Advanced Manufacturing Processes V

The paper describes the application of computer programs for modeling foundry processes – casting metal blanks. Several casting objects (samples) of varying complexity were used in the simulation. A 3D model of the part and casting of a higher-quality multifunctional mold for casting in the SolidWorks program was developed. Defects in drawings were also automatically eliminated. The NovaFlow&Solid and MAGMASOFT programs were used to calculate the formation of shrinkage shells. The NovaFlow&Solid program is best used for checking simple and small models. It performs calculations quickly enough, but the accuracy of this program is low; therefore, when calculating complex models, it may give incorrect results. When using the MAGMASOFT program, more time is needed for the calculation process, but more correct results can be obtained. Also, the interface and functions of this program are more advanced and more convenient. After comparing the results of the formation of shrinkage shells during casting simulation using both programs, it was found that they practically do not differ. Therefore, this model can be considered successful. Based on the obtained results, it was shown that the stage of virtual design of casting technology (before the production of castings) allows for minimizing possible miscalculations and errors that inevitably occur in the development process, reducing financial and time costs, increasing efficiency, competitiveness, quality and reliability of products.

The evolution of a change in the design of a mechatronic mechanism with a sensitive element of an automatic control system “by disturbance” was shown based on an electrodynamic coupling mechanism. The sensing element converts the difference in torque on the input and output shafts of this coupling into an axial linear mechanical displacement of the driven coupling half relative to the driving one. This displacement was proportional to the difference between the above torques and can be used either as an information signal or as a control action in the automatic control system “by disturbance”. The advantage of automatic control “by disturbance” and constructive ways to increase the ratio of this displacement to the difference in the torques of the electrodynamic coupling were shown. For this purpose, the mechatronic mechanism designs were based on ball and cam couplings, as well as based on a ball-bearing screw converter with a range of regulation of the above axial displacement up to 2 mm, up to 8 mm, and up to 40 mm, respectively, were developed. Experimental data were presented to confirm the effectiveness of a mechatronic drilling system for small diameter (up to 5 mm) holes in aluminum alloy panels. Automatic control “by disturbance” for the torque value on the drill due to a change in the axial drilling force made it possible to eliminate burrs when drilling these holes.

The load distribution in bevel gears depends on many factors, one of which is the deformation of the gear wheel body, which most researchers have neglected. The effect of rim deformation is not reflected in the ISO and AGMA standards. Many CAD Software packages include a finite element analysis module. Building a 3-D model of a gear bevel wheel is a time-consuming task. Replacing the ring gear with a smooth disk makes it possible to analyze the deformation of the rim as one of the stages of gear design. Calculations were carried out using the finite element method to check the adequacy of the simplified model. The calculation data were compared with experiments on disks that repeated the shape of the bevel wheel body. Also, full-scale tests of models of spur and spiral bevel gears made of Plexiglas were carried out. The applicability of the simplified model for most gear designs was proven. Particular attention was paid to wheels with a conical shape body of the wheel. The following body shapes of the wheel were considered: flat, conical surface (with the vertex located on the same side as the pith cone vertex), and conical surface (with the vertex located on the side opposite from the pith cone vertex).

The technology of ion-plasma coating is a continuous process that can be divided into three strictly consecutive stages. Compliance with the strict regulations of the technological process directly affects the quality of the finished product and the absence of defective products. Installation of ion-plasma spraying can operate almost automatically. However, some processes require an operator: loading and unloading a tool, selecting a recipe to work with, and setting up a plant. The automation system must implement a number of control algorithms that are simple from the point of view of software implementation on modern microprocessors. More significant is the possibility of modifications and adaptation of the developed software. In this case, it is necessary to have a computer and develop a human-machine interface to interact with the operator. Previously developed interfaces do not meet the requirements. This is explained by the fact that the task of developing an interface was considered separately from the task of developing an automatic control system. If automated control is implemented in such interfaces, then, as a rule, only with the help of algorithms for implementing sequential execution of operations according to specified conditions.

The article presents a scheme of an electric-hydraulic control system for a pump. The control system enables the pump to operate in one of four modes: constant flow, constant pressure, constant power, flow, and pressure compensation. The choice of mode depends on the program implemented by the controller. Experimental studies of the controller and the electromagnetic amplifier have been carried out. The transfer functions of the electromagnet amplifier were determined. Work processes in the system were studied based on the developed mathematical model in the MATLAB-Simulink environment. A comprehensive criterion for evaluating the efficiency of the system has been developed. The criterion includes adjustment time, the amount of pressure overshoot, and power losses in the control system. At the determined value of the efficiency criterion, the pump has an adjustment time of tp = 0.44 s, pressure overshoot σ = 22%, and power losses in the control system do not exceed Np = 1.82 kW.

Mathematical modeling of thermomechanical processes that accompany the mechanical processing of products to control them in technological systems is one reserve for improving the quality of products and their performance in mechanisms. Deterministic modeling of thermomechanical phenomena in the mechanical processing of structurally homogeneous materials using equations based on continuous functions allows us to obtain solutions that are represented as analytical relations in closed form and are convenient for analyzing these processes and based on them to make a rational choice of technological parameters to ensure the required characteristics of the processed surfaces of products. The article presents a numerical and analytical model for determining the thermomechanical state during the mechanical processing of structurally inhomogeneous materials containing inhomogeneities such as interfacial cracks and inclusions. Based on this model, functional dependencies of surface layer quality criteria with technological control parameters are determined to ensure products’ processed surfaces’ required characteristics.

The design features of a mechatronic mechanism (MM) configured by the control were given. MM provides automatic control of the torque on the shaft by adjusting the pressing force of the working body to the object to be machined, for example, the force of pressing the cutting tool to the workpiece. The MM relevance, for example, in motor-spindles of CNC machines was determined by the need to improve (based on a new machining technology paradigm) the technology for machining parts from modern superhard and difficult-to-machine materials, as well as materials with pronounced anisotropic properties (materials with coatings, reinforced fibrous materials), precious stones, and porous materials. Design of a MM sensitive element was developed for an automatic control system “by disturbance” and based on a ball-bearing screw converter with the necessary range of linear movement of the working body of the technological machine. The developed MM mathematical model connects its geometric and electromagnetic parameters and shows the influence of the helical groove angle in the ball-bearing screw converter on the force of pressing a cutting tool to the machining workpiece. It made it possible to develop recommendations on the value of the helical groove angle for implementing various technological machining modes in nano-, micro-, and macro-technologies conditions.

