Advances in Chemical, Bio and Environmental Engineering

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is recognized as metal oxide semiconductor which could be extensively applied to diverse applications due to its exceptional and appropriate properties including nontoxic, excellent chemical stability, strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption, and wide band gap energy. Owing to its wide application range mass production of TiO2 began in the early twentieth century by chemical methods like flame spray pyrolysis, sol gel method etc. Use of chemical method involves release of harmful chemicals in the environment so this pushed the researchers to think some alternative method for its synthesis. In last few years many researches focus on the green method (by using plant extract) for the synthesis of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The phytochemicals present in these natural extracts participate as capping agents or templates for the stabilization of crystalline phases and size control of the nanoparticles produced. Due to high recombination of activated electron–hole pair of TiO2, it can only be excited by ultraviolet light hence to improve its light response in the visible light region metal doping has been done with Fe, Co, Ni and La. This paper is focused on the review of Fe-doped TiO2 NPs. Cymbopogon citratus leaves extract is reported as an effective precursor for synthesis of Fe-doped TiO2 NPs. This was found suitable to synthesis Fe-doped TiO2 NPs with the size less than 12 nm. It was confirmed that doping of Fe (III) ions into TiO2 matrix leads to the inhibition of recombination of charge carriers, thereby enhancing photochemical quantum efficiency.

Polyethylene is a polymeric substance with a wide range of applications. It is a saturated polymer expressed as CnH2n, which is an extensively used hydrocarbon polymer. The ambidexterity of these polymers arises from the fact that they are made up of cheap petrochemical feedstock, with potent catalytic-polymerization processes and generally used in food packaging, textiles, automotive components, lab equipment, etc. Urbanization and industrialization have led to the massive accumulation of synthetic plastic waste in the environment. This waste problem has been recognized as the most critical environmental challenge which is affecting the natural ecosystem. There is a steady increase in the usage of polyethylene, and this is becoming a major threat to our planet. The marine ecosystem is badly affected by polyethylene debris as different sea species suffered from an obstruction in their oesophagus which frequently resulted in death. Hence, finding a more economical and eco-friendlier solution is of utmost importance instead of traditional methods of waste management. Traditional plastic waste management methods such as chemical and physical methods are very expensive and result in the release of toxic pollutants such as furans and dioxins in the environment. Biodegradation of polyethylene waste using microbial methods is a more promising and eco-friendly solution. Several microorganisms have been reported in the past few years with the ability to degrade polyethylene, efficiently. Further, the biotic methods in combination with abiotic processes can enhance the degradation of polyethylene by manifolds. Microbial agents have been shown to ingest polyethylene by converting its complex structure into simpler carbon monomers and utilizing them as a sole carbon source. This chapter provides an overview about the plastic waste problem and discuss the role of biotechnological-based approaches and their importance in enhancing the biodegradation of polyethylene.

Disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in urban areas is a big issue nowadays in most countries. The mismanagement of MSW can cause adverse environmental impacts, public health risks, and other socio-economic problems. India, the second most populated country globally, faces the problem of waste management and simultaneously grave energy crisis. The pressing need for the development of alternatives gave several different technological solutions. This chapter examines the most recent technical approaches, namely biological and thermo-chemical strategies, used to treat MSW while also capturing energy and other value-added products. These strategies assist in building a waste biorefinery, which is an integrative closed loop approach that has recently gained high interest world-wide. Besides, life cycle assessment will highlight which aspects need improvement in order to make these processes more environmentally friendly.

The advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are an important development for wastewater purification systems. AOPs are capable of degrading the complete organic compounds present in wastewater. In the past few decades, main attention has been given on nanomaterials involving AOPs/hybrid AOPs. The idea of this study is to lay out a quick map of wastewater treatment through nanomaterials in correlation with AOPs and hybrid AOPs, along with recent innovations in process intensification for effective removal of organic pollutants. In support of the importance of ·OH radical in AOPs, a special attention has also been given to its mechanistic aspects with photo and nano-photo chemical AOPs.

The major concern of today’s world is Energy security and environmental protection due to rapidly depleting non-renewable energy sources and increasing greenhouse gases and other pollutants from energy production. A need to focus on efficient and eco-friendly coal utilization technologies is of vital importance as coal is the most abundant and polluting fuel. Coal gasification has been emerging as the most important coal utilization technology. Gasifiers are broadly classified into fluidized, fixed, and entrained bed gasifiers. Fluidized bed gasifiers, especially circulating fluidized bed gasifiers (CFBG), has major advantages over other gasifiers, such as, fuel-flexibility, high heat and mass transfer rates, high efficiency, lower emissions etc. Therefore, this chapter is devoted to impart fundamental understanding of the CFBG. It includes fundamentals of CFBG including hydrodynamics, heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical reactions. Further, various modeling and simulation techniques for CFBG and effect of process parameters, namely, temperature, pressure, air/coal ratio and steam/coal ratiohas been covered.

Carbon emissions worldwide is an issue of serious concern pertaining to its worrisome effects like global climate change, warming and ozone depletion. The natural and anthropogenic activities like forest fires, fossil fuel burning, respiration, decomposition of flora and fauna, geogenic activities and chemical changes in the rock beds, automotive and industrial exhausts, etc., all lead to an immense amount of CO2 being produced. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps solar heat and facilitates earth warming up to an extent of 66%. Hence, it is essentially required to reduce carbon emissions and sequester the carbon being produced effectively. Many upcoming and existing technologies are utilized for carbon-capturing such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), carbon sequestration utilizing rocks and hydrates, chemical looping separation, membrane technology, cryogenic carbon capture (CCC), absorption, and adsorption. Each one of these technologies are having its own merits and demerits and carbon capture potential. This review describes these technologies for carbon capture and reducing the carbon emission for the environmental safeguarding and combating the global warming and climate change effects.

Overuse of fossil fuels is causing their depletion in reservoirs and increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, causing climatic changes and other adverse effects like melting of glaciers. Bioethanol proves to be a promising alternative among biofuels, and the best replacements of fossil fuels because of its better burning property and lesser emissions of harmful gases. Due to the formation of an ethanol–water azeotrope, methods such as extractive distillation are used for its production. Alternative methods are being investigated because of the high cost of production by these methods, as these methods require the cost of additional equipment and solvent. This study focuses on the steady-state design of reactive distillation column for the production of bioethanol. Steady-state simulation is done on DWSIM. For this configuration, purity of ethanol in distillate and purity of ethylene glycol in the bottom product achieved is 99.98 and 96.52% respectively. The result shows the dependence of ethanol purity in distillate and conversion of water, on the position of feed plates when all other parameters are kept constant. Moreover, an applicability curve was drawn for the configuration in order to estimate the applicable region for better performance. Optimization is done using the graphical approach to obtain the optimum reflux ratio which is further used to configure the reactive distillation column. Finally, the temperature profile, conversion rate profile, mass transfer rate profile, liquid and vapor composition profile of the column are studied.

Ammonia (NH3), one of the most commonly synthesized chemicals worldwide, finds usage in vast applications of industry and commerce. The synthesis of ammonia by Haber–Bosch process is considered as one of the most significant discoveries in the field of Chemistry. Although the Haber process stands unparalleled in terms of the scientific marvel that it is, the rate at which the natural resources are depleting today do raise a question regarding its sustainability. Today, a substantial part of the world's production of ammonia is implemented using hydrogen (H2) which is produced when natural gas, a fossil fuel, undergoes steam reforming. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is left behind, which accounts for approximately half the amount of emissions from the whole process. The secondary feedstock, Nitrogen (N2), is easily separated from air, which is 78% nitrogen. But the generation of the pressure required to react nitrogen and hydrogen in the reactors consumes more fossil fuels, which means more release of CO2. The emissions continuously add up—Ammonia synthesis results in the consumption of approximately 2% of the world's total energy and produces 1% of its CO2. The continuous depletion of the naturally occurring resources has led to extensive research to reduce the usage of fossil fuels in the process of ammonia synthesis worldwide. This paper aims to review renewable alternatives to the production of ammonia and its by-products, hydrogen and nitrogen, through methods which are sustainable and show a proven reduction in terms of the emissions emitted and the natural resources utilized.

In the current ever-growing race for the development of aerodynamic bodies from aerospace vehicles to flying cars there comes also a need for apparatus which can be used to develop them. The wind tunnel is an apparatus that can be used to study the flow parameters around a model by simulating an airflow that is identical to the ambient conditions of the prototype. To make sure that the results are reliable and error is within the limitations, they must be calibrated periodically. Hence there is a requirement for devices that can estimate the required parameters associated with the proper functioning of a wind tunnel. In this paper, a spherical five-hole flow analyzer is devised, fabricated, and experimented with in a subsonic wind tunnel after which the experimental data is studied.

In present study used an effective plate thermometer to investigate the incident heat flux in fire research. Instead of the typical alloys used for manufacturing, the plate thermometer described in the fire resistance design guidelines ISO 834-1 and EN 1363-1 can be fabricated from stainless steel (304L) or nickel metal, keeping the specifications same. The heat flux is observed to be heavily influenced by the density and specific heat of the plate’s material, hence metals or alloys with larger specific heat and density can be utilized to create the PT. It’s also worth noting that the heat flux is influenced by the insulator’s thermal conductivity rather than the material’s thermal conductivity. Moreover, emissivity of the material also plays a vital role on the heat flux. Therefore, it is suggested to use the material with lower emissivity for higher incident heat flux.

