Advanced Controllers for Smart Cities

Nowadays, urban housing is becoming narrow and luxurious, while accommodating the additional energy demand with the existing infrastructure has introduced greater trouble to the local power grids. Almost all the city planning tend to motivate the concepts of “Smart” and “Green Everywhere” in order to reduce pollution and carbon emissions. Thus, the concept of micro grid is penetrated into the traditional grid network, and it becomes an intelligent system which can utilize maximum available renewable energy resources with minimum cost. This chapter introduces an outline about various artificial intelligence techniques employed in solving energy storage optimization problem. In addition, a brief outline about battery problem formulation, modeling and results are discussed. Smart micro grids are featured with a bidirectional flow of power and data by monitoring the whole system, starting from generating stations to customer preferences using a variety of control and measuring units.

One key issue in cyber-physical systems security is the heterogeneity of the structure squares. The cyber-physical systems are made out of different parts from multiple points of view. There are distinctive equipment segments, for example sensors, actuators, and installed frameworks. There are additionally various assortments of programming items, restrictive and business, for control and checking. Subsequently, every segment, just as their reconciliation, can be a contributing component to a cyber-physical systems assault. Understanding the present cyber-physical systems security vulnerabilities, assaults, and assurance instruments will furnish us with a superior comprehension of the security stance of cyber-physical systems. The proposed work is an improvement of the previous work and suggests a better solution to detect ransomware attack on the system. The proposed system has some add-on subcomponents that make the current system vigilant. The system provides 2.7% early detection of the attack on the system.

Urbanization is a general phenomenon in which the movement of people from rural to urban takes place. In this context, we discuss the impact of urbanization in smart cities. Smart cities are the cities in which information and communication technology is utilized to enhance the quality of people’s lives. There is a squeezing requirement for urban areas to become more astute so as to deal with large-scale urbanization and find better approaches to oversee intricacy, increase effectiveness, and improve the quality of life. A smart city is one that has advanced innovation inserted over all city capacities. These front line urban communities need to address issues of information management, including protection of innovation rights, taking care of legitimate information, and physical stockpiling and dispersion prerequisites. The strategy producers need to investigate new methodologies that will enable them to foresee the changes that the innovative progression brings. Smart city innovation appears to be a typical and important reaction to the increasing difficulties of urbanization, expecting their effect on complex urban framework. Besides, the impact of urban intercessions regularly goes past the unique desires, including numerous backhanded effects.

In recent years, smart cities’ data have been affected by a lot of security problems. Protecting the smart cities’ data is a major problem in the development of smart cities. Therefore, the data is to be stored into the cloud. Because cloud computing is an emanating paradigm to distinguish the user’s data has to be stored into cloud server remotely. Cloud data service provides an extensible and convergent way for data shared across multiple users, which brings greater conveniences for the users. However, the users’ data are stored and shared with trustworthy cloud providers. It will raise a lot of security concerns. Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a popular mathematical technique in the cloud storage system to resolve security concerns. In the new CP-ABE method, however, key escrow problem cannot be solved. A new Ciphertext Policy Attribute-Based Encryption with Key Hashing Scheme is implemented to overcome this problem. The mechanism’s key role avoids key escrow and reverses secrecy. Therefore, by analyzing security and performance, the proposed method allows for efficient and secure data sharing in cloud computing.

The hybrid energy resources are the promising technology for future energy sources. In this work, solar photovoltaic, wind energy, diesel generator and batteries are combined to form hybrid energy resources. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) computational tool is used to analyze the hybrid energy sources, considering the residential building electrical utility as a load. The result revealed that 5 kW photovoltaic system could generate 11,823 kWh/year and 3 kW wind turbine 637 kWh/year for the Coimbatore region (11.018° N 76.9° E) of Tamilnadu, India. Total energy consumption of the Residential building is 13,979 kWhr/year predicted by HOMER. During a summer day, the proposed hybrid energy system produced the required power to satisfy the demand. During windy days, the wind turbine is operated to supply the required power for the utilization of the required energy. The generator generated 3771kWh/year power for Coimbatore city. As it is clear, the most elevated and least degree of solar radiation with 225 kWh/m²/day and 150 kWh/m²/day happened in April and July, respectively. The DC generator have produced the 3771kWh/year on observation it is found that the net present cost of the system obtained during the tenth year from the system installed. The hybrid energy system saves the carbon di oxide around 3.65 kg/year. The renewable energy fraction of the system is found to be 0.768.

As the world becomes increasingly interconnected and technology-oriented, a new wave of smart apps is changing human approach towards everyday activities. The ideas of “smart cities” are proposed as the future of urbanism. A smart city is a city with the innovative Internet of Things (IoT) and Information and communication technology (ICT), which enhance the quality of life of urban population, increasing business competitiveness and ensuring environmental sustainability. All of these characteristics are used in the framework of Deloitte’s Smart City, and its improvement can be found in the following areas: economy, mobility, security, education, living and the environment. A research performed by Grand View showed that the annual growth rate of the smart cities across the globes is expected to reach 18.9%, that is $237.6 billion by 2025. Smart cities cover a large number and a variety of domains and enhanced application areas with technological advancements. One of the important applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in smart cities is health care. For good economy of smart cities, human health is a priority, which is beginning to be looked at comprehensively. Healthcare of a person includes the well-being of both body and mind. There is no doubt that the health sector has been looking forward to the technological advancements over the last few years. To provide health services to the increasing population following urban life style will be a time-taking process. Citizens look after themselves more quickly and efficiently. It’s no secret that city life is stressful. It is fast paced, noisy, expensive and demanding. People often feel the need to rest, to escape some time from this life. Any psychologist will verify that these are general concepts. It is estimated that 1 in 6 people worldwide suffers from mental health disorders, and this is causing personal and financial collapse. Psychological disorders are among the most common causes of disability and death. Suicide is a commonly seen predominant cause of death among the youth. Older generations also suffer from mental disorders like anxiety, depression and dementia. This study aims to inspect the promising future of innovations in artificial intelligence and machine learning on a psychological disorder. Psychological data training, prescription of the medication and therapy, monitoring and analysis and decision making for improvement are some of the AI-supported activities reviewed in this study. In smart cities using smart health technology, the interaction of the data generated by smart devices will be smooth for medical researchers, experts and physicians to give improved personal care and treatment.