The solution to finding optimal product delivery variants is always relevant. The best supply chain scheme choice is essential for long-distance transportation of specific cargoes, such as vehicles and spare parts. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to establish the dependence between the cost of delivery of automotive products on the technological and economic parameters of the provision of transport services. This approach made it possible to select the best supply chain option based on the minimum unit cost value during shipping vehicles and spare parts in containers from the USA to Ukraine. Improvement of operations determining the interaction of different kinds of transport, as well as achieving the optimal level of distribution of goods between them, allows the development of timely rational management decisions, significantly increasing the quality and efficiency of the supply chains. The study used mathematical modeling as the primary tool to achieve goals. The designed model includes several cost parameters that characterize specific conditions of certain transportation schemes. Unit cost values were compared to determine the most efficient option from the proposed ones. The most effective option is Supply Chain 3 because it has minimal values of unit costs in most tests of the experiment. The newly developed regression models give a universal mathematical tool by which researchers can choose an effective option of supply chains for delivering vehicles and their repair parts in containers. This approach can assess other distribution channels with the same or analog conceptions of route designing.

Increasing the productivity of lifting machines and their reliability is possible by reducing the dynamic loads that occur at the lifting mechanism starting and braking. Carried out is the analysis of methods to reduce the lifting machines’ hoisting mechanism dynamic loads during the acceleration period when load lifting. The method chosen for our study is reducing the mass inertia moments of parts located on the hoisting mechanism’s slow-speed shafts. The study aimed to reduce the hoisting mechanism dynamic loads at cargo lifting by optimizing the gear drive mechanism design scheme. One of the promising methods to reduce dynamic loads in machine drives consists of the multithreading principle use. A new design scheme for the gearbox has been developed. This structure represents a multi-threaded two-stage gearbox, where each stage consists of a central gear, intermediate wheels, which axes are fixed in the housing, and a gear wheel with internal gearing. It has been established that using intermediate wheels of different diameters can obtain different gear ratios of the gearbox. It is determined that the minimum gear ratio for a two-stage multithreaded gearbox is 9. With such a gear ratio of the gearbox, the dynamic loads that occur during the lifting mechanism drive start-up are minimal. Accordingly, the maximum efficiency of the lifting mechanism per its operation cycle was obtained. Also, the optimal gear ratio ensures the minimum dimensions of a multi-threaded two-stage gearbox.

After years of the russian’s military invasion of Ukraine, preserving the architectural heritage has become more critical. Moreover, the world’s increased interest in the historical heritage of Eastern Europe countries prompts the scientific community to restore the building environment with an up-to-date computer quickly means for 3D modeling. Therefore, the research aims at the virtual reproduction of historical heritage objects with the extensive use of existing computational software. The research methodology includes collecting information from historical, archaeological, cartographic, and other sources. It was compared with archaeological and historical maps. Further superimposing of schemes with the related features on a working map was also realized. A detailed study of the object’s current state for the case study of virtual 3D reconstruction was carried out based on the Google Maps services and Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping. Moreover, a relief for the studied territory was analyzed using available topography and geodetic data. As a result of the research methodology implementation, the relief model allowed the reproduction of the structure of architectural objects. This allowed creating the initial 3D model, designing its layout, and realizing the final texturing and rendering. The developed virtual model makes it possible to reproduce essential architectural, cultural, and historical heritage objects.

The multifractal (MF) analysis was applied to prove the existence of self-similarity and fractal symmetry of special microforms formed on the surface of structural carbon steel C35 and aluminum alloy AA2024 after their face milling. The micro images of surface specimens previously milled at various cutting conditions were used as the input information to implement this approach to describe the state of surfaces. The paper calculates generalized statistical sums for the area and volumes of spatial microforms to prove the presence of linear dependences between their values and sizes of elementary particles in the method of coarse partitions. This result was used as a proof of the presence of fractal symmetry among the indicated surface parameters for the case of a periodic spatial relief formation on the surface as an outcome of cyclic action of face mill blade. The MF spectra and their basic parameters are calculated for the surfaces of samples formed under different cutting conditions. The correspondence of the characteristic functions of the performed MF analysis to their canonical forms was discussed. This is considered as a proof that the indicated geometric surface parameters of the material, even after machining, form a system with self-similarity and fractal symmetry properties. The quantitative relationships between the MF spectrum parameters of surface area and volumes of microforms formed with face milling and cutting conditions were discussed.

One of the most significant requirements in modern mechanical engineering and instrument-making productions is workpieces’ orientation systems productivity and their simulation speed. Workpieces’ orientation systems simulation, in particular their orientation movements, is one of the most challenging and essential pre-production tasks. The complexity of the mathematical model equations, its accuracy, and computational complexity affect simulation effectiveness. The article describes the mathematical model of the workpiece orienting movements, which relies upon the mathematical apparatus of quaternions. Moreover, the article shows the principal properties of quaternions and the rules for working with them. Theoretical and experimental studies of the workpiece orienting movements quaternion model are presented, particularly the sequence and results of determining the geometric parameters of these movements, i.e., rotation angle and direction of the vector, which is collinear to the workpiece’s axis of rotation. The model has been studied for an arbitrary workpiece. The results show that the performed works’ productivity and speed increased by approximately 40%. At the same time, computational costs and intellectual efforts are significantly reduced compared to the traditional methods of the workpiece’s movement description.

The intensity of vibrations during machining negatively affects the quality of machined parts, tool life, and productivity. Research is being conducted to reduce it, and various measures are being implemented. They relate to the choice of cutting modes, machining strategy, tool geometry, application of damping media, and vibration control. But at the same time, it is essential to determine which types of oscillations need to be suppressed. Therefore, the work aimed to identify the pattern of oscillations during turning and final milling. The devices that allow you to adjust the tool’s and parts’ dynamic characteristics and record their oscillations during cutting were used for conducting experiments. During intermittent turning, the regularity of occurrence of oscillations in the following sequence was obtained. When the cutter cuts in, forced oscillations occur, which are superimposed on the accompanying free oscillations of the technological system “tool–part”. After their damping, self-oscillations are superimposed on the forced oscillations. Each oscillation type has distinctive features and operates for a specific time. Unlike turning, the end milling process is short-term. Therefore, during cutting, only forced oscillations act, on which the accompanying free oscillations of the “tool–part”. As the spindle speed increases, the cutting time decreases, and if it is shorter than the period of the accompanying free oscillations, only forced oscillations are effective. Determining the characteristic features of oscillations during cutting makes it possible to prescribe measures that suppress their intensity purposefully.