For the esterification of acetic acid and methanol in a reactive distillation column, modelling and simulation were used. For the reactive distillation process, simulations based on an equilibrium stage-by-stage model were run. The Aspen Plus was used to execute the simulations in reactive distillation using the pseudo homogeneous kinetic model built in our previous study by accounting Indion 180 as a solid catalyst. The impact of various parameters such as the reflux ratio, the number of stages, and the acetic acid supply site on the mixture composition and acetic acid conversion have been investigated. The simulations were also run for the recovery of dilute acetic acid by synthesising methyl acetate, and it was discovered that including our kinetic model resulted in the greatest recovery of acetic acid. Both situations’ simulation results are in good accord with the experimental data.

Montana flume is obtained from Parshall flume by removing diverging section and throat. It is used for measuring flow rate in irrigation canals, spring discharge, etc., and it has an additional benefit that it aerates water flowing through it. Aeration is a process in which oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the water. Dissolved oxygen (DO) indicates water quality, and a minimum of 4 ppm is required to support aquatic life. This study was conducted on two standard Montana flumes of throat width 2.54 cm, 5.08 cm, respectively, and three modified Montana flumes of throat width 7.62 cm. DO was measured using the Azide modification method. Experimental results show that aeration efficiency increases with an increase in discharge per unit width and a decrease in throat width. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Multilinear Regression (MLR), and Multi Non-linear Regression (MNLR) were used to develop the model and predict aeration efficiency. The results of ANFIS, MLR, and MNLR are compared using statistical indices like the coefficient of correlation (CC), root mean square error (RMSE) and found that the performance of MNLR was better than ANFIS and MLR.

This chapter focuses on physicochemical properties and kinetics of wood, agricultural, industrial waste, and energy crops for the application of pyrolysis. In the future, biomass could replace fossil fuels as a significant source of renewable energy. Pyrolysis produces valuable energy products, including bio-oil, biochar, and gases under an inert atmosphere and temperatures of 200–600 °C. The physicochemical characteristics are predicted by the lignocellulosic composition, proximal and ultimate analyses, which indicate the potential of biomass for pyrolysis. Reactions progressions depend on kinetics including activation energies and pre-exponential factors. The study of physicochemical and kinetic parameters is crucial for biomass thermal decomposition, design, and optimization of pyrolysis reactor as well as process conditions to obtain the desired product from pyrolysis.

Air pollution is a very big problem to the environment. During coal mining, natural coal fire also contributes to the pollution that causes health problems to humans as well as the environment. The poisonous gases are produced during coal mining because of the presence of oxygen in the environment. The coal oxidation occurs with released heat, which is not dissipated and reacts with oxygen to form this coal fire. The released gases pollute the environment as well as human life. These poisonous gases are carbon monoxide, its by-product, SOx, and NOx. In the Jharia coal reserve region, CO, SOx, NOx and particulate matter are present in large amounts because of coal fires which are affecting the nearby society’s public health. People in Jharia are facing health issues such as tuberculosis and asthma. Here, poisonous gas dispersion in the environment was studied in the Jharia region by a Gaussian dispersion model. The effects of different parameters are also studied for the behaviour of gas dispersion in the environment.

The reaction of esterification of propionic acid and n-butanol in a simple isothermal three neck batch reactor was carried out to produce n-butyl propionate and water using the solid acid catalyst. Amberlite was used as the solid catalyst (ion change resin catalyst). The reaction mixture temperature was maintained in the range of 363.15–403.15 K. The reactant mole ratio of propionic acid and n-butanol was in the ranges of 1:1–1:4. The catalyst loading was varied from 1 to 3% by weight based on the reaction mixture volume. The effect of reaction temperature, mole ratio of reactant, catalyst loading, catalyst particle size, stirrer speed on the conversion of propionic acid have been investigated. An experimental results show that reaction is kinetically controlled when compared to internal and external mass transfer effects. A second order kinetic rate equation used to correlate the experimental data and found that it is fitted well with experimental data. The forward reaction rate constants and activation energies were determined from the Arrhenius plot. The heat of reaction has calculated by using Van’t Hoff equation.

Carbon dioxide adsorption was carried out using a specific bio-adsorbent. The bio-adsorbent was prepared from corncobs. In the present study attempt was made to prepare, characterize and to develop low cost adsorbent. The structure and physical characteristics were outlined and described in details after defining the activated carbon. Moreover, surface modification of the prepared activated carbon was carried out using Methyl diethanol amine (MDEA) solution with impregnation ratio 0.4. Different Characterizations technique like Proximate Analysis, Ultimate Analysis, BET, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) of adsorbents were studied extensively in order to predict the composition, surface area, porosity and surface topography. The experimental work is focused on removal of CO2 gas using prepared activated carbon and amine impregnated activated carbon. From the experiment it has been seen that the adsorption capacity of Methyl diethanol amine impregnated activated carbon is much more than simple activated carbon. Thus, the given activated carbon prepared from corncob impregnated with MDEA in a ratio 0.4 can be extensively used for the removal of CO2 from industrial flue gases.

Heedless growth of global population, environment change, and collapsing water framework have all surged for a better water treatment system. Electrochemical technologies have a brighter perspective in this requisite over established water treatment technologies, as they have numerous advantages such as high efficiency, safety, ease of operation, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, the present study envisages nitrate removal from groundwater using the electrochemical technique (electrocoagulation (EC)). The effect of the presence of electrolyte (NaCl and Na2SO4) concentration, on current flow, electrolysis, pH of the solution, energy, and operating cost on the nitrate’s removal efficiency were assessed. It was observed that NaCl has positive effects on nitrate removal as compared to Na2SO4.

In the presence of UV/visible light, Titanium dioxide (TiO2) generates electrons and holes, which get transferred to its surface and cause the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS react with the available pollutants to decompose them to less harmful products. This characteristic of TiO2 can be further utilized for clean-up of the environmental pollution of the urban areas. Now a days, TiO2 based cementitious materials are of great interest as far as the aesthetic durability of masonry structures and reduction in environmental pollution is concerned. TiO2 based cement, which is widely known as self-cleaning cement, exhibits three distinguished characteristics viz. self-cleaning property, depollution ability, and antimicrobial activity. These characteristics have made the self-cleaning cement a grand topic of concern for sustainable development in the constructional practices. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review on TiO2-photocatalysisandits mechanism, modification of the structure of TiO2 for better performance, self-cleaning white cement, its properties & advantages, and application of self-cleaning cement for environmental remediation.

The world is facing difficulties to make a bridge between energy production and demand due to the diminishing of fossil fuel reserves. Energy resources are limited and unevenly distributed across the globe. Because of waste to wealth, the lignin from industries may play as a metamorphic gamester in biorefineries to enhance the life cycle assessment as well as to meet the ever-increasing global demand for myriad products. From the perspective of lignin valorization, the production of valuable chemicals, different extraction techniques, structures, global market potential, and SWOT analysis will be spotted and reviewed. Markets that are growing lignin-specified biorefinery are expected from 874.3 USD in 2020 to 1537.1 million USD by the end of 2026. Despite the availability of bountiful lignin as an aromatic substrate, its recalcitrant nature restricts the easy and economical production of valuable products. This review study also aims to understand the latest market trends, strategies, and challenges of lignin and its products globally.

Chelating network polymers are those which form stable complexes with metal ions and exhibit considerable selectivity particularly towards heavy metal ions. The working principal of these networks is similar to those of cation exchanger resins. Tendency to form stable complexes and high selectivity render these polymers useful for water based technologies including purification, separation, enrichment and detoxification. Chelating polymers based on poly(acrylonitrile)[poly(AN)] have been in use since long and most widely used among those are poly(amidoxime) based. Nitrile group in poly(AN) can be conveniently modified to chelating amidoxime functional group by post polymer reactions. A number of polymers thus can be synthesized as single or binary monomer mixtures with acrylonitrile as one component. Another chelating polymer, poly (hydroxamic acid) with high affinity for iron (III) and copper (II) has been synthesized from poly (acrylamide) and poly (acrylate) by reacting it with hydroxylamine in basic aqueous solution. The polymer thus obtained becomes a co-polymer and containing hydroxamic acid groups and unreacted amide and ester groups. Synthesis of such materials opens the ways to explore their multifaceted role and to widen the spectrum of their application including those involving separation, recovery or removal of metal ions. In this piece of information an effort has been made to conduct literature survey on past studies carried on chelating poly (amidoxime) and poly (hydroxamic acid) derived particularly from acrylonitrile, butyl acrylate and cinnamic acid polymers to review their role in metal ion sorption.

Soil Stabilization is a replacement of the additives materials chemically or mechanically which is improve the soil properties than the natural Soil. Generally, Cement, Lime, GGBS, Fly ash, and Coal bottom ash, etc. are used for the Stabilization of Soil. Out of these materials, Fly ash and Coal bottom ash are obtained from the thermal power plant. In India, 226.13 million tons of Fly ash and Coal bottom ash are generated per annum from thermal plants. Contrary, Fly ash and Coal bottom ash contains pozzolanic properties which improve the strength properties of Soil. So, these materials are used in construction work, and ground improvement techniques. The percentage of improvement in the properties are observed by review is according to some reviewers says 30% of Fly ash and CBA gives Maximum Dry Density values. And the maximum UCS value is obtained at 30% Fly ash and Coal bottom ash greater than the conventional limit. The CBR value is increased greater than the Natural soil which is suitable for pavement design or construction. Normally the studies focus on the use of either fly ash or coal bottom ash individually. This review intends to find out the effect of these two materials either individually or in combination with other materials, like fibers, cement, lime, etc. on expansive soils. Hence the focus would be to find out the maximum beneficial utilization of these materials in expansive soils.

