Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing Technology

Pagai Island is part of the Mentawai Islands and is located in the collision area of two large plates, namely the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates, causing high tectonic activity. One of the consequences of the movement of these plates is a change in the shape of bathymetry. However, bathymetric changes have not been well-mapped. To map tectonic plate movement-related changes in the sea floor, we use Sentinel-2 satellite images and a remote sensing technique. These changes show where earthquakes might happen. In conclusion, significant bathymetric changes occurred west of Pagai Island. The changes that occurred took the form of increasing depth in the waters.

One of the main parameters determining the activity of processing and utilizing coal minerals is coal quality. This research was conducted to assess the coal’s purity using proximate analysis, sulfur, and calories. Coal sampling was carried out on three different seams at CV. BMK in the seam 1 sample with air-dried basis Total moisture of 22.08%, Ash 62.25%, moisture in 7.48%, Volatile matter of 23.91%, Total sulfur 0.8%, Fixed carbon 6.36%, Calorific value of 2155.77 kCal/kg. In the seam two samples, the results were air-dried based on Total moisture at 14.64%, ash at 6.29%, moisture at 6.48%, Volatile matter at 37.45%, Total sulfur at 0.37%, Fixed carbon at 49.78%, Calorific value 7336 kCal/kg. In the seam 3 sample, the results were air-dried based on Total moisture at 9.71%, ash at 2.84%, moisture at 4.57%, Volatile matter at 41.87%, Total sulfur at 0.32%, Fixed carbon at 50.72%, Calorific value 8207 kCal/kg. It can be concluded that the seam 1 sample is classified as very low-grade coal while the seam 2 and 3 samples are classified as high-grade coal. The investigation shows that the impact of volatile matter and the calorific value of coal decreased with increasing water and ash concentration, showing that the low volatile matter content had a lower calorific value. Meanwhile, the effect of carbon showed that the lower the carbon content of coal, the lower the calorific value of coal.

One of the reasons for the failure to accomplish the production target in granite mining is the presence of several impediments in the loading, hauling, and primary crusher units. Hence, the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) methodology is employed to enhance the efficiency of the crusher feed, while the Multivariate Analysis technique is utilized to determine the optimal duration of losstime. The distribution of work time in the Jaques Primary Crusher unit shows that delay time (64.56%) is a major factor, suggesting ways to reduce delays and optimize production. In contrast, the Nordberg unit had a more balanced distribution, with work time accounting for 31.62%, indicating better operational time management. The mathematical equation models for each crusher unit quantify essential variable relationships. These models, Y = 7912.31 – 98.869X1 – 290.621X2 for Jaques and Y = 7103.562 – 249.633X1 – 299.012X2 for Nordberg, can forecast work time and efficiency factors. The loss time simulation equations for both units (X2 = –0.3399X1 + 6.85 for Jaques and X2 = –0.8349X1 + 10.379 for Nordberg) estimate and minimize delays. Granite mining enterprises can optimize work processes and reduce loss time with these equations, enhancing productivity and profitability.

West Pasaman is one of the regency regions in the province of West Sumatra and is located at the intersection of the Mentawai and Sumatra faults, the tectonic activity that causes earthquakes. According to BMKG, on February 25, 2022, a large earthquake disaster with a magnitude of 6.1 and a depth of 10 km occurred. Earthquakes can cause deformation. However, a deformation map of the West Pasaman Regency has not been mapped. In this study, deformation mapping using the Differential Interference Aperture Radar (DInSAR) method used two Sentinel-1 images acquired in January as the Image of the Master and the Image of a slave in March. The research results show that the deformation values in the West Pasaman Regency range from −0.038 m to + 0.075 m. post-earthquake deformation studies are expected to inform the location of vulnerable areas for mitigation efforts.

Rain detection radar, known as the Spatial Rain Detection System (SANTANU), is developing the ship's X-band radar technology. X-band operates at a frequency of 9.4 GHz. SANTANU has an antenna and pedestal weighing 22 kg, which causes reduced efficiency in use. Therefore, a low-profile and lightweight microstrip antenna was developed for rain radar applications. This research was conducted to determine the characteristics of the microstrip antenna that could meet the criteria for the SANTANU rain radar. This research includes engineering research, which applies science in the form of tool design. The antenna design is a single patch with an H-slot added. The simulated and measured return loss bandwidths are 380 MHz and 320 MHz, respectively. Antenna characteristics applicable to SANTANU rain radar.

This study examines the migration of tropospheric rainfall over Sumatra using Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) dual-frequency precipitation radar observations. The study focuses on the cross-sectional analysis of rainfall migration over Sumatra, considering different altitudes and rain types, such as stratiform and convective. It utilizes GPM dual-frequency radar data and explores the hourly patterns of rainfall migration. The findings reveal distinct migration patterns for stratiform and convective rain, with rainfall moving from coastal areas to offshore and inland regions during the night. The migration patterns are more pronounced at higher altitudes, influenced by diurnal zonal wind patterns in the upper-level troposphere. Convective rain displays higher rainfall intensity due to larger raindrop diameters, and upper-level cloud systems play a significant role in shaping rainfall patterns in the region. Overall, this research enhances our understanding of the complex dynamics of land-sea rainfall migration over Sumatra, with implications for climate modeling, weather forecasting, and resource management.

The diurnal cycle in Java and Bali was examined using the Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) final-run product, specifically the IMERG-F data. The dataset employed here comprises IMERG version 06 data from 2015 to 2020 and surface rainfall data obtained from rain gauge measurements. To understand this diurnal cycle, key precipitation metrics, namely precipitation amount (PA), precipitation frequency (PF), and precipitation intensity (PI), were defined. The spatial distribution of PA closely mirrors the pattern of average annual precipitation, with the highest levels observed in the western region, situated towards the southern part of Java Island, registering at 0.28 mm/h. This level gradually diminishes as one moves eastward from Java Island to Bali Island. Conversely, PF tends to be notably higher (9.6%) in the central areas of Java Island but decreases as one proceeds towards the eastern regions, encompassing Bali. In contrast to PA and PF, the average PI was elevated in the lowland areas of the southern part of Java and decreased with increasing topography. Notably, despite differences in the distribution of PA and PF averages, these disparities do not significantly impact the peak times of PA and PF. The peak periods of PA and PF in mainland areas are predominantly concentrated in the afternoon, specifically from 1500 to 1700 Local Standard Time (LST), consistent with rain gauge (RG) observations. In contrast to the peak times of PA and PF, the peak time of PI is dominant in the afternoon and early evening. This study's findings contribute to understanding the diurnal rainfall patterns in Java and Bali.

Atmospheric aerosol is indispensable in the study of Earth’s radiation budget. One of the indispensable parameters is aerosol optical thickness (AOT). A new monitoring technique to obtain the AOT has been developed by concurrent observation of the sunphotometer and Himawari-8 satellite from surface and space looking, respectively. The method is implemented in Chiba city, southeast of Tokyo metropolitan