The article describes processing blind holes when drilling stainless steel AISI 321. Helical drills made of high-speed steel with channels for the internal supply of a lubricating and cooling technological medium were used as a cutting tool. The tool’s geometry did not change, corresponding to actual production conditions. Drilling in stainless steel is always done with cutting fluids. The use of minimum lubrication technology in this operation, even if they contain various additives, is impractical due to the lack of a guarantee that the lubricant will enter the chip formation zone. An increase in the volume of process fluids requires special attention to the selection of compositions due to the tightening of requirements for the regeneration and disposal of waste media. The data obtained indicate the expediency of using vegetable-based cutting fluids in connection with their effect on reducing contact pressures and the height of the micro-roughness of the treated surface.

The study results for cutting gears by the Power Skiving method was presented based on a graphical and analytical model of chips and an analytical model of cutting force and torque. A methodology for modeling 3D chips and analyzing the cut layers of a disk cutter at the level of certain edges was developed. Based on the example under certain initial conditions, the capabilities of the developed models were shown to predict the load on a single tooth and the entire machine tool system during multi-tooth continuous cutting and the influence of power factors on the machining process. Two factors significantly influence the cutting force: the cross-sectional area and the cutting thickness. An increase in the cutting area proportionally increases the cutting force and the load on the system. The shear thickness affects the cutting force through its effect on the chip compression ratio: when the shear thickness decreases, the intensity of shear plastic deformation and cutting force increase. Shear intensity increases sharply at low chip thicknesses, characteristic of force shearing, so high cutting forces accompany this process.

The sustainable manufacturing and machining concept using functionally-oriented technologies involves design and technological, economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Currently, rational approaches in the environmental direction are primarily based on effectively recycling cutting tools and chips to minimize the consumption of cutting fluids and energy. However, developing functionally-oriented technologies using economic criteria improves product competitiveness, increases machining productivity, and ensures the choice of rational cutting modes while manufacturing machine parts. The optimization technique of cutting modes during parts machining according to economic criteria using Markov chains was suggested for the first time. The target function is the maximum machining time in specified technological operations or certain technological steps during part manufacturing. It is determined according to regulated reliability indicators, e.g., gamma-percentile operating times to failure as a primary parameter of dependability. Adopting the developed technique in mechanical engineering practice will allow the optimization of cutting modes of parts machining according to regulated reliability indicators due to the operational conditions.

The process of drilling wells is accompanied by significant environmental pollution. From time to time, it is proposed to make threaded connectors in drill strings from high-strength and stainless steel to reduce emissions. Such steels are difficult to machine, requiring negative rake angles of threading lathe cutters. The article proposes an algorithm for calculating the accuracy of the thread profile to determine the possibility of turning it using such cutters. The result of the predictive calculation proved that using a tool with a rake angle of −7° for turning an NC13 drill thread can lead to a deviation from the nominal value of the half-profile angle, which is 40% of the size tolerance. It was shown that such a deviation could be avoided if a tool with a zero rake angle was used on the lust finish infeed of 0.035 mm.

Customized orthopedic implants are one of the first successful applications of additive technologies in the medical field, and their usage provides significant advantages for patient treatment. The design of customized orthopedic implants and their manufacturing based on advanced additive and subtractive technologies and quality assurance necessitate flexible production management that requires careful process planning for cost and time management. The paper uses the business process model and notation to discuss computer-integrated manufacturing modeling for customized implants. The study highlights the key business roles and their respective tasks and identifies five main stages of customized implant development and production: initial data acquisition, reverse engineering, design, prototyping, and manufacturing. The required human, information, and material resources for each stage were analyzed, and the dependencies of time and cost were obtained. Optimization tasks based on time or cost minimization criteria were formulated for development and manufacturing. The results obtained in this study can provide a foundation for efficient time and cost management.

This paper presents the research results on developing a combined technology for processing parts, which integrates methods of applying antifriction coatings and surface plastic deformation. The study revealed that the existing technologies for finishing antifriction non-abrasive treatments aimed at enhancing the tribological characteristics of the surface layer do not effectively strengthen it. For this issue, the proposal was to employ deforming broaching, which can harden the surface layer of the part and enhance the bond strength between the coating and the base material. Experimental investigations were conducted to examine the feasibility of the combined technology using samples made of cast iron EN-GJL-200. The study focused on analyzing geometrical changes resulting from deforming broaching and the alteration of physical-mechanical properties associated with implementing finishing antifriction abrasion-free machining operations. These investigations facilitated the development of various combined processing technologies, encompassing finishing antifriction abrasion-free processing and deforming broaching. Based on the obtained results, a technological process for restoring cylinder liners of internal combustion engines was devised. A comparison between the existing and proposed technological processes demonstrated the advantages and prospects offered by the proposed approach.

It was proposed to use a new measurement method for studying the research of wear of round and oval calibers of hard-alloy rolls of a high-speed wire block. The method allows for assessing the extent of wear of the caliber groove over its complete width. With the traditional adjustment of the finished block, during rolling wire with a diameter of 5.5 mm, the fourth and fifth stands were most subject to wear. It was shown that due to the use of fluid bearings as supports and the cantilever position of the rolls at an angle of 45° to the horizon, the upper and lower streams wear unevenly in width. The wear of the lower roll is greater than the upper one. The non-linear regression formulas for calculating the value of wear grooves carbide rolls were obtained. It was proposed to consider a wear model of an oval caliber consisting of four parts for modeling character wears near the actual process. New formulas were obtained for calculating the wear value during hot rolling in the system of calibers “oval–round” in carbide rolls. The obtained results correspond to the existing ideas of the theory of destruction and exploitation of rolling rolls.

