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Climate Risks for Irrigation, Water Supply and Sanitation in India: Overview and Synthesis Read chapter Read first chapter

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

11. Action Plans for Building Climate-Resilient Water Supply and Sanitation Systems: Results from Case Studies

Authors : Nitin Bassi, Rushabh Hemani, Prasoon Mankad

Published in: Management of Irrigation and Water Supply Under Climatic Extremes

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter discusses the specific action plans to improve the climate resilience of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in two arid districts, viz., Barmer and Sirohi in western Rajasthan, that were found to be facing high WASH-related risk. The interventions take into account the variation within each district in the natural, physical, socio-economic, and institutional factors that affect WASH system performance. These factors included rainfall and its variability; temperature; frequency of flood-occurrence and drought proneness; geology of the area; water table conditions; groundwater salinity, presence of fluorides in groundwater; availability of surface water including imported water; characteristics of the dominant water supply system; percentage households (HHs) having access to water supply in the dwelling premise; percentage HHs having access to improved sanitation facilities; and percentage households having access to toilets with water supply connections. The institutional capacity building and policy reforms needed to affect the design and implementation of climate-resilient WASH are also analysed and discussed.

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previous chapter Mapping Climate-Induced Risk for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene in Rajasthan
next chapter Managing Climate-Induced Water Stress Across the Agro-Ecological Regions of India: Options and Strategies
Footnotes
1
In district Barmer, the eight blocks are: Baytoo, Balotra, Barmer, Chohtan, Dhorimanna, Sindhari, Siwana, and Sheo.
 
2
In district Sirohi, the five blocks are: Abu Road, Pindwara, Reodar, Sheoganj, and Sirohi.
 
3
Panchayati Raj Institutions are the three-tier structure of the local self-government institutions in rural India. District Panchayat is an apex organization, Block Panchayat is in the second tier, and the village Panchayat is the third and last tier.
 
4
Nadi refers to a pond.
 
5
Tankas are the traditional underground water harvesting structures that are common in western Rajasthan.
 
6
Stage of groundwater development is the proportion of annual groundwater draft with respect to the net annual groundwater recharge.
 
7
The safe and semi-critical blocks are those where the stage of groundwater development is up to 90%, for critical blocks it is between 90 and 100%, and for the overexploited blocks it more than 100% (Source: Central Ground Water Board, Government of India).
 
8
A ‘Fully Covered’ means that the entire population in the habitation is providing with drinking water as per the existing water supply norms and guidelines.
 
9
As of March 2020, USD 1 equals to about INR 75.
 
10
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a system with software and hardware elements that allow agencies to: control processes locally or at remote locations; monitor, gather, and process real-time data; directly interact with devices such as sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and more through human–machine interface (HMI) software; and record events into a log file.
 
Literature
Bassi, N., & Vedantam, N. (2013). Traditional and modern Systems for Addressing Water Scarcity: Impacts of Khadins and sub-surface dykes in arid environment of Western Rajasthan. Review of Development and Change, 18(2), 131–148.CrossRef
Census of India. (2011a). District census handbook - Barmer. In Directorate of census operations. Rajasthan: Jaipur.
Census of India. (2011b). District census handbook - Sirohi. Directorate of Census Operations: Jaipur. Rajasthan.
CGWB (2013a). Groundwater information – Barmer District, Rajasthan. Western Region, Central Groundwater Board, Government of India, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
CGWB (2013b). Groundwater scenario – Sirohi District, Rajasthan. Western Region, Central. Groundwater Board, Government of India, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
Government of India. (2011). Census of India (p. 2011). New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
Goyal, R.K. (2010). Rainwater harvesting: A key to survival in hot arid zone of Rajasthan. In: K.V. Rao, B. Venkateswarlu, K.L. Sahrawath, S.P. Wani, P.K. Mishra, S. Dixit, K.S. Reddy, M. Kumar and U.S. Saikia, ed. Proceedings of national workshop-cum-brain storming on rainwater harvesting and reuse through farm ponds: Experiences, issues and strategies (pp 29–38), 21–22 April 2009. CRIDA, Hyderabad, India.
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Kumar, M. D. (2004). Roof water harvesting for domestic water security: Who gains and who loses? Water International, 29(1), 43–53.CrossRef
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Kumar, M. D., Ghosh, S., Patel, A., Singh, O. P., & Ravindranath, R. (2006). Rainwater harvesting in India: some critical issues for basin planning and research. Land Use and Water Resources Research, 6(1732–2016-140267).
Pisharoty, P. R. (1990). Characteristics of Indian rainfall, monograph. Ahmedabad: Physical Research Laboratories.
Poonia, S., & Rao, A. S. (2013). Climate change and its impact on Thar desert ecosystem. Journal of Agricultural Physics, 13(1), 71–79.
Rao, A. S. (2009). Climate variability and crop production in arid western Rajasthan. In A. Kar, B. K. Garg, M. P. Singh, & S. Kathju (Eds.), Trends in Arid Zone Research in India (pp. 48–61). Jodhpur: Central Arid Zone Research Institute.
UNICEF and IRAP. (2017). Mapping of Climate Risk in the WASH Sector of Rajasthan. Hyderabad: Institute of Resource Analysis and Policy.
Metadata
Title
Action Plans for Building Climate-Resilient Water Supply and Sanitation Systems: Results from Case Studies
Authors
Nitin Bassi
Rushabh Hemani
Prasoon Mankad
Copyright Year
2021
Book
Management of Irrigation and Water Supply Under Climatic Extremes

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-59458-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-59459-6

Copyright Year: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59459-6_11