Recent development of novel particles at nanoscale and worldwide financial worth of nanoparticles attracted all zones of society in last few decades towards nanotechnology. As nanoparticles show unique properties at each size level, leave numerous zones of this field either unexplored or underexplored. A lot different kinds of nanoparticles risen in past decades as like Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs), Quantum Dots (QDs), ceramics, colloidal nanoparticles etc. Semiconductor nanoparticles or QDs are among the most unforeseen developments in this developing field. QDs of few nanometer range shows strange properties as they have tunable band gap which depends on various factors. Tunable optical and electronic properties of semiconductor QDs resulted in widespread application in chemical, pharmaceutical, biomedical as well as in environmental fields. In recent years QDs made siginificant progress in molecular imaging or bioimaging, in chemical analysis as chemosensors, as an alternative of traditional organic dyes, in drug delivery, in heavy metal detection, in cancer detection and treatment, in dye removal as photocatalyst, in catalytic hydrogen production, as photovoltaic devices, etc. Despite the wide applications of QDs, its own toxicity limited its applications in human health and restricts potential of in vivo studies upto some extent. A review for better understanding of QD’s behaviour by knowing its limitations alongside advantages will help in enhancing efficiency in its applied area as well as will also circumvent the problem of QDs toxicity.

The extensive use of synthetic drug molecules has paved way to the new era of drug resistance and drug-associated toxicity and are highly expensive to the manufacturers which is ultimately passed on to be borne by the patients. The occurrence of drug resistance and drug-associated toxicity have led to reduced sales or even put some drugs out of the market. The use of phytochemicals has been reported as an alternative to synthetic drugs. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been established as a promising target in many diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. The activation of PAR-2 molecule is carried out by tryptase by cleaving its N terminal chain after binding with it. The disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis can thus be inhibited by plant protease inhibitors as a therapeutic agent. In this work, we report a few serine protease inhibitors of plant origin such as At_KPI1, At_Serpin1 and BTICMe as phytochemicals with therapeutic potential for prevention or as an antagonist against progression of the disease. The results are indicative and may be used for clinical studies on dose dependent therapy via ex vivo or in vivo methods.

Most of the population in India relies on agriculture and livestock for their livelihood as the country is bestowed by the nature with a variety of geographical regions vacillating from high mountains to wetlands, myriads rivers to plains, thus making most land fertile and suitable for a variety of food crops. The crop residues like rice straw, leaves, roots, bagasse, etc. that remain in fields after harvesting and processing are proving to be a major concern as these residues are frequently burnt by the farmers in the open fields causing environmental pollution leading to serious health problems. On the other hand, the share of bioenergy in power generation is significantly low as compared to the other available resources in the total energy mix of the country. The biomass can provide reliable and consistent power supply to the end-user in comparison with solar and wind energy resources, therefore, preferred as a renewable energy resource over other resources. Due to dependency on the season, the solar and wind energy resources fluctuate over short and large time frames. Thus, provides unreliable and inconsistent supply to end-user however biomass seems to be a feasible alternative to fossil fuels. So, the solar, wind, and biomass due to their different characteristics provide an opportunity for hybrid utilization of these resources to compensate for their individual drawbacks. Hybridization of these resources helps to utilize the biomass efficiently and provides electricity to end-users reliably and consistently. Hence, biomass-based hybrid power plants are tremendously promising energy systems in near future. Biogas production through anaerobic digestion from such crop residues can offer great potential for replacement of the fossil fuel for our energy requirements.

Lithium orthosilicate is a candidate material for carbon dioxide adsorption and for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) DEMO and future fusion reactor. Solid State Reaction Process (SSRP) is one of the methods for the synthesis of lithium orthosilicate using silicon dioxide and lithium carbonate. In the present study, reaction kinetics of lithium orthosilicate synthesis by SSRP using lithium carbonate and silicon dioxide were studied using non isothermal Thermo-Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG–DTA). TG–DTA data analyzed using different methods for the prediction of kinetic triplet viz. pre-exponential factor (A), activation energy (E) and model for solid state reactions (f(α)). The lithium orthosilicate synthesis reaction of lithium carbonate and silicon-dioxide is controlled by nucleation mechanism for the synthesis of lithium orthosilicate and the best suitable reaction model for this reaction is Avrami–Erofeyev nucleation (A4). The average activation energy and pre-exponential factor calculated using various methods were 568 kJ/mol and 6.45 × 1028 min−1 respectively.

Nowadays, consumer prefers product and services from companies which adhere the principle of sustainability and operation with Sustainable Commitments. The main objective of this study is the reduction of GHG emission by the use of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient processes and equipment. Detailed assessment of an energy profile and GHG emission is to be carried out from different micro, small and medium scale industries and lack of data monitoring found to be a major drawback. Energy efficiency interventions based on techno-economic analysis of the prevailing electricity tariff, fuel cost and conservation of operating hours includes improved performance, better insulation, reduction in the consumption of resources such as water, fuel and energy, efficient operation and better energy management with proper monitoring system. Renewable energy interventions result in potential saving of 10–12% of electrical energy by replacing the conventional pumps with the solar water pump as it gives remarkable savings with average payback period of 3–9 months according to the study. According to the Solar supplier/vendors, investing in this asset have their own pros and cons with investment classes and payback period with the inclusion of technical specifications, warranty/guaranty periods, maintenance and service, quality assurance plan and special offers/intensives. Some suggestions for the same such as CAPEX Model, OPEX Model and Off-site Model are given by solar suppliers and vendors. This could be the step towards the low carbon pathway and efficient use of renewable energy to get the maximum possible benefit from the same.

A combination of Fe2O3 nanoparticles with Al2O3 nanoparticles produced using low-combustion methods and activated sugar cane bagasse was used for the adsorption of fluoride from water, and the results were promising. In order to optimize pH, dose of mixed adsorbent, and contact duration, experiments were carried out on a small scale in the lab. When a hybrid adsorbent was used in conjunction with first order kinetic reaction, a regression analysis was carried out using GeoGebra, and the R2 value was shown to be absolutely accurate. According to the findings of the study, a combination of Fe–Al nanoparticles and activated sugar cane bagasse is effective in adsorbing fluoride ions from water.

Arsenic is known as the king of poisons due to its toxic nature and is used as pesticide and fertilizers. Accumulation of arsenic in plants causes toxic reactions, negative impact on growth and productivity. Increment in arsenic uptake is directly proportional to oxidative stress resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species. However, few plants have developed mechanism for tolerance by expressing genes or proteins such as antioxidants enzymes, arsenite oxidase, that playing some beneficial role in detoxification against arsenic effect. Pteris vittata is one such example of plants which can tolerate both forms of Arsenic i.e., arsenate (+5) and arsenite (+3). Tolerance to arsenic in P. vittata is due to the activity of three genes i.e., Glyceraledhyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase C1 (PvGAPC1), Organic cation/carnitine transporter 4 (PvOCT4), and Glutathione S transferase (PvGSTF1). Knowing the importance of these genes in arsenic tolerance, in the present investigation we have characterized and predicted the tertiary structure of these proteins using computational approaches. Further to understand the mechanism of arsenic tolerance, we have compared the 3D structure of PvGAPC1, PvOCT4 and PvGSTF1 with its counterpart predicted from arsenic sensitive Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, crop improvement techniques using these genes of Pteris vittata be utilized for developing arsenic tolerance in important cultivated crops.

Affordable and good quality water is one of the significant universal challenges. Due to continuous growth in the world's population, industrial development, social process and immense agriculture use, polluted water becomes more complicated and challenging to remove, alarms water scarcity in several areas, and this challenge is rising at full tilt. Additionally world also facing to supply fresh and good quality water at lower treatment costs. Thus proper wastewater treatment or reuse has become a common necessity to supply good quality water demand. In this regard, carbon nanotubes based membranes, due to their extraordinary properties such as high surface area, high stability, great flexibility, electrochemical, magnetic properties, tunable pore size and antimicrobial activity, provide huge opportunities in wastewater treatment application. Carbon nanotubes membranes show an excellent impact on removing suspended particles, particulate matter, microorganisms, chemical and biological contaminants from wastewater. In this paper potential application of carbon nanotubes membranes for water and waste water treatment are comprehensively reviewed. Furthermore, key challenges and future perspectives for carbon nanotubes membranes are also briefly outlined.