Microrelief quality indicators and operational characteristics of machine parts are implemented by using rational finishing treatment (conventional cutting methods) and finishing strengthening (chemical and thermal treatment and methods of surface plastic deformation) during their manufacturing. The main difference between vibration technologies and traditional finishing methods of machining and static deformation of SPD is the possibility of forming regular microreliefs, which allows for achieving the geometric parameters of the quality of the surface layer for machine parts. In this paper, dynamic processes are modeled using electromagnetic vibration-centrifugal strengthening devices. The Poincare and Lyapunov method of small parameters was used to develop a system of differential equations to study the laws of motion of the main elements of a vibration-centrifugal strengthening device with an electromagnetic drive. The dynamics of the variation of the amplitude spectrum in time and the phase portraits of the executive elements for the non-working and working modes of operation of the vibration-centrifugal amplification device were analyzed. Further research on electromagnetic vibration-centrifugal strengthening devices is suggested.

A conventional glow discharge was engaged in conducting a process of plasma-enhanced synthesis of 2D CuO nanostructures on a copper sample installed on a cathode exposed to oxidation for 30 min at 360 Pa of oxygen pressure and the temperature of 600 ℃. The sample was partially covered with a copper cap with an orifice (1 mm diam.) to remove the ion flux extracted from the glow plasma to the surface area, while other parts of the sample were exposed to the direct action of the plasma. SEM instruments allowed for founding that after 2 min treatment, an array of interconnecting nanodots with an average diameter of 200 nm, formed of substructures of lesser diameters, is grown along the boundaries of the CuO oxide layer. Then the samples treated for 30 min revealed the dense arrays of 2D nanosheets with sizes up to 20 μm. The arrays were similar for the protected and unprotected sample areas. TEM study revealed a periodic structure on the surface of the nanosheets, presented by a set of grooves up to 20 nm in width separated by a similar area. The sizes of the substructure were associated with the sizes of the nanodots, and an assumption of the formation of a frame of the nanosheets of 1D nanowires was made. The proposed growth mechanism was then analyzed and verified using the developed theoretical model of the CuO nanowires growth.

A simple and reliable technique of glow discharge ignited at 700 Pa in a mixture of methane with hydrogen (5:1) was used to synthesize 15 min 2D carbon nanosheets with a thickness of about 15 nm and size up to a few μm, as well as composite nanostructures that incorporate copper nanoparticles with a diameter of 15 to 40 nm into the carbon nanosheets. The presence of the copper species was ensured by incorporating a copper anode into the setup. The nanostructures were found in a space between the graphite sample mounted on a graphite cathode and in the dents and craters left after the preliminary stage of ion cleaning of the surfaces. As a result, it was concluded that the necessity of screening the area where the synthesis takes place by a design structure cuts off the flux of ions extracted from plasma but leaves the flux of neutral species containing the carbon and copper precursors.

Thermo-deformation treatment refers to methods of surface strengthening using highly concentrated energy sources. In the process of processing, the surface layers of the metal are modified, and strengthened white layers with a nanocrystalline structure are formed. The conducted studies showed that during the thermo-deformation treatment of the working surfaces of specimens made of steel 41Cr4 (quench-hardening and low-temperature tempering) using different technological media (mineral oil (MO), mineral oil with active additives containing polymers (APP) and saturated aqueous solution of mineral salts based on magnesium and calcium chlorides (ASMC)), a strengthened white layer with a thickness of 160 μm to 260 μm and a hardness of 7.6–8.2 GPa was formed. It is shown that the technological medium used during thermo-deformation treatment affects the wear resistance with reversible friction without lubrication. Thus, when using APP and ASMC, the wear resistance of steel-bronze friction pairs increased by 3.1–3.3 times, and when using MO, by 2.1–2.5 times, compared to the non-strengthened pair. During studies of friction pairs of “Steel 41Cr4 – Bronze CuAl10Ni5Fe4”, “Steel 41Cr4 – Steel 30HGSA” in oscillating (reversible) friction without lubrication, as well as single-direction sliding friction, strengthened white layers with a nanocrystalline structure significantly increase their wear resistance.

The metal temperature before the reduction in rolls and before controlled cooling is the most significant factor influencing the formation of rolled products’ mechanical properties. The wide sheet chilling of edges effect leads to the appearance of a temperature crown and, accordingly, to an uneven distribution of mechanical properties across the finished product width. Steckel mills (with furnace coilers) can reheat the coils, significantly eliminating the presence of a temperature gradient. However, implementing a thermomechanical controlled process (TMCP) at Steckel mills, which is highly sensitive to uneven temperature distribution, requires forecasting temperature fields to correct thermal conditions. This paper presents the results of developing and implementing a finite-difference mathematical model for calculating the temperature field for flat products concerning the mills with furnace coilers conditions. It is shown that a temperature drop occurs during the passing of the rolled metal from the furnace coiler to the mill stand, which must be compensated to ensure an ordered temperature gradient across the width.

The generalized mathematical model of physical fields, which describes the main technological divisions of producing electrode carbon-graphite products, has been refined in terms of considering the equation of the state of the loose medium and the turbulence of the flows of the working medium. Based on the generalized model, approaches to formulating mathematical models of such individual redistributions of electrode production as calcination of carbon-containing filler, pressing, firing, and graphitization of electrode blanks are shown. Using numerical modeling, resource- and energy-efficient technological regulations for the calcination of carbon-containing fillers in electrocalciners and firing of graphite products in a Riedhammer ring multi-chamber furnace were developed. It was established that the developed regulations for the start-up and operation of the electrocalciner for heat treatment of anthracite ensure the required quality of the final product and long-term operation of the equipment - more than 6 months. It is shown that the developed technological regulations for firing various graphite products in Riedhammer furnaces provide a 7–10% reduction in waste output and technogenic impact on the environment.

AISI 1045 medium-carbon steel workpieces were selectively hardened by a laser heat treatment (LHT) followed by a multi-pin ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) to enhance the surface properties. The laser surface hardening was done using a high-power fiber laser and scanning optics mounted in the computer numerical control (CNC) machine. The LHT tests were implemented using a constant temperature strategy. The LHT-processed flat specimens were subsequently peened by the CNC ultrasonic processing with a seven-pin impact head. The paper focuses on the effects of combined laser-ultrasonic surface hardening technology on the hardness, structure-phase, and residual stress state of AISI 1045 steel. Particular attention was paid to analyzing the grain size and residual stress magnitudes under various LHT + UIT conditions. Results have shown that the combined LHT + UIT technique provides a high surface hardness (~60 HRC5) due to the formation of the fine-grained martensitic microstructure. After UIT treatment, compressive residual stress is formed.

