A Review on Crashworthiness and Cooling Models for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles

The mobility of electric vehicles is to spread completely by the end of the twenty-first century. The only source of power for a pure electric vehicle is a battery pack; Research has been carried out to design an efficient battery pack to resolve the problems related to mechanical, electrical, and thermal domains. Critical issues apprehended in designing a vehicle are the parameters such as noise, vibrations, structural failure, and deformations. The operating conditions of EV batteries are severe; neglecting such conditions adversely affects the body temperature of an individual cell or a complete battery pack, also during events like crash the chances of internal short-circuiting of a Li-ion cell becomes a criterion for destruction when protection is not employed to the battery module. Such technical issues stimulated to develop lithium as an energy source with complete protection to batteries. A generalized review on the design of an energy storage system employing various protection devices, crashworthiness of the designed model, battery management system, failures of battery cells, and battery pack cooling models are proposed. The current challenges and issues to develop an efficient battery pack; an initiative to “Electric Mobility” by governing bodies are discussed in brief.