Crude oil-contamination is observed in soils that often come in contact with leakage of petroleum or their derivatives. An experimental study was carried out on the combined effect of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Cement on kaolin clay contaminated by crude oil. The crude oil percentage of 10% was considered as the maximum level of contamination. The Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Cement were added in the ratio of 2:1 in percentages of 5, 10, and 15%. A series of tests were performed to investigate consistency limits, shear strength parameters, and unconfined compressive strength of stabilized crude oil contaminated kaolin clay. The results of the investigation made clear that consistency limits declined while the stabilizer percentage was increased. Direct Shear parameters both increased with stabilizer percentage but the increase was more seen in cohesion (c) with the peak value of 85 kN/m2 at the stabilizer percentage of 15%. Maximum values of UCS were observed at 15% stabilizer percentage for both cured and uncured samples. However, the peak UCS values for 0, 7, and 14 days cured samples were observed to be equal to 300, 450, and 750 kN/m2 respectively. The study reveals the effectiveness of using this combination of binders to stabilize crude oil contaminated clay and at the same time reducing the burden on the environment by making proper use of waste material i.e., Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Thus stabilization/solidification (S/S) remediation technique that utilizes Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Cement to treat contaminated kaolin clay was found to be effective.

Issues on climate change, global warming, GHG emission, pollution hazards etc. are of huge concern in relation with municipal solid waste management of Indian cities. Kolkata, a metropolitan city of India with 11 million population has incremental trend of waste generation with enormous inefficiency not only in waste processing level but also having disposal problem in engineered manner to the exhausted landfill site Dhapa with its 30 years long legacy waste. Reusing this land area through landfill mining proclaims an opportunity to recover valuable mined waste (60%) along with a space to be converted into an engineered landfill site. This paper objectifies landfill reuse of a depleted non-engineered landfill through Bio-mining followed by implementation of an integrated waste management linear programming model considering transfer station, sorting station, thermal and biological processing units as well as an engineered landfill site to optimize the economic aspect and global warming hazard. The model has been solved using LINGO optimization software. As a solution, plausible reduction in total waste management cost is 43% and landfilling cost by 48%. Vehicle optimization enhances the cost minimization possibility by 70% which is substantial. Direct greenhouse gasses like CO2 and CH4 have been analysed. Viable reduction in Methane emission is 87% achievable which leads to a substantial reduction in GWP in relation to CO2-eq. by 65%. This sustainable methodological analysis can be elucidated as a generic multi-objective strategy to empower not only the economic sector but also the atmospheric and pollution aspects along with circularity.

In the current perspective of ecological contamination, utilization of biowaste is essential in the recent trends. Among the different bio-waste, Rice husk (RH) is one of the plentiful materials presently having significantly less utilization and more as a landfilling material. This bio-waste, after ample storage, decomposes and creates environmental pollution. Bio silica and biocarbon have had many applications in the recent past. Extraction of biosilica and biocarbon from Rice husk by pyrolysis process and calcination process has many applications in the composite industry. In the present study, an effort has been made to extract silica and carbon from rice husk and reinforce them as a filler material in polymer composites and test the tribological properties of the fabricated composites. The composites are made-up by hand layup technique with filler percentages 2, 4 and 6 wt.%. A Pin on disc equipment is used to investigate the abrasive wear behaviour of silica-based and carbon-based polymer composites. The samples were tested at different loading conditions and different RPMs by keeping the total sliding distance constant and measuring the abrasive wear and coefficient of friction of the fabricated composites.

FEA has become popular with fast digital computers because it is very useful and supportive practice in every design. One of the useful tests to quantify the performance of isotropic materials such as steel is tensile test. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) can pretend stiffness and strength visualizations of an element and forecast the probable behavior under operational conditions. In this project the specimen was developed in CATIA software as per ASTM Standards. Later on, by using software package ANSYS 19.2 is used to perform FEA. The determination of this project is to evaluate the mechanical properties of specimen geometry for different materials. By using static and dynamics analysis, loads and velocity from one side or biaxial sides are subjected with different materials. The materials used in this are PLA (Poly lactic acid or Polylactide) and ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). The obtained results were deformation, maximum principal stress and strain, those results were compared so that strength of the specimen for a particular material can be evaluated.

Waste-to-energy technologies can have a significant role in reducing the burden of waste generated on municipal authorities and municipal solid waste management problems. The selection of the best waste-to-energy technology from different alternatives available is a challenging task, which poses the problem of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). A comparison of different multi-criteria decision-making techniques for ranking waste-to-energy technologies is attempted. Further, sensitivity analysis on the weights of the decision criteria is also carried out. Four MCDM methods namely AHP, PROMETHEE, VIKOR, and TOPSIS were used to rank the five selected waste-to-energy technology alternatives i.e. anaerobic digestion, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and landfills with gas recovery based on six criteria namely global warming potential, capital cost, operation and maintenance cost, revenue return, moisture content and need for segregation. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted and responses were obtained from 20 experts familiar with waste-to-energy technologies. All the four MCDM techniques gave anaerobic digestion as the best waste-to-energy approach followed by landfills with gas recovery with a reasonably higher score compared with the other waste-to-energy technologies. The ranks provided by AHP and PROMETHEE were the same while the ranking given by TOPSIS and VIKOR were different from other MCDM techniques. Sensitivity analysis of the AHP data showed that the most sensitive criterion was revenue return followed by operation and maintenance cost and capital cost. Scores obtained from TOPSIS were more distinct compared to the other three MCDM methods. Therefore, the decision-maker can see the level of preference amongst the evaluated alternatives, and hence TOPSIS would be the most suited method for the selection of waste-to-energy technology since it provides distinct scores for the alternatives.

The pulp and paper sector is facing various issues due to environmental regulatory pressure and expanding market demand, and it is searching for novel solutions to improve product quality and process performance while reducing environmental effects during pulp bleaching. Oxygen delignified wheat straw pulp of kappa number 9.5 was subjected to conventional CEopH1H2, elemental chlorine free (ECF) i.e. D0EpD1 and ozone bleaching sequences at different consistencies to get a final pulp ISO brightness of 85 ± 2% and evaluation of the physical strength properties of the pulp. The effect of green bleaching was also compared with the conventional and ECF bleaching of wheat straw pulp for their pulp characteristics and physical strength properties. The effect of ozone bleaching of wheat straw pulp on bleach effluent characteristics and their load has also been studied and compared with conventional ECF bleaching system used in agro based mills. The present lab study is helpful in understanding the effect of ozone bleaching on agro based raw material pulp in terms of pulp quality. Less consumption of bleaching chemicals with no effluent load demonstrates that ozone is indeed the bleaching chemical of the future for sustainable growth of the Indian pulp and paper industry.

Hospitals engage in various types of procedures /devices for early recovery of clients. The majority of Healthcare-Associated Infections [HAIs] manifest after 48 h of admission to the hospital. Central line-associated bloodstream infections [CLABSIs] catheter-associated UTIs [CAUTIs] and ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP] is a hospital-associated infection that affect the outcome of clients. The objective of this paper is to assess perception towards infection control measures among HealthCare Providers working in selected hospitals of Goa. Exploratory, descriptive design was used to identify whether the health units were following norms as per the Indian Public Health Standards [2013] according to the doctors and nurses working in the selected health units of Goa. 508 participants met the inclusion criteria. A five-point Likert scale was used for the structured questionnaire. This paper used probit models to establish the relationship between socio-demographic variables and the perception of healthcare workers on the three considered parameters. The majority 81.27% of the selected HCP were from public-run hospitals. While 76.25% of them were nurses, doctors remained at 23.75% only. Based on three selected parameters, privately owned hospitals revealed to have better performance than the public run hospitals in Goa. During analysis, it was established that most of the variables did not play a significant role in explaining HCPs’ satisfaction perception on infection control measures. Shortage of staff, heavy workload, lack of adequate equipment, and PPE cost-cutting on health hygiene, inadequate use of standard precautions led to HAIs resulting in high morbidity and mortality among hospital admitted clients.

The Rapid and sustained increase in the world’s energy demands has meant that humanity’s dependence on fossil fuels is ever-increasing and so are its greenhouse gas emissions. Such is the scenario that unless drastic changes are to the way mankind powers its society, limiting global temperature increase to below 2 °C will not be possible. Biodiesel, whose adoption would require minimal changes to our existing infrastructure presents a viable alternative to petroleum-based fuels. With broad feedstock flexibility such as its ability to be sourced from waste vegetable oils and fats and numerous production techniques, biodiesel production can be ramped up fairly quickly depending upon local conditions to optimize for resource utilization and minimal waste generation. The introduction of newer, more efficient catalysts as well as their recovery techniques and the development of new techniques to extract oil from microalgae mean that biodiesel production will remain one of the most promising areas of inquiry in the energy sector.

There have been a lot of casualties because of fire and explosions moreover there have been huge economic as well as environmental problems due to these explosions. Two accidents took place, one after the other, in Wenling city, the eastern Chinese province of Zhejiang, China. Where a speeding truck transporting Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) leans towards the right while exiting the highway and hit the guardrail which broke and disintegrated the body of the truck and the LPG leaked causing an explosion. In the explosion, the fragments of the truck and semitrailer flew out towards nearby buildings and factories triggering another explosion. This incident caused huge loss to human life along with damaging the proximate buildings and factories. The objective is to understand and analyse the LPG explosion and its impact. To achieve the objective ALOHA is used to model and then simulate the explosion.