An exciting combination of such properties as high strength, low density, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility characterizes titanium. However, the widespread use of titanium at the industrial level has not yet been achieved due to its high extraction and production costs. Therefore, titanium is increasingly used in sectors with high demand, such as the aerospace industry or the production of biomedical devices, where the final high cost is not a major factor. It is believed that processing titanium and its alloys using powder metallurgy (PM) methods is a significant way to reduce the cost of manufacturing titanium products. It also provides the opportunity to develop new alloys that are difficult to obtain using traditional technologies. This work is devoted to processing titanium powder from biomedical production waste using various PM methods. It aims to research the processing of almost pure, chemically homogeneous, and fine-grained titanium-based components. In particular, the main properties that can be achieved (porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties) and the creation of highly efficient porous materials by advanced methods of isostatic pressing are presented.

The structure of Cu-Mo vacuum condensates was studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The components of this system do not form chemical compounds under equilibrium conditions and are mutually insoluble in liquid and solid states. The experimental results indicate that molybdenum atoms are located at the grain boundaries of the copper matrix, predominantly in the form of a monoatomic adsorption layer in the initial condensed state. It has been established that the grain size of the Cu-0.3% Mo condensate is limited by the blocking effect of grain-boundary segregation of molybdenum atoms both during the deposition of the vapor mixture and subsequent annealing. Molybdenum particles formed at the grain boundaries of the copper matrix can have both equilibrium BCC and nonequilibrium FCC crystal lattices. The structure of Cu-0.3% Mo condensates is stable during annealing up to 600 ℃. At temperatures above this, degradation of grain boundary segregations, which initiates the formation of BCC Mo particles and the growth of the copper matrix grains, occurs. Kinetic estimates within the Langmuir monolayer adsorption mechanism and the Zinner mechanism of grain boundary pinning correlate well with the experimental results obtained.

Flux protection for magnesium alloys is now the most common in many industries, but it has many drawbacks. The main one is that it dramatically reduces the quality of casting. The atmosphere’s interaction with molten magnesium can lead to the deterioration of casting quality and an emergency. Therefore, since magnesium melting technologies began, its protection methods have been developed. The most advanced method of protection of magnesium alloys is fluxless melting under a protective layer of gases. This technology has been refined, and pulsed gas feeding has been created. For this purpose, a computer-controlled unit with pulsed protective gas feeding was created. This technology was used in the high-pressure casting of critical parts. The casting results using the new technology were compared with flux protection technology casting. Microstructure studies were carried out, and the results were described. And also, measurements of the microhardness of samples were carried out.

The organization of the structure of composite construction materials at the micro- and macrolevels and the impact of the structure on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete mixtures were presented. It was established that the structure of materials depends on the initial composition and the conditions for processing raw materials into the final product. It was established that the resulting incipient crack is an intercluster interface that can develop. The introduction of aggregates and the formation of mixed cluster structures can contribute to the early appearance of incipient cracks and restrain their width, total number, and ability to grow. It was established that at the level of structural inhomogeneity, a crack develops stepwise with a microtortuous trajectory along the intercluster interfaces. The formation of internal interfaces between the matrix material and inclusions was determined by the nature of the adhesive and cohesive bond forces at the interfaces, the shrinkage method, and the number of inclusions. A purposeful change in these parameters will make it possible to predict damage to the macrostructure of composite construction materials by hereditary defects. Technological damage’s effect on composite construction materials’ properties and operational reliability was also presented. The work aims to describe the organization of the structure of composite building materials at the micro- and macro levels, establish the causes of crack initiation, and describe the effect of technological damage on concrete’s physical and mechanical properties.

The article is devoted to studying the effect of Q&P heat treatment parameters after intercritical annealing near the Ac3 critical temperature on the phase-structural state and mechanical properties of 0.2 wt. % C-Mn-Si-Cr-Mo TRIP-assisted steel micro-alloyed with Nb and V. The investigations were conducted using optical microscopy (OP) and electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and mechanical properties testing. It was found that intercritical annealing at 900 ℃ followed by the quenching to 235 ℃ and the “partitioning” at 350–450 ℃ promoted the formation of a multiphase structure consisting of martensite, bainite, and minor amounts of proeutectoid ferrite (about 5 vol. %) and retained austenite (5.4–7.4 vol. %). The strength of steel decreased with the holding at the “Partitioning” stage. Retained austenite has a film-like morphology and performs different tendencies to the TRIP effect depending on the “Partitioning” temperature. The optimal was the “Partitioning” at 400 ℃ for 10–20 min, ensuring the advanced combination of properties: UTS of 1020–1122 MPa; YTS of 908–1020 MPa, TEL of 21.0–23.5%, impact toughness (KCV) of 115 J/cm2, and the PSE of 25 GPa⋅%.

This work is devoted to the (high-throughput) extraction of image biomarkers from acquired, reconstructed, and stored images. The development of new imaging biomarkers involves clearly defined sequential steps. This paper discusses advanced medical imaging data and approaches to processing and optimizing medical imaging data acquisition for accurate, reliable medical models based on real-world data. Segmentation and classification tools provide an approach to feature extraction from images based on nonlinear dynamics methods. In the context of this work, an image is defined as a three-dimensional (3D) set of two-dimensional (2D) digital image fragments. The image fragments are arranged along the Z-axis. Pixels and voxels are represented as rectangles and rectangular parallelepipeds. Pixel and voxel centers coincide with the intersections of a regularly spaced grid. Both views are used in the document. The phase plane method was chosen in this work to analyze 2D imaging. Based on the received metadata, reconstruction is performed using 3D visualization to extract the data of the region of interest. The research results contribute to developing software optimization of medical imaging for additive manufacturing. The issue of harmonizing and standardizing medical image acquisition and reconstruction is being addressed more comprehensively.

An experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of macrogeometric parameters of the mating surface forms on the strength of the cylindrical interference fit joint: taper, bow, barrel, and ovality. Fifteen couplings were made with a nominal diameter of 60 mm and a mating surface length of 70 mm. The bushings had a regular cylindrical form, and the CNC machining of shafts caused the geometry error. The relative geometric accuracy of the form was assumed to be the maximum allowable and was up to 60% of the tolerance zone. During modeling, the minimum allowable interference fit in the coupling Ø60 H8/u8 was assumed to be 0.04 mm to enhance the effect of form geometry errors. Ranked assembly was used to compensate for the interference fit in joints. The joints were assembled using thermal assembly. The strength was determined by axial pressing on the press with the press diagram recorded. The experiment results showed that form geometry error with maximum allowable values significantly affects the strength of the cylindrical interference fit. The taper reduces the strength to 0.87, barrel to 0.8, bow to 0.59, and ovality to 0.79 of coupling with perfect cylindrical surface geometry. Comparison of experimental results with those previously obtained by finite element modeling showed good agreement, within 10%. It is recommended that for critical couplings, a stricter limitation of the geometric error of the mating surfaces shall be provided.

