5. Advancements in Nanofiltration

The Nanofiltration (NF) technique has been widely adopted in the past few decades because of the qualities which fall in between the range of ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO). The NF has been explored widely in the purification of sewage wastewater, industrial wastewater, and desalination systems. This system effectively removes organic molecules, most viruses and bacteria, organic matter, and a wide range of salts. However, still, there is room for improvement in efficiency and mitigation of its fouling and scaling issues. In this context, this chapter will provide a brief overview of the most current breakthroughs and advancements in the field of NF. The chapter will cover the fundamental of the NF process, the various steps involved in NF membrane fabrication, and its characteristics. The possible efforts that have been carried toward the NF fouling, its prevention, and mitigation will be briefly discussed. The chapter will end with the prospects, possible recommendations, and the research and development with the key points to improve the efficiency of NF.