Proper cleaning of Bio-Diesel (BD) has to be obligatory after the extraction of BD because it can be a partial replacement to the current fuel for transportation, heating, manufacturing and much more. To purify the BD the inceptive activity involves a mixing unit that utilises Methanol, plant seed oil/animal Fat and sulphuric acid to ensure proper blending. The following step deals with an injection of some more amount of methanol along with catalyst (Potassium Hydroxide/Sodium Hydroxide) to warrant irreversibility. The culminating progression involves the engendering of both oil-soluble (biodiesel) and Water-Soluble (Glycerine) compounds. The manufactured BD needs purification because it might contain both water and impurities which can cause adverse effects when used directly in vehicles. Technologies used for purifying involves Dry-washing (DW) and Wet washing (WW). Although when it comes to the DW it incorporates Magnesol (ML), Ion Trading Resins (ITR), Sawdust (SD) and Bentonites (BT). In the current discovery, it has been observed that DW has an upper hand over all other conventional mechanisms for scrubbing out the remnants that appear in BD. Certain demerits thrive us towards membrane separation approach.

Fenton assisted polymeric membrane separation is one of the current research areas. In the current study, the incorporation of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in the PES matrix during membrane fabrication by phase inversion and the addition of H2O2 dosage in wastewater provides a synergistic effect of Fenton and membrane separation of Reactive black 5. Attempts were made to incorporate both phenomena in the Dead-End membrane filtration unit. The operating variables for combination process were H2O2 dosage (0–30 mM), Reactive Black 5 concentration (100-1000 ppm), membrane with different Fe2O3 nanoparticles (0–1.5%), trans-membrane pressure (100–400 kPa), pH (3–9). The significant variables accomplished for this study were 71%COD and 80% dye removalunder optimized conditions such TMP(200 kPa), dye concentration(250 ppm), pH(3),Hydrogen peroxide concentration (10 mM). The membrane fouling with or without Fenton effect experimentation was investigated by resistance fitting model. The surface morphology of the virgin and the fouled membrane was determined by scanning electron microscopy. The membrane was effectively reused five times with a satisfactory performance under optimal conditions. Backwashing of the membrane with acid–alkali treatment operation was found to be a better strategy to maintain membrane stability and its utility. The recycling nature of Fenton aided membrane could be a better option for the ultrafiltration of waste-water.

In this study, the effect of fibre loading and different surface modification method on the properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/amla leaf fibre (ALF) were observed. The surface modification of amla leaf fibre was done by alkali treatment (AT) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and by graft copolymerization (GC) method using myristic acid (MA) separately. The highest grafting yield was achieved 31.59% at 180 ˚C. The crystallinity index of ALFreduced from 0.79 to 0.17 after graft copolymerization with myristic acid. The composite films were separately prepared from ALF, treated amla leaf fibre (TALF), and grafted amla leaf fibre (GALF) with different composition of loading (5, 10, 15% (w/w)) by solution casting method. Surface modification of fibre showed the enhancement in the mechanical properties of composite film. With 5% loading of ALF, TALF, and GALF the tensile strength of composite films were 32.94, 36.76, and 41.11 MPa, respectively and increased to 34.39, 39.15, and 45.12 MPa with 10% loading in the composite films. However the films containing GALF showed the maximum tensile strength of 45.12 MPa among all the films. The water uptake (%) of the film containing 5% loading of ALF was 134% and it decreased by 47.02% in composite film of GALF. ALF containing composite films showed the faster biodegradation rate as compare to rest of the composite films.

Bio-medical waste is the waste generated from hospitals, including infectious waste, and has a high potential for causing injury and infections to humans as well as to the environment. Effective bio-medical waste management is the requisite parameter for a healthy and unpolluted environment. It is a social and legal responsibility of the medical community and common people to participate in the proper hygienic waste disposal actively and lead the environment free from various infectious diseases. BMW is precarious in the constitution and is different from general municipal waste; hence, it requires a unique approach and handling to avoid environmental and human health risks. The government of India made a statutory requirement for appropriate handling and disposal of bio-medical waste with the publication of gazette notification in July 1998 and further making required changes in it. This article explains various components, techniques for remediation, and consequences of improper disposal of BMW and provisions of BMW management in India. It also gives a brief overview of bio-medical waste management of hospitals in Uttar Pradesh.

Bio-mining or Landfill mining is an effective and eco-friendly process which involves the stabilisation of old legacy waste in landfill through recovery of valuable resources. In accordance with circularity, it involves reuse, recycle and recovery aiming to build up a sustainable resource in order to give protection through the elimination of waste which also enable the society to become more autonomous and pollution free. The objective of this paper is to deal with the plausible characterization and recovery of mined legacy waste through average compositional analysis of past 25 years data and their possible recycling and processing options. Plastics assumed to be remain by an amount 80% in landfill, metal and glass remained by an amount 75% and for inert it is assumed that the inert turned into soil like material under the action of weathering by an amount 5%. A possible material balance flowchart and composition analysis is prepared. Expected soil: waste ratio is found to be 40:60. Under co-processing, around 7.3% of combustible material will be send as RDF to Cement Industry/Power Plants. Recyclables will be transferred to authorized recycling plants. The residual amount came as approximately 7% (5–10% as per CPCB) which suggested a maximum recovery option. Recovered non-combustible, C&D waste, inert (30.3%) will further be transferred to low lying areas such as filling of basement/plinth structures, in bedding of road construction etc. Revenue generation from compost product, anaerobic digester, power generation through WTE and recycling products will enhance the economy to meet the sustainable circularity solution.

The recent era has noticed hydrogen energy as a sustainable option for meeting the world's energy requirements. Due to its diverse production source has become a clean and green option for transportation and energy storage. However, its complex storage limits the development and utilization of hydrogen energy. Ammonia borane (AB) has attracted attention to be considered an efficient hydrogen storage material due to its stability, exothermicity, non-toxicity, environmentally friendly, and high hydrogen intrinsic capacity of up to 19.6 wt.%. The thermolysis phenomenon is used for the efficient release of hydrogen gas. The left-out residue needs to be recycled again to maximize the production while considering the economic feasibility of the whole process. Thus, dehydrogenation and regeneration of the AB from the spent fuel play a vital role in deciding its effectiveness. This review paper examines and discusses the various dehydrogenation and regeneration routes of AB.

Water is an integral medium for pulp and paper making. Though the Indian Paper Industry is traditionally considered to be a water intensive industry, but actually around 90% of the water consumed is discharged as waste water implying industry is not a water guzzler actually. Today with increasing water scarcity, dwindling ground water resources, increasing environmental awareness and efforts to improve river water quality through minimization of industrial discharge into the river, introduction of new regulatory norms on fresh water consumption and wastewater discharge as well as stringent pollution norms in offing, the onus has come upon pulp and paper mills to adopt appropriate strategies and approach, state of art technologies, equipments and treatment systems to achieve the environmental compliance. In this context CPPRI has provided assistance and guidance to pulp and paper mills in water conservation/optimization of fresh water consumption and have helped several pulp and paper mills specially in river Ganga Basin and river Hindon sub-basin in reducing fresh water consumption, waste water discharge and pollution load leading to overall improvement in environmental status and sustainability. Adoption of “Bare Minimum Technologies (BMT)” including energy efficient as well as clean and green technologies like continuous digesters, improved pulp washing systems, oxygen delignification, elemental chlorine free bleaching, fiber recovery system, modifications in showers on paper machine, upgradation of existing ETP up to tertiary treatment system, adoption of chemical recovery system (for agro based mills), strategies and identification of areas for reuse and recycling of back water and treated effluent etc. as well as optimization of various key process operation variables have been key factor in reducing the water foot print of many pulp and paper mills in recent times. In addition, studies are under progress at CPPRI on evaluation of potential of membrane filtration system in reducing pollution load specially Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Color and Lignin (a major bottleneck in reuse/recycling of treated effluent). The treated water quality achieved is suitable for reuse/recycle in various operations of pulp and paper making which can facilitate reduction in water footprint of pulp and paper mills to a greater extent. The present paper highlights a few such trends or success stories of pulp and paper sector which has helped in significant water conservation.

Heavy metals pollution in aqueous stream is the biggest threat to the environment today. These wastes are released by direct or indirect ways into the aqueous streams through industrial activities. Therefore, removal of heavy metals in an ecofriendly and cost effective manner became an important concern for protecting the environment. After several experiments it has been shown that the conventional methods don’t show much efficiency in the heavy metal removal. Biosorption is a type of adsorption and the most efficient method used for the heavy metal removal by using low cost adsorbents which are cost effective and ecofriendly in nature. This review we have reported the removal or sequestering of heavy metals by biosorption using the low cost adsorbents which include the agricultural wastes or lignocellulosic materials that serve as potential biosorbents and show much more efficiency than conventional methods. Here we highlight the different raw and modified lignocellulosic materials with their adsorption capacity used for the heavy metal removal, effects regarding biosorption, sorption isotherms and kinetics. Chemically modified lignocellulosic materials have higher adsorption capacity than unmodified lignocellulosic materials. We have also explained the desorption of metal and recovery of lignocellulosic materials therefore this method is a renewable process. It is observable from different articles that biosorption from raw and modified lignocellulosic materials are most often studied for the heavy metals removal or sequestering.

Preparation of Iron nanoparticles being the cost-effective method by the process of green synthesis is gaining importance nowadays. Water being a vital source, and in order to attain clean, economical and green method for wastewater treatment, we explore synthesis of nanoparticles using neem extract. These nanoparticles after incorporation into polymeric membrane are further used to treat wastewater using microbial fuel cell and produce electricity. Characterization of the nanoparticles was done using UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which confirm the formation and presence of iron nanoparticles of size ranging 100 nm. Experiments on microbial fuel cell with nanoparticle coated membrane has given maximum voltage when compared to other polymeric membranes and was very effective in removal of contaminants from municipal wastewater and producing electricity as by-product. This purified water is well suited for all household and industrial applications.

The availability of high-quality, low-cost water to meet requirements of the human has become a major issue in the twenty-first century. Supply of fresh water systems throughout the globe are failing to keep up with increasing demand, which has also been made worse by human population growth, global warming, and other factors and decreasing water quality in recent years. No amount of emphasis can be placed on the significance of technological innovation in allowing integrated water resource management. Nanotechnology promises to improve water and waste-water treatment efficiency. Due to its unique features, including as very tiny size, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, the surface’s potential to be modified, good magnetic characteristics, as well as a high level of biocompatibility, the use of iron oxide nanoparticles has gotten a lot of interest. Iron oxide nanoparticles have been propose as nano absorbents and photo catalysts in various environmental cleanup methods for waste-water treatment. This study described the most recent iron oxide nanoparticles uses in waste-water treatment, as well as the gaps that have hampered their large-scale field usage.

In the present study, a novel design of heat sink with quarterly-divided cylindrical pin fin (QCPF) is proposed which is modified by splitting up the conventional cylindrical pin fin (CPF) design into four equal parts, keeping a gap (one-fifth of fin diameter) between the divided fin pieces. The gap helps in better air circulation as well as enhanced convection coefficient. Flow characteristics and heat transfer performance of QCPF heat sink are compared with CPF heat sink (made with the same amount of material required for construction). The comparative study is carried out for both the circular pin fin and the divided circular pin fin designs based on the rate of heat dissipation, overall average fin temperature and fin efficiency under natural convection. The results are analyzed for a range of Rayleigh number $$(2.71 \times 10^4 \le Ra \le 1.35 \times 10^5 )$$ ( 2.71 × 10 4 ≤ R a ≤ 1.35 × 10 5 ) defined in terms of pitch between the fins for different values of temperature difference. Flow analysis reveals enhanced air circulation between the gaps and increased surface area for heat transfer that leads to a significant rise in the rate of heat dissipation up to 1.92 times over CPF. Furthermore, divided surfaces of the QCPF increase the heat transfer surface area and efficiency of fin which lies ~3–6 higher in the case of QCPF than in the conventional CPF arrangement. The results establish the superior performance of QCPF compared to CPF design indicating the beneficial role of air circulation in the gaps created, under natural convection.

Chitosan is biomaterial-derived chitin that is found in abundance in nature. It is one of the main constituents in the shells of crustaceans, insect cuticles, mushrooms, and cell walls of fungi and green algae. The method of synthesis and precursors used to play important role in determining major properties of chitosan like molecular weight, viscosity, and solubility in water. Due to its natural origin, it is having a variety of applications in modern health science, food industry, cosmetics industry, water treatment, etc. In the present work, a review of the derivatives, their properties, and applications of chitosan in several areas like health science, food industry, cosmetics, and water treatment has been carried out. In medical science, it is of particular interest due to its biocompatibility and its possible applications in bone and tissue engineering and dentistry. In the food industry, chitosan can be used as a possible supplement for protein-rich food and also as an alternative for plastic-based packing material. In cosmetics, chitosan-based lotions, creams, and other personal care products are gaining popularity due to their excellent moisture-retaining ability and biocompatibility. In the water treatment industry, chitosan is studied by many research groups as an effective bio-coagulant and bio-flocculent to remove various types of contaminants.

The purchase behavior of green products is largely affected by the intention-action gap and skepticism present among consumers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the various factors that affect the purchase behavior of green products among millennials. The practical benefit of this research is that it will assist in the convergence of green marketing and environmental consumer behavior theories. The theory used in the study is the theory of planned behavior. It helps to understand the specific behaviors of consumers as a possibility of a particular behavioral intention. For this purpose, we identified five constructs, namely, Environmental Concerns and Belief (ECB), Eco-Labelling (EL), Green Packaging and Branding (GPB), Green Product, Premium, and Pricing (GPPP), and Consumers Beliefs Towards the Environment (CBTE). These constructs have helped in identifying and analyzing the various factors that affect the purchase behavior of green products among millennials. We analyzed the purchase behavior of green products using a questionnaire approach. For this descriptive study, there were 251 millennials as our respondents who were chosen using the convenience sampling technique. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire via Google form and was analyzed using regression analysis, correlation. It was found that the key factors of green marketing such as Environmental Concerns and Beliefs (ECB), Green Packaging and Branding (GPB), and Green Product, Premium and Pricing (GPPP) have a positive influence on Consumers Beliefs Towards the Environment (CBTE). It implies that by increasing the spending on green packaging and branding there will be a positive effect on consumers’ environmental beliefs. On the other hand, Eco-Labelling (EL) has a negative influence on Consumers Beliefs Towards the Environment (CBTE) and this is caused by skepticism present among millennials.

Atomistic level understanding of the interactions of thiophene and iso-octane with various organic solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), sulfolane, furfural, diethyleneglycol (DEG), 2-aminoethanol (ETA), tetraethyleneglycol (TEG), dimethylformamide (DMF) and cyrene to find an optimum solvent for selective extraction of thiophene, was presented by using DFT and MD simulations. As per the reactivity descriptors computed from Koopmans’ theorem based on quantum mechanics, for the eight solvents studied, furfural is most reactive followed by cyrene while sulfolane has the least reactivity. Based on the interaction energies (IE) of solute–solvent systems using DFT, cyrene presented strongest interaction with thiophene followed by TEG, furfural and DEG indicating that cyrene can show good thiophene removal capacity. The difference in the IE values of thiophene and isooctance was considered as a measure of possible sulphur selectivity over hydrocarbon. Among the eight solvents considered, furfural, DEG, TEG and cyrene observed to show good desulfurization selectivity. The favourable positions on solvent molecules for potential interactions with thiophene and isooctane were identified using orbitals, electrostatic potential maps, fukui function maps for electrophilic and nucleophilic attack, match well with the trends in IE values and RDFs from MD simulation. The solute–solvent concentration profiles and radial distribution functions computed using MD simulations evidently show that furfural and cyrene show better capacity and selectivity for Thiophene which are in correspondence with DFT results. The detailed analysis using QM and MM methods, concludes that cyrene, furfural and TEG are the optimum organic solvents for thiophene removal from gasoline using extractive desulfurization method (EDS).

Textile industries are one of the most rapidly growing industries. They use synthetic dyes rather than natural dyes for different colouring purposes due to the higher demand rate. Chemical dyes cause severe damage to the environment and aquatic life when they are disposed of in the water bodies. Physical and chemical methods of wastewater treatment produce toxic in the environment and require enormous costs. While biological treatment methods are economical and eco-friendly. For biodegradation of dyes, microbes can be used as free cells or immobilised cells. Immobilisation has certain advantages over free cells, such as producing a higher level of extracellular enzymes and producing a large amount of biomass. Immobilisation of microorganisms also protect the unpleasant external environment of media, and they can be reused in more batch reactions. In this study, Lactobacillus and Aspergillus niger were used as free cells and immobilised cells (immobilised together and separately) due to their ability to decolourise the dyes. For reactive yellow dye the maximum removal efficiency of 100% has been achieved. The results of this study indicates that biobeads of Lactobacillus and Aspergillus niger can be used together for decolourisation process to achieve an effective result without the production of toxicity.

This work investigates the fast pyrolysis of coconut coir by using thermodynamic equilibrium approach using DWSIM software. Peng-Robinson was the chosen thermodynamic model. The real life pyrolizers by virtue are isothermal and function at a steady state. The closest possible reactor setup and environment that can be generated on DWSIM is the RGIBBS reactor since it calculates results based on reduction of overall Gibbs energy. From the simulation process, certain key observations were made in regards with trends of pyrolysis product yields with respect to temperature and pressure. It is observed that at temperatures up to 550 °C the product yields of both Bio-oil and Biogas were increasing, at 550–575 °C maximum yield of bio-oil can be obtained and at temperatures above 575 °C, biogas remains predominant.

The constitution and magnetic effects Y-Type of Hexaferrite have been explored for the manufactured material Ba2Mg2Alx/2Crx/2Fe12−xO22, using FTIR, XRD and VSM. The acquisition of granule size that remains in nano area is well supported from the VSM analysis. Existence of two different noticeable spikes near around 550–600 cm−1 directed toward 500–600 cm−1. FTIR analysis clearly demonstrates the creation of hexaferrite. Further from VSM study, it has been noticed that with rising the number of co-dopants the escalation in retentivity and magnetization for x = 0 along with x = 0.5. From graph it was clearly noticed that zero coercivity reveals the super-paramagnetic nature is present in the material.

Ceramic membranes provide several advantages over polymeric membranes owing to their outstanding chemical, mechanical and thermal stability, fouling resistance, and longer lifetime. However, industrial applications of commercial ceramic membranes are limited owing to economic constraints, including high-priced raw materials and the necessity of elevated sintering temperatures. Therefore, the fabrication of ceramic membranes from inexpensive and locally abundant raw materials has been gaining interest in recent times. Therefore, several research studies were carried out to produce highly porous and stable ceramic membranes by selecting suitable low-cost raw materials with appropriate additives, including pore formers, binders, and plasticizers. In the present chapter, the recent research studies on the fabrication of ceramic membranes from inexpensive raw materials including kaolin, ball clay, bentonite, perlite, fly ash, rice husk ash, natural pozzolan, etc., are discussed elaborately. Furthermore, the applications of low-cost ceramic membranes are also highlighted in this chapter.

Researchers are looking for natural agents to tackle high-prevalence cancer cases, for this Selenium (Se) becoming a promising contender because it inhibits the growth of the tumor. Selenium (Se) is a well-known necessary trace component that has been propagated (spread and promote) by non-metallic. Selenium (Se) as a cancer therapeutic agent a report was documented 100 years ago after that another research claimed that selenium (Se) is a carcinogen and an early study claiming that selenium (Se) played role in the prevention of cancer. As an outcome, this remarkable oxygen family member has a wide range of health impacts, including acting as a cancer preventive agent, also act as a toxin and a carcinogen. Numerous clinical trials showed no important significant benefit of selenium (Se) in tumor suppression, the scientists have found that only a few species of selenium (Se) have significant anticancer activities. By suppressing metastasis organic selenium (Se) compounds aid in the treatment of cancer but in comparison with inorganic compounds, they have several disadvantages. The scientists are working on the challenge to improve the Selenium efficacy with toxicity effect. For this nanotechnology has become a solution. The nanoparticle of selenium (SeNPs) is used against various malignant diseases as curative agents. In this review paper, selenium species categorize into three types (Se nanoparticles, organic and inorganic) and an outline of their function in the curing of cancer. To give reliable information on selenium capabilities in the treatment of tumors so it is necessary to review the state of selenium and selenium compounds.

Due to rapid and uncontrolled development, industrialization and population shift towards cities and discharge of wastes into water bodies the contamination of water takes place. This has led to release of diversity of chemical species like aromatic and inorganic compounds, pigments, colorants and dyes, phenols and catechol etc. compounds into water bodies. The present study incorporates the synthesis of TiO2/BiOI nano-composite, its characterization, and further photo-catalytic application of the nanostructure for amaranth dye removal. Commercial TiO2, P25 Degussa was used and BiOI nanosheets were synthesized in laboratory using the precipitation process. TiO2/BiOI nanostructure was prepared through the calcination method and was further characterized using different analytical techniques. Catalytic activity of the prepared TiO2/BiOI nano-composite was assessed for the degradation of amaranth dye utilizing visible solar light. The influence of various process parameters e.g. catalyst dose, pH, initial dye concentration, contact time and scavengers effect on the degradation efficiency of amaranth dye degradation was examined. Around 91% degradation of amaranth dye was achieved at pH 6, utilizing catalyst dose of 25 mg/L, initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L in 40 min. Scavenger studies showed that h+, e−, and OH− were the most reactive chemical species responsible for the photo-catalytic degradation process.

In this present study, a fixed-mattress column adsorption device was transformed into implemented. The pH Point of Zero Charges (pHPZC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and BET surface area examination had been carried through for adsorbent to demonstrate the techniques of significant reduction of fluoride by absorption. On the whole functioning, the column was assessed at usual space heat, a constant initial concentration, and bed level. The highest breakdown capability of 71.97 mg/kg was transformed into accomplished for DE at particle sizes of 1 mm, 850 µm, 600 µm, and 500 µm respectively. The Bradley equation is used to determine the isothermal information and, a dose that is an adsorbent. The statistical analyses were done Langmuir that is using and equations until isotherm studies had been carried out. To investigate the adsorption process, two simplified kinetic models were used. A series of experiments were conducted using diatomaceous earth in raw form, as received from mines and activated form for the adsorption of fluoride ions present in water. This experiment shows that the diatomaceous earth clay works as a filtration media for the elimination of 20.73% fluoride from water. The fluoride removal potential that is the majority of 71.97 mg/kg was found into DE at particle dimensions of 850 mm. Pre-heated diatomaceous earth clays were highly active to form a complex with fluoride. Adsorption through less heated diatomaceous earth had been less significant. There was a slight change in pH, it would increase by 0.1% in the sample while there was negligible change in TDS of water after adding activated absorbent. This paper depicts the fluoride elimination from treated wastewater and groundwater that can be accomplished with the aid of using diatomaceous earth clay. The absorbance convenience of DE is 20.73% when utilized as being filtration materials. While 71.97%, when activated diatomaceous earth clay, is used as a sorbent.

The tanning industry includes the process of animal skins and hides to make leather. The tannery process generates a lot of wastewater in almost every step, different processes have different wastewater characteristics. Although many health hazards exist at tanneries, such as acute and chronic musculoskeletal injury, falls, and skin wounds from trauma, chemical hazards are of great importance. There are several norms decided by regularity authorities for discharge effluents in streams. Traditional wastewater treatment approaches are already available for treating tannery wastewater. But they are not fully successful for the treatment of tannery wastewater, so advanced and integrated processes are now in trend. This chapter provides an insight into the tannery industry and treatment approaches for the wastewater generated from the tannery industry.

Disposal of wastewater rich in nutrients harms aquatic ecosystems. Strict effluent standards are being implemented to restrict excess nutrient disposal in water bodies and therefore, there is need for developing efficient and effective methods for nutrient removal. Conventional nitrification–denitrification has been used for biological nitrogen removal from wastewaters. Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) is a novel, promising and efficient method for removal of nitrogen from wastewater. It has advantages of lesser operational costs, no chemical demand and lesser sludge handling. In this process, ammonium is oxidized anaerobically to nitrogen gas in presence of nitrite as electron acceptor. Since its discovery, it is being studied extensively. In the present paper, anammox process and factors affecting enrichment of anammox are discussed. A summary of various studies involving enrichment of anammox using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is also presented.

The current review mainly emphasizes about the importance of water, low cost water filtration applications and fabrication technique. Pressure driven ceramic membranes are widely accepted for water purification/filtration applications. These membranes are processed using conventional techniques such as slip casting, dip coating and pressure casting, however they have processing difficulties for complex shapes. As a result, gel casting process has received significant attention in the scientific community for the fabrication of ceramic membrane. Gel casting process has an advantage to fabricate complex shapes, exhibiting homogeneous microstructure and better strength to weight ratio compared to the other conventional processes. Gel casting processing is one of the forming techniques developed to address the constraints of prolonged binder burnout, geometry and range of size and non-uniform density issues associated with traditional complex forms. In lieu of this, the current paper reviews the gel casting processed silica members and their applications for the purification/filtration applications.

Modified Epoxy resin found applicable in various application. Cured epoxy resin material has been prepared by thermal treatment of epoxy resin and the aromatic amine/aromatic hydrazine at high temperature in hot air oven. The characterization was performed on the basis of FTIR and UV analysis. Cured epoxy resin was found high stability towards organic solvents, strong acids (Con. HCl and HNO3), and basic (NaOH) solution. Commercially available curing agent, solvent and simple high temperature epoxy curing is key features of our method. Very Few reports on epoxy curing with hydrazine functional group found in literature. In addition, the curing performed on the glass Petri plate and epoxy resin coating on the glass Petri dish will be observed. Epoxy curing with various solvents at different temperature with aromatic amine/hydrazine studied. Effect of UV–Visible study on curing of epoxy resin studied and compared.

Fossil fuel resources are finite and not environmentally benign. Hence, the development of bio-based energy resources is inevitable. Globally, intense research is being currently pursued on the manufacture of biofuels, bio-electricity and platform chemicals from organic matter. In India, bio-resources are available from the agricultural sector, food processing industries, and process industries. The effective utilization of these resources is essential for sustainable development. The main aspects that need to be focused include the identification of suitable feedstock, production methods, cost reduction, scale-up, and process intensification. This chapter aims to address all these issues.

In the present work, alkaline extraction, acidic precipitation and physical separation was used to extract protein from the defatted cottonseed flour. The process parameters affecting the extraction e.g. pH, extraction time, flour to solvent ratio, temperature and centrifugal speed were optimized. Different suspensions of 1:10, 1:20, 1:30 (w/v) flour to water ratio were prepared during the extraction. Each suspension was subjected to different temperatures i.e. 45 °C, 55 °C and 60 °C for different time intervals i.e. 30, 40, 50 and 60 min. The extraction process was carried out at pH 11 and the iso-electric point of protein isolate was obtained at pH 4.5. The protein isolates were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The protein content in the samples prepared for different flour to water ratios i.e. 1:10, 1:20 and 1:30 (w/v) was found out to be 81.487 ± 0.016, 82.612 ± 0.025, 86.162 ± 0.034 respectively. Maximum yield (86%) of protein was obtained at pH 11, flour to water ratio 1:30 (w/v) at 60 min extraction time, centrifugal speed of 7000 rpm and temperature of 30 °C. The obtained protein isolate was found to be very useful to enhance the protein content for different food/feed applications.

Drinking of fluoride-containing groundwater is reported to cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. However, fluoride is also essential for bone mineral density. The world health organization (WHO) has recommended that 1–1.5 mg F/L is safe for human consumptions. Although several treatment methods have been reported over the years, adsorption is the most widely reported technology till date. However, using powder materials as an adsorbent is often challenging to scale up, regenerate, and reuse. Thus, deter its broader applications. Recently, some of the porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown super adsorption of fluoride in water. However, MOFs are usually unstable in water and at room temperature. Recently, Aluminium fumarate (AlFu) MOF has been found to be effective in fluoride removal from water. In this study, AlFu was synthesized and study its applicability in water treatment. It has been encapsulated in the polymer matrix as porous beads with well-defined channels for water diffusion. The capsules of the AlFu-polymer mix were solidified in a water bath by the phase-inversion process. The material was studied in batch reactors and fixed column bed reactors under optimized conditions for maximum removal. The results show complete removal of fluoride from water within few hours of study. Thus, encapsulation of AlFu shows a way forward to reuse and regenerate the materials.

The present investigation involves non-catalytic and catalytic co-pyrolysis. The mixture of sesame oil cake and jute waste sacks in the ratio 1:1 was examined573K to 1173 K for 1 h. Al2O3 catalyst was verified to achieve the highest level of performance active catalyst amongst all the catalysts. The yield of co-pyro oil (29 wt% → 30.5 wt%) increases with the use of catalyst. The specific surface area of the co-pyro-char increased from 3.435 (non-catalytic) to 5.921 m2 g−1 (catalytic). The pH values of the co-pyro-oil observed that co-pyro-oil is acidic, but the presence of catalyst makes the co-pyro-oil basic may be due to the absorbance of the catalyst in the oil. GC detected the formation of co-pyro-gas. Therefore, it finds its utilization as liquid fuel from syngas. The present investigation proves that this biomass (the mixture of sesame oil cake and jute waste) without and with catalyst can be used for a large scale pyrolyzer for municipal areas of large metropolitan cities. Statement of Novelty The investigation examines non-catalytic and catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic-lignocellulosic biomass feedstock. The feed stocks were mixed in the ratio 1:1 and co-pyrolyzed without and with metal oxide and salt catalyst dependence of copyrolytic temperature from the Indian scenario.

Congo red dye (CRD) is used in several industries and scientific applications. Discharge of CRD in receiving water bodies without complete removal from the effluent has toxic effects on aquatic life. This study reports the preparation of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes containing biosynthesis (extract of Azadirachta indica leaves) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), called a hybrid membrane. Different polysulfone (PSF 3500) membranes were prepared, and its water flux was studied. PSF 18% was selected for preparing the hybrid membranes containing AgNPs: 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 06, and 0.8 w/v. To avoid membrane defects, the PSF-AgNPs membranes were coated with hydrophilic chitosan (CS) (0.25, 0.5, and 1%). The membrane porosity, pore size, water flux, and CRD rejection were studied. The contact angle decreased from 80° to 32° with CS coating. The SEM cross-section image of the membrane indicates an asymmetric membrane structure with porous support over lined by a thin separation layer. The AgNPs were evenly distributed in the support layers providing selective water flow channels. The hydrophilic nature of the CS results in an enhanced water flux and reduced membrane fouling, and complete retention of CRD, compared to the bare membrane. Thus, the hybrid membrane could be used in industries to separate the CRD and reuse the dye for another application.

The present work is focused on the synthesis and characterization of Schiff base ligand along with its metal complex from dialdehyde and primary amine. Repeated melting temperature and spectrum studies such as IR and 1HNMR were used to analyse the synthesised Schiff base and its corresponding metal complex. The photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue (MB) dye was studied in the presence of an oxidising agent such as H2O2, spectrophotometrically by the synthesized Cu(II) metal complex on irradiation of visible light radiation. The degradation of MB dye was studied in terms of regular time interval. The outcomes clearly reveals that the MB dye can be degraded and almost mineralized completely by using the synthesised copper metal complex as a catalyst. The photocatalysis of complex were studied using various parameters including the impact of light irradiation period, concentration of catalyst, substrate concentration (MB dye), amount of H2O2 as oxidising agent, and effect of pH. The percentage degradation of MB was found more than ninety percentages in the visible light irradiation.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a staple food crop and a major agricultural product in the northern part of India. However, the provinces are confronted with issues such as water scarcity, nitrate contamination, and plant disease outbreaks. Potato production has also imposed a significant environmental burden, especially when we consider the usage of resources and the environmental impact of the production of fertilizers, pesticides, and electricity. The cradle to gate approach was used, which included agricultural activities as well as machinery used, time of service, amount of seed potatoes, fertilizers, pesticides, used gasoline, and water. The Sima Pro version 9.0 along with CML 2 baseline 2000 method were used to assess the environmental correlations of all the inputs and outputs included in the LCA research and estimate their possible environmental impact. The results revealed that the fertilization phase had the highest negative impact on the environment. In the present study, some agriculture practice approaches are recommended while potato production includes environmental thresholds using agri-environmental indicator scores and their relationships.

The use of chemical inhibitors is crucial to keep corrosion in check. Various inorganic and organic compounds are used as inhibitors, although their usage is being phased out in favors of newer and less toxic inhibitor types that produce desired results. For this purpose, the drugs are considered an excellent alternative to the toxic inhibitors, as the drug molecules contain heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and they are less hazardous to the environment. Drugs are successfully inhibiting the corrosion of various metals like Steel, Zn, Cu, Al, etc. and generally, their corrosion inhibition efficiency is verified by employing the Weight Loss Technique, Electrochemical Analysis, and surface morphology are investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, etc. In this review article majority of the literature's past studies on the usage of drugs as corrosion inhibitors for different metals are summarized along with the main techniques used for corrosion inhibition study.

The Abohar block of district Fazilka, Punjab is one of the highest fertilizers consuming block. This is the biggest cotton-producing belt in Punjab. The economy of the this area is basically depends up on cultivated crops because about 75% of populationsare maily involve in agricultural activities. The paposedwork is mainly focus on assessing the groundwater quality of the Abohar block. The samples of groundwater from the different stations of different villages were taken for a comprehensive physiochemical analysis. Nine water quality parameters were considered as pH, Bicarbonate, Total hardness, Calcium, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Magnesium, and Fluoride. This work demonstrates the qualityof groundwater with reference to water quality index (WQI).The water quality index were found in the range of 16.26–66.276 during pre-monsoon season. Current studywarrants that the groundwater of the Abohar block required special water treatment facility to make it suitable and safe for consumption and alsoneeds to be protected from dangerous bacteria.

Complete reliance on fossil fuels has to lead to skyrocketing prices with detrimental environmental conditions. This drove the search for an alternative source of energy with low emissions and higher energy. In this regard, biodiesel has gained importance over the last few years as a clean, sustainable, and renewable energy resource. However, for producing biodiesel commercially it is important to recognize technologies that are sustainable, energetically feasible, and technologically viable. In this context, Hydrodynamic cavitation provides ample scope for the synthesis of biodiesel in the simplest, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly with high yield. In, the present work, a detailed analysis of intensified biodiesel production using HC is explained. The present chapter begins with a discussion on the acquisition of feedstock and the role feedstock played in the characterization of biodiesel. Furthermore, it also highlights the reaction mechanism for transesterification reaction employed chiefly for the production of biodiesel. The chapter further delves into biodiesel production using different reactors and their technological advancements. The chapter then proceeds to discuss the state of art HC technology and its use in biodiesel production. The chapter ends with the recent trends and future perspectives of biodiesel production concluding biodiesel prepared by this technology is scalable, energy-efficient, and eco-friendly.

The objective of present study was to assess the performance of electro-Fenton (EF) process for treatment of the simulated sulphidic SCS (sulphide concentration = 10 g/L and pH = 13.7) using iron electrodes. The experimental runs were performed with simulated wastewater at an adjusted pH of ~ 5 with varying H2O2 dosages of 0.31–1.56 M. The current density, electrode spacing and agitation speed were maintained at 1 mA/cm2, 3 cm and 500 rpm, respectively. The treatment process resulted in complete degradation of sulphides, though the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was not fully removed (upto ~91%). It was observed that the addition of super-stoichiometric H2O2 dosage (i.e., 1.56 M) even caused a decrease in the COD removal. Mere adjustment of wastewater pH to 5 resulted in ~ 48% sulphide removal due to H2S stripping which is just almost 50% of the overall sulphide removal during EF process. Hence, EF process can be considered a potential alternative for the removal of sulphides from spent caustic stream.

When the world’s population grows, so does resource scarcity, resource demand, and pollution. Polymers are one of the better sources that can be used in place of chemicals derived from fossils. Polymers derived from biomass have recently piqued the attention of the scientific community due to inherent properties such as biodegradability, low density, low cost, and low abrasiveness, low weight, facile synthesis, resistant to chemicals, radar absorbent, thermally and electrical insulating, easier to clear etc. We will learn about lignin, which is the second most abundant biopolymer in plants, in this article. The literature on lignin hydrogels is growing, particularly in the scientific community. There are many technical papers and public reports available that describe things from an engineering standpoint. The aim of this article is to review the literature on lignin extraction processes, hydrogel production techniques, and lignin-based hydrogel production processes, as well as their applications. In this article, acrylic acid is grafted onto the backbone of lignosulfonate in the presence of MBA as an initiator to form lignosulfonate acrylic acid hydrogel. Lignin PVA hydrogel is made by combining lignin and PVA in the presence of NaOH and the cross-linker ECH in a single pot reaction. Lignin-agarose hydrogels are made from lignin and agarose solutions that have been cross-linked with ECH. Similarly, this article discusses the preparation of lignin-based hydrogels, which are used for dye, Cu (II), Pb (+2), and other ion extraction from waste water, making slow-release fertilisers, biosensors, drug delivery, and agriculture harvesting, among other applications.