The paper presents the results of the research on the problem of the purposeful development of professional skills of teachers in engineering education. The current research aimed to determine the learning conditions that could ensure the improvement of the pedagogical competence of general disciplines teachers at engineering and technical schools. The research was performed in two stages. The first stage was devoted to scientific publications, reports, and survey analysis to determine the relevant learning conditions. In the second stage, to determine the most significant learning conditions for the effective development of the general education teachers’ professional skills, the initial list of learning conditions was examined and optimized by a group of 10 experts. To assess the unity of experts’ opinions, the criterion of concordance was calculated. Thus, the experts determined the most significant circumstances predicted to develop general education teachers’ pedagogical competence. The learning conditions were also ranked according to the degree of their influence on improving the general education teachers’ professional skills. Creating such conditions could provide the teachers with continuous professional development for the efficient engineering students’ training.

Various types of heterogeneous materials and structures are widely used in mechanical engineering. The widespread distribution of such materials cannot be imagined without reliable control methods. The paper uses the acoustic, infrared thermal imaging method to control non-metallic heterogeneous materials, which allows for determining structural features in solids that exhibit the effect of mechanical hysteresis and internal friction. The research was conducted on the features of the structure of a carbon-plastic plate with dimensions of 130 × 80 × 4 mm with defects made in advance: delamination and a defect obtained from shock loading. The method is based on the phenomenon of an increase in the temperature of the surface of a heterogeneous object in the defect zone under the influence of the energy of mechanical vibrations. At the same time, the carrier of information about structural defects is the thermogram, which is recorded using infrared devices. The difficulty of evaluating anomalies of the thermal field of the investigated surface of the product made of non-metallic heterogeneous material is that the result depends on the scale of measurements (on the scanning step). Therefore, the authors suggest using the so-called fractal approach invariant to the measurement scale. The box-counting method is used to determine the fractal dimension. It is shown that this method is sensitive to equiaffine transformations. For the unambiguousness of the measurement results, it is suggested to use known methods of mathematical statistics for their processing.

This work is devoted to ensuring the required quality of the surface layer of the workpieces during the grinding operation, considering the thermal, physical, and dynamic phenomena that occur during intermittent grinding. The influence of the scale factor of the dimensions of the elements of macrotopography of the working surface of discontinuous circles on their cutting ability, heat release in the zone of contact of the abrasive tool with the workpiece, and parametric instability of the elastic system of the machine tool and, as a result, on the quality parameters of the surface layer of ground parts is established. The required quality parameters of the surface layer of parts in the operation of flat grinding with intermittent wheels can be achieved by reducing the scaling of the elements that make up their working macroprofile, i.e., the use of abrasive wheels on their working surfaces parallel to the axis of rotation. The design of a discrete wheel is proposed, which provides the required geometric and physical-mechanical parameters of the quality of the surface layer of workpieces during the grinding operation.

The paper proves that reducing the scale of the abrasive wheel’s working surface discretization decreases the spindle unit’s vibration level and creates processing conditions similar to ultrasonic vibrational grinding. It was established that the boundaries of the regions of parametric instability of the elastic system of a surface grinding machine and undesirable structural changes in the surface layer of the machined part have a similar character. This means that the geometric and physicomechanical quality indicators of the surface layer of the part during the grinding operation can be stabilized by scaling the macro-relief of the working surface of the discontinuous circles (proportional reduction of the lengths of the protrusions and recesses) and reducing the discretization step of this surface while simultaneously reducing the numerical value of the ratio of the width of the recess to the length of the protrusion within the specified limits 0,3 $$\le N \le$$ ≤ N ≤ 0,5. It was established that interrupted cut-off wheels with many grooves parallel to the wheel’s axis and having a through-hole design (from end to end) maintain their cutting ability over time much better than high-porosity wheels. Therefore, replacing these wheels with high-porosity ones is counterproductive. To ensure the required quality of the surface layer of the machined parts in flat grinding operations, interrupted abrasive wheels with a reduced scale of discretization of the working surface were developed.

Based on the energy conservation equation during the machine’s movement, dependencies were obtained to determine the efficiency of the elevator winch for two modes of movement: at a steady speed and during start-up. The dependence for calculating the efficiency of an elevator winch in the start-up mode is determined based on the analysis of dynamic loads that occur when lifting the cabin. At the same time, it was determined that the efficiency of the winch for this mode depends not only on inertial loads but also on the rigidity of the rope. It has been established that with an increase in the rigidity of the hoisting rope, the maximum value of the force in the rope increases after the cabin is detached from the base, and, accordingly, the efficiency of the passenger elevator winch decreases in dynamic modes. It is shown that the efficiency of pulley blocks depends not only on the friction in the block support but also on the rigidity of the lifting rope: the greater the rigidity of the rope, the lower the efficiency of the mechanical block.

The usage of cranes in the seaport is widespread and essential. However, long-term use unavoidably leads to failures of portal cranes’ structural parts, severe damages, or total collapses, and is often followed by very high financial losses and serious injuries or crane-related fatalities. Sea portal cranes are operated under intensive cyclic loading, which leads to steel plasticity exhaustion. However, the latent and educated defects that are available during manufacturing and operation lead to a reduction in their useful life. They can serve as concentrators of fatigue cracks; their development is random. The work of quay crane operations for handling “shore-to-ship” was analyzed. For studies, flat beam specimens with one-side notch were used in the ferrite-pearlite class St38b2 steel and cut from the lower and rear shelves of the crane boom, as well as the right boom, used for 40 years in the river port. From the obtained experimental kinetic diagrams of the fatigue fracture of the material, it was found that an increase in the asymmetry of the cycle leads to an intensification of crack growth at values of 0.6 and 0.8. Also, there was no crack closure effect, a decrease in the fatigue threshold, and crack growth was intensified over the entire range. The metallographic evaluation of experimental samples showed the absence of intercrystalline corrosion.

