Sakr M (2009) Performance of helical piles in oil sand. Can Geotech J 46(9):1046–1061
Sheil BB, McCabe BA (2017) Biaxial loading of offshore monopiles: numerical modeling. Int J Geomech 17:04016050(1)–04016050(16)
Singh A, Prakash S (1971) Model pile group subjected to cyclic lateral load. Soils Found Jpn Soc Soil Mech Found Eng 11:53–59
Stewart DP (1999) Reduction of undrained lateral pile capacity in clay due to an adjacent slope. Austr Geomech 34:17–23
Tomlinson MJ (1994) Pile design and construction practice. E & F N Spon, London, pp 222–257
Verruijt A, Kooijman AP (1989) Laterally loaded piles in a layered elastic medium. Geotechnique 39:39–49
Winkler E (1867) Die lehre von der Elastizitat and Festigkeit, Ist edn. Dominicus, Prague
Zhang HH, Small JC (2000) Analysis of capped pile groups subjected to horizontal and vertical loads. Comput Geotech 26:1–21
Zhang C, Yu J, Huang M (2016) A Winkler load transfer analysis for laterally loaded piles. Can Geotech J 53:1110–1124
Zhu B, Li T, Xiong G, Liu JC (2016) Centrifuge model tests on laterally loaded piles in sand. Int J Phys Modell Geotech 16:160–172
Metadata
Title
A Review on Conventional and Innovative Pile System for Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors
Deendayal Rathod
K. T. Krishnanunni
D. Nigitha
Publication date
28-02-2020
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering / Issue 4/2020
Print ISSN: 0960-3182
Electronic ISSN: 1573-1529
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01254-0

Other articles of this Issue 4/2020

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 4/2020 Go to the issue

Original Paper

Numerical Investigation on Safe Mining of Residual Pillar in Goaf: A Case Study of Panlong Lead–Zinc Mine

Original Paper

Laboratory Evaluation of Effective Parameters on Uplift Force Under Reamed Pile in Expansive Soil

Original Paper

Incorporating Silica Sol as a Binder to Improve Long-Term Stability of Blocky Coal

Original Paper

Movement of an Open-Ended Pipe with a Soil Plug Under a Longitudinal Impact

Original Paper

Propagation Law of Stress Wave and Cracks in Non-penetrating Jointed Rock Mass: A Numerical Study Based on Particle Flow Code

Original Paper

Experiment Study on Proportioning of Similar Materials in Weak Surrounding Rocks of Rich-Water Faults