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2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Activation of Chemical Substrates in Green Chemistry

Authors : Angelo Albini, Stefano Protti

Published in: Paradigms in Green Chemistry and Technology

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The stability and low polarization of organic molecules forces to use an aggressive chemical or heat to activate (one of) the reagent(s). Addition of an activator worsens the atom economy since spent reagents add to the waste, drastic conditions increase the energetic expenditure. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, phase transfer catalysis, bio- and photocatalysis, microwave activation, the use of non conventional solvents (supercritical solvents, ionic liquids) or solventless reactions are the means for obtaining a much more environment-friendly process. The application of such methods to various chemical processes is briefly reviewed according to the chemical transformation involved (redox processes, carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond forming processes), with regards both to commodities and fine chemistry products.

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Footnotes
1
This does not mean that transition metal catalysis has no role in green synthesis. To the contrary, green processes of this type have been reported (although the topic is barely mentioned here for brevity), but trace of metals have to be carefully eliminated, particularly for products used as drugs. See for example: Buchwald SL (2008) Cross coupling. Acc Chem Res. 41: 1439. Liu S, Xiao J (2007) Toward green catalytic synthesis-transition metal-catalyzed reactions in non-conventional media. J Mol Cat A: Chemistry. 270:1–43. Parmeggiani C, Cardona F (2012) Transition metal based catalysts in the aerobic oxidation of alcohols. Green Chem. 14: 547–564.
 
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Metadata
Title
Activation of Chemical Substrates in Green Chemistry
Authors
Angelo Albini
Stefano Protti
Copyright Year
2016
Book
Paradigms in Green Chemistry and Technology

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25893-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-25895-9

Copyright Year: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25895-9_3

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