The materials of experimental studies of mass transfer in the contact zone of old and new concrete with the determination of the mass absorption of old concrete, depending on the composition of new concrete, are presented. In order to restore the serviceability and ensure the solidity of prefabricated monolithic structures, mass absorption in the contact zone of old concrete with new concrete was studied depending on the composition of the new concrete and the time of their contact. The value of mass absorption in the contact zone is experimentally determined, which varies with time and depends on the composition of the concrete mixture cast on the sample. The water-cement ratio maximizes the adhesion of old and new concrete in the contact zone. The amount of fine aggregate also significantly affects the mass absorption value. It has been confirmed that the value of mass absorption can be used to predict the values of the normal and tangential strengths of old and new concrete in prefabricated monolithic structures.

Using planetary (orbital) hydraulic motors is advisable in drives with low rotational speed and high torque. The issue of stabilizing the output characteristics of these hydraulic motors by studying the effect of the radius of the curvature of teeth on a change in geometric and functional parameters is relevant. As a result of the research, a calculation scheme and a mathematical apparatus have been developed that describe the relationship between the geometric and functional parameters of the rotors, taking into account the influence of the radius of curvature of their teeth. The study found that for the nominal value of the tooth radius 4.5 mm, the gap in the critical pair is 0.02 mm, which borders on a shape error and leads to the jamming of the rotors. An analysis of the change in gaps between the corresponding pairs of teeth during wear shows that the range of their change in the critical pair of teeth (0.022–0.169 mm) is much less than in the pair located diametrically opposite (0.040–0.736 mm). Therefore, the possibility of jamming is not excluded under operating conditions due to the error in manufacturing gear contours. It has been established that the obtained patterns of influence of the radius of curvature of the planetary hydraulic motor rotor teeth on the change in its geometric and functional parameters will stabilize the planetary hydraulic motor output characteristics and ensure the efficient operation of these hydraulic machines.

The research developed and proposed criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the life cycle cost of a dynamic pump installation, which allows to practically and visually assess the value of energy efficiency (energy consumption indicator εeff) and mass-dimensional qualities (material capacity indicator εmat) of dynamic pumps. The practical application of the developed indicators made it possible to evaluate the value of energy efficiency and mass-dimensional qualities of the existing parametric series of TFP torque-flow pumps. It was determined that many torque-flow pumps significantly exceeded average energy consumption and material capacity indicators. An updated promising torque-flow pump TFP 25-28-2900 was developed. The energy efficiency of this pump at BEP mode is 0.4578. The design of the promising TFP 25-28-2900 pump made it possible to reduce the energy consumption indicator εeff up to 51.2% and the material capacity indicator εmat up to 74.6%. The research results correspond to the guidelines approved by the United Nations as Sustainable Development Goals, i.e., clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, and industry, innovation and infrastructure.

The article is devoted to developing a method for assessing the optimality of the mechanical characteristics of foam materials based on using the Cobb-Douglas model within the framework of Cosserat mechanics. The results of experimental studies for foamed polymer materials with closed cells were used for modeling. The Cobb-Douglas model used for modeling allows accounting for the nonlinear dependence of the Shear modulus on the density and cell sizes of the material. The developed approach allows the evaluation of the influence of material density and pore sizes on changes in shear-rotational waves in the medium. Based on the approaches proposed in the work, the analytical-numerical modeling method is convenient and practical for foam, porous, and other structurally heterogeneous materials. The advantage of this approach is the ability to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of foam-structure materials widely used in production without special laboratory tests. This approach significantly expands the scope of the application of foamed polymers.

The subject of study of this article is one of the key tasks that appear in the development and operation of advanced aircraft gas turbine engines, namely the problem of ensuring the dynamic strength of their parts. Dynamic strength directly impacts the reliability and service life of the engine since most defects are caused by dynamic stresses from jump-like loads that increase significantly under resonance conditions. The turbine blades are one of the most highly loaded engine parts. At the design stage, it is necessary to evaluate and prevent the possibility of resonant vibrations of these blades throughout the entire range of operation of the aircraft gas turbine engine. To regulate the frequency characteristics of the blades to prevent dangerous resonant mode shapes of vibrations that arise from different harmonics of the exciting force, it is necessary to carry out a complex of various technological or structural changes. One of the most progressive and used methods for manufacturing turbine blades is single-crystal casting, which produces monocrystals with anisotropic properties. In this study, the authors developed a method for determining the elastic characteristics of a single crystal when the crystallographic system of directions is rotated. With the help of finite-element analysis, the dependence of its natural frequencies and mode shapes on elastic constants of a single crystal was investigated on the example of a typical blade model. Calculations were carried out using the ANSYS software package and the Maple computing complex.

During the operation of planetary hydraulic motors, wear of the working surfaces of their rotors occurs. Therefore, the experimental study of the effect of wear on the working surfaces of the planetary hydraulic motor rotors on the dynamics of changes in its output characteristics is relevant. Studies show that with an increase in the diametral clearance, the theoretical torque decreases by 3.5%, changing from 1450 N·m to 1400 N·m. The theoretical rotation frequency has significant deviations up to 47%, varying from 150 min−1 to 80 min−1. The theoretical flow rate of overflows reaches 10 l/min at a critical value of a diametral gap of 0.4 mm. When changing the diametral clearance, the real torque sharply decreases by 42% to 720 N·m, and the real flow rate of the overflows sharply increases to 7.5 l/min at a maximum value of the diametral gap of 0.25 mm. The decrease in the real rotation frequency by 65.5% occurs quite dynamically in the range from 145 min−1 to 50 min−1. Such a change in the real rotation frequency occurs due to “additional” movements of the inner rotor and an increase in the actual flow rate of overflows. Experimental torque, leakage flow, and rotation frequency change similarly to real values, respectively, having the exact numerical values. It has been established that the critical value of the diametral gap is 2.5 times less than the same value for a planetary hydraulic motor with the theoretical rotor.

This article deals with a spiral spring made of tape material with a rectilinear cross-section. A classic example of the use of this type of spring is mechanical type clockwork and starter mechanisms of internal combustion engines with manual start. If one end of a metal ruler is pinched, and a specific force is applied to the other end, it will bend under the action of the generated moment. The magnitude of the moment depends on the applied force and the ruler’s length. Therefore, the amount of deflection will increase with the increase of these parameters, and the shape of the ruler may take the form of a spiral. After the external load influence is terminated, the ruler will take its initial shape. That is, it will become straight. However, such spiral springs do not exist in practice. In its free state, the spring also has a spiral shape for compact sizes. This article uses the theory of elastic bending of rods for large deflections to determine this form. In addition, the initial curvature of its elastic axis in the free state must be considered for the spring. Simplifying linear bending formulas cannot be used to calculate the shape of the spring. The calculation of the shape of a spiral spring in a free state based on a given final shape with an applied moment is conducted in the article. The nonlinear bending theory is applied using the corresponding differential equations.

The article is devoted to the improvement of methods for diagnosing an oil-filled power autotransformer of the ATDCTN-200000/330/110/10 type with an internal defect in an oil-filled high-voltage bushing of the GMTPA-45-330/1000U1 type. Purpose: improving the reliability of the results of diagnosing an oil-filled power autotransformer with an internal defect in its oil-filled high-voltage bushing by improving the methods of diagnosing, taking into account the results of electrical tests of this equipment and analyzing samples of mineral oil from them. Studies of the electrical characteristics of an oil-filled power autotransformer and an oil-filled high-voltage bushing and mineral oils’ physicochemical, thermophysical, and electrical properties have been conducted. Numerical values of indicators of electrical characteristics for an oil-filled power autotransformer and its high-voltage input are determined, and for mineral transformer oils, numerical values of indicators are determined - breakdown voltage; flash point of oil vapor in an open crucible; acid number; water-soluble acids; dielectric loss tangent; density; moisture contents; the content of dissolved diagnostic gases, additives “Ionol”, furan compounds. The analysis of the studies makes it possible to increase the reliability of the results of technical diagnostics of a power electric oil autotransformer with an internal defect in a high-voltage oil-filled bushing.

Many technical solutions for residential heating systems were analyzed to determine the efficiency of electric heating systems compared to traditional solutions. These included: using only a gas boiler in a weather-dependent heat control mode, using only an electric boiler in a weather-dependent heat control mode, combining a gas boiler and heat pump in weather-dependent mode with the gas boiler included, and combining an electric boiler and heat pump in weather-dependent mode. Empirical relationships for the heat transfer coefficient and heat load were obtained to calculate the heating system based on the initial inlet heat-carrying fluid and outside air temperatures. Characteristics for circuit solutions of the heating system were determined for combinations of an electric boiler, a heat pump, and a gas-condensing boiler at different heat-carrying fluid temperatures. It should be noted that using an electric boiler with a heat pump is rational, as this reduces electricity consumption per electric boiler by 14,000 to 19,000 kW $$\cdot$$ · h (35–50%) during one heating period.

This work presents the creation of a program for analyzing measurement results in the Scilab software environment, which simulates the process of determining dust concentration using computer measurement technologies. The article considers methods and approaches to computer modeling using software tools. A virtual device was created to implement the task. Requirements for drawing up an air sampling plan and conditions for sampling were determined. The developed virtual device allows for processing the received measurement information in three ranges. Data arrays processed by the device program are presented in graphic form to visualize dust concentration assessment using a color scale of dustiness with the output of topographical graphs of dust distribution in the room. The use of modern computer technologies in the educational process allows students of technical specialties to gain practical skills and develop the ability to analyze and interpret the received information.

The article describes the developed vibration conveyor dryer. This device takes advantage of the flow form while functioning, provides automatic production, realizes intensive infrared action in the fluidized-product layer, and creates energy-saving and constant flow for the technological load. The decomposition of the product mass under the influence of alternating loads leads to a reduction of internal friction and viscosity in the technological environment, which allows for increasing the heat transfer coefficient as much as possible. The process of mixing friable particles of products during their transportation in the working zone by a wave propulsion engine provides even heat treatment, which eliminates overheating of the surface layer under the action of energy-intensive infrared irradiation. This complex technological process is determined by certain factors: the coefficient of mass return, the mass of products, the speed of the conveyor belt, the size of the raw material particles, the moisture content, the coefficient of thermal conductivity, the volume performance of the process for the removed moisture, the specific temperature of the vapor, the amplitude of the oscillation of the wave propeller. It allows recommending the regime parameters and the design series of projected thermo-radiation dryers with vibration-wave transport of products when varying the main influence factors.

Very often, deposits with a great depth of occurrence are used irrationally due to pumping equipment’s absence or low efficiency. As the efficiency of classic pumps decreases, it becomes expedient to search for and use new pumping technologies based on jet technology. Research of oil vortex chamber superchargers can lead to advanced designs with high efficiency. The purpose of the paper is to determine the integral characteristics of oil pumping by vortex chamber pump and to determine the effect on the characteristics of dissolved gas and various overpressures in the suction channel. The study consisted of three stages: experimental adequacy confirmation of the proposed fluid flow mathematical models in the vortex chamber pump, simulation of pump characteristics when it pumps oil with dissolved gas, and obtaining pump characteristics. It was found that the oil vortex chamber pump efficiency exceeds the efficiency of the serial industrial jet pump of the direct-flow type by 2.5 times, and the pump’s overall size is reduced by more than 3 times. As the suction pressure increases, there is a linear decrease in the relative useful pressure at the outlet of the pump in the absence of static pressure at the outlet.

The purpose of the paper is to study the velocity of aluminum and nickel powder particles in the channel of a modified nozzle for low-pressure cold spraying and compare it with the values obtained for a standard nozzle using the method of computational gas dynamics. The authors propose a hypothesis about the possibility of improving the properties of coatings during low-pressure cold spraying by providing higher values of the velocity of the powder particle at the moment of contact with the substrate. Based on the standard cold spray nozzle, a new geometry of the flow part of the nozzle has been developed. Simulations were performed using the computational gas dynamics method in the ANSYS FLUENT software package. Based on the simulation results, the flow velocity distribution patterns in the standard and modified nozzles were obtained, and graphs of the velocity of aluminum and nickel particles in these flows were constructed. It was found that the velocity of aluminum and nickel particles at the moment of contact with the substrate for the modified nozzle is 14.6% and 12%, respectively, higher than the velocity values for the standard nozzle under the same initial conditions. The novelty of the obtained results is that the influence of the geometry of the cold spray nozzle channel on the particle impact velocity is demonstrated. The practical value is that the obtained results can be used in developing technological recommendations for cold spraying of coatings for a modified nozzle and its further optimization.