Top

Metallurgist

Published in:

21-07-2023

Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Aluminide Alloy Ti–Al–V–Nb–Cr–Gd by Selective Electron Beam Melting

Authors: P. V. Panin, E. A. Lukina, I. A. Bogachev, P. N. Medvedev, S. A. Naprienko

Published in: Metallurgist | Issue 3-4/2023

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

We have studied the technological properties, chemical composition, and structure of a metal powder composition (MPC, 40–100 μm) made from a new six-component intermetallic β-solidifying TiAl-alloy Ti–44.5Al–2V–1Nb–2Cr–0.1Gd, at. % (Ti–31.0Al–2.5V–2.5Nb–2.5Cr–0.4Gd, wt.%) by crucibleless induction melting inert gas atomization and intended for additive manufacturing of dense parts by selective electron beam melting (SEBM). It is shown that the main elements of the composition of the MPC are the same as in the electrode, and the phase composition of the MPC corresponds to a rapidly solidified metastable state (γ + α + β). High flowability and sphericity of the MPC were achieved. The Al content in the starting electrode reduces by 1.1–1.3 at.% (1.0–1.2 wt.%) after SEBM due to evaporation. The microstructure of the as-SEBM-built testpieces exhibited intragranular lamellar (γ + α₂)-colonies and some γ- and β₀/B2-phases at grain boundaries. It was found out that the cross-sectional distribution of Ti and Al along the building direction (Z) is nonuniform, resulting in nonuniform distribution of phases and grain sizes. No areas with duplex or coarse-grained γ-phase, which are characteristic for the 2nd-generation electron beam melted TiAl-alloy Ti-4822, were identified.

previous article Alloys Based on Orthorhombic Intermetallic Ti2AlNb: Phase Composition, Alloying, Structure, Properties

next article Features of Plasma Coating Formation from Silicon Carbide on Titanium Alloy VT6

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

N. A. Nochovnaya, O. A. Bazyleva, D. E. Kablov, and P. V. Panin, Intermetallic Titanium-Based Alloys and Nickel [in Russian], VIAM, Moscow (2019); ISBN: 978-5-905217-46-3.

E. N. Kablov, N. A. Nochovnaya, P. V. Panin, E. B. Alekseev, and A. V. Novak, “Study of the structure and properties of heat-resistant alloys based on titanium aluminides with gadolinium microadditives,” Inorg. Mater.: Appl. Res., 8, No. 4, 634–641 (2017); DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S2075113317040116.CrossRef

I. Gibson, D. W. Rosen, and B. Stucker, Additive Manufacturing Technology, Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, New York (2010).

L. E. Murr, S. M. Gaytan, D. A. Ramirez, et al., “Metal fabrication by additive manufacturing using laser and electron beam melting technologies,” J. Mater. Sci. Tech., 28, 1–14 (2012).CrossRef

H. Attar, S. Ehtemam-Haghighi, D. Kent, X. Wu, and M. S. Dargusch, “Comparative study of commercially pure titanium produced by laser engineered net shaping, selective laser melting and casting processes,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 705, 385–393 (2017).CrossRef

S. L. Lu, M. Qian, H. P. Tang, M. Yan, J. Wang, and D. H. St-John, “Massive transformation in Ti–6Al–4V additively manufactured by selective electron beam melting,” Acta Mater., 104, 303–311 (2016).CrossRef

H. P. Qu and H. M. Wang, “Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited γ-TiAl intermetallic alloys,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 466, 187–194 (2007).CrossRef

M. Thomas, T. Malot, and P. Aubry, “Laser metal deposition of the intermetallic TiAl alloy,” Met. Trans., A, 48, 3143–3158 (2017).CrossRef

M. Thomas, T. Malot, P. Aubry, C. Colin, T. Vilaro, and P. Bertrand, “The prospects for additive manufacturing of TiAl alloy,” Mater. High Temp., 33, 571–577 (2016).CrossRef

10.

J. Gussone, G. Garces, J. Haubrich, et al., “Microstructure stability of γ-TiAl produced by selective laser melting,” Scripta Mater., 130, 110–113 (2017).CrossRef

11.

J. Schwerdtfeger and C. Korner, “Selective electron beam melting of Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Cr: microstructure and aluminium loss,” Intermetallics, 49, 29–35 (2014).CrossRef

12.

S. Biamino, A. Penna, U. Ackelid, S. Sabbadini, O. Tassa, and P. Fino, “Electron beam melting of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy: microstructure and mechanical properties investigation,” Intermetallics, 19, 776–782 (2011).CrossRef

13.

W. Chen, Y. Yang, L. L. Liu, Z. Y. Chen, and D. Liu, “Microstructure control and tensile properties of EBM γ-TiAl,” Aeronaut. Manuf. Technol., 1–2, 37–41 (2017).

14.

A. Mohammad, A. M. Alahmari, M. K. Mohammed, R. K. Renganayagalu, and K. Moiduddin, “Effect of energy input on microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium aluminide alloy fabricated by the additive manufacturing process of electron beam melting,” Materials, No. 10 (211), 1–16 (2017).

15.

M. Todai, T. Nakano, T. Q. Liu, et al., “Effect of building direction on the microstructure and tensile properties of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy additively manufactured by electron beam melting,” Add. Manuf., 13, 61–70 (2017).

16.

M. Terner, S. Biamino, P. Epicoco, et al., “Electron-beam melting of high niobium containing TiAl alloy: feasibility investigation,” Steel Res. Int., 83, 943–949 (2012).CrossRef

17.

R. Wartbichler, H. Clemens, S. Mayer, et al., “On the formation mechanism of banded microstructures in electron beam melted Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb and the design of heat treatments as remedial action,” Adv. Eng. Mat., 23, No. 12, Art. 2101199 (2021).

18.

M. Seifi, A. A. Salem, D. P. Satko, U. Ackelid, S. L. Semiatin, and J. J. Lewandowski, “Effects of HIP on microstructural heterogeneity, defect distribution and mechanical properties of additively manufactured EBM Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb,” J. Alloys Comp., 729, 1118–1135 (2017).CrossRef

19.

G. Baudana, S. Biamino, B. Kloden, et al., “Electron beam melting of Ti–48Al–2Nb–0.7Cr–0.3Si: feasibility investigation,” Intermetallics, 73, 43–49 (2016).CrossRef

20.

V. Juechter, M. M. Franke, T. Merenda, A. Stich, C. Korner, and R. F. Singer, “Additive manufacturing of Ti–45Al–4Nb–C by selective electron beam melting for automotive applications,” Add. Manuf., 22, 118–126 (2018).

21.

R. Wartbichler, H. Clemens, and S. Mayer, “Electron beam melting of a p-solidifying intermetallic titanium aluminide alloy,” Adv. Eng. Mater., 21, Art. 1900800 (2019).

22.

M. Reith, M. Franke, M. Schloffer, and C. Korner, “Processing 4th generation titanium aluminides via electron beam based additive manufacturing - characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties,” Materialia, 14, Art. 100902 (2020).

23.

D. Wimler, J. Lindemann, M. Reith, A. Kirchner, M. Allen, W. G. Vargas, H. Clemens, and S. Mayer, “Designing advanced intermetallic titanium aluminide alloys for additive manufacturing,” Intermetallics, 131, Art. 107109 (2021).

24.

S. Mayer, P. Erdely, F. D. Fischer, D. Holec, M. Kastenhuber, T. Klein, and H. Clemens, “Intermetallic β-solidifying γ-TiAl based alloys – from fundamental research to application,” Adv. Eng. Mater., 19, Art. 1600735 (2017).

25.

H. Clemens and S. Mayer, “Design, processing, microstructure, properties, and applications of advanced intermetallic TiAl alloys,” Adv. Eng. Mater., 15, 191–215 (2013).CrossRef

26.

E. N. Kablov, N. A. Nochovnaya, D. E. Kablov, V. V. Antipov, P. V. Panin, and A. S. Kochetkov, Alloy Based on Titanium Intermetallide and Its Product [in Russian], Patent No. 2606368 RF; Appl. Oct. 15, 2015; publ. Jan. 10, 2017; Byull. No. 1.

27.

E. N. Kablov, “Innovative developments by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “VIAM” implementing The Strategic Directions of Development of Materials and Processing Technologies until 2030,” Aviats. Mater. Tekhnol., No. (34), 3–33 (2015); DOI: https://doi.org/10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-1-3-33.

28.

E. N. Kablov, Yu. A. Bondarenko, and A. B. Echin, “Developing the technology of directional solidification of highly creep-resistant casting alloys with controlled variable temperature gradient,” Aviats. Mater. Tekhnol., No. 5, 24–38 (2017); DOI: https://doi.org/10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-24-38.CrossRef

29.

Yu. A. Bondarenko, ”Trends of development of high-temperature metallic materials and technologies for modern aviation gas-turbine engines,” Aviats. Mater. Tekhnol., No. 2 (55), 3–11 (2019); DOI: https://doi.org/10.18577/2071-9140-2019-0-2-3-11.

30.

A. S. Kochetkov, P. V. Panin, N. A. Nochovnaya, and M. A. Makushina, “Study of chemical inhomogeneity in beta-solidifying TiAl alloys of various composition,” Metallurgist, 64, No. 9–10, 962–973 (2021); DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-021-01077-1.CrossRef

31.

V. A. Duyunova, M. S. Oglodkov, S. V. Putyrskii, A. S. Kochetkov, and O. V. Zueva, “Modern technologies of casting titanium alloy ingots (review),” Aviats. Mater. Tekhnol., No. 1 (66), 30–40 (2022); DOI: https://doi.org/10.18577/2713-0193-2022-0-1-30-40.

32.

S. Spitans, H. Franz, and E. Baake, “Numerical modelling and optimization of the electrode induction melting for inert gas atomization (EIGA),” in: Proc. 11th PAMIR Int. Conf. on Fundamental and Applied MHD (2019), pp. 327–331.

33.

P. V. Panin, E. A. Lukina, A. S. Kochetkov, A. L. Yakovlev, S. I. Pakhomkin, and K. A. Speransky, “Determination of critical points of variable composition beta-solidifying TiAl-alloy,” Metallurgist, 65, No. 3–4, 454–464 (2021); DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-021-01176-z.CrossRef

34.

P. V. Panin, E. A. Lukina, and A. A. Shiryaev, “Temperature-time-transformation diagrams construction for beta-solidifying TiAl-based alloy in as-cast condition,” Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering (FarEastCon-2020), 1079, Art. 062010 (2021); DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1079/6/062010.

35.

P. V. Panin, A. S. Kochetkov, A. V. Zavodov, and E. A. Lukina, “Effect of Gd addition on phase composition, structure, and properties of beta-solidifying TiAl-based alloy with Zr and Cr content variability,” Intermetallics, 121, Art. 106781 (2020); DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106781.

36.

P. V. Panin, N. A. Nochovnaya, E. A. Lukina, and A. S. Kochetkov, “Effect of chemical composition variability on phase composition and structure of beta-solidifying TiAl-alloy in as-cast condition,” Inorg. Mater.: Appl. Res., 10, No. 2, 316–321 (2019); DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S2075113319020333.CrossRef

37.

P. V. Panin, A. V. Zavodov, and E. A. Lukina, “Effect of thermal exposure on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of cast beta-solidifying TiAl-based alloy doped with Gd,” Intermetallics, 145, Art. 107534 (2022); DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2022.107534.

38.

N. A. Belov, V. D. Belov, and N. I. Dashkevich, Phase Composition of Gamma Alloys Based on Titanium Aluminides [in Russian], VIAM, Moscow (2018); ISBN: 978-5-905217-21-0.

Title: Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Aluminide Alloy Ti–Al–V–Nb–Cr–Gd by Selective Electron Beam Melting
Authors: P. V. Panin
E. A. Lukina
I. A. Bogachev
P. N. Medvedev
S. A. Naprienko
Publication date: 21-07-2023
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Metallurgist / Issue 3-4/2023
Print ISSN: 0026-0894
Electronic ISSN: 1573-8892
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-023-01519-y

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 3-4/2023

Features of Plasma Coating Formation from Silicon Carbide on Titanium Alloy VT6

Metallurgist Volume 67, Number 3

Behavior of Copper and Sulfur During High-Temperature Sulfurization Of Copper-Smelting Slags with Elemental Sulfur

Thermal Simulation Prediction of the Solidification Microstructure of High-Simnti Steel Slab at Different Drawing Speeds

Reliable Automatic Control of Radial Gas Distribution on Blast Furnace Throat

Technology Development for Chromium Ore Agglomeration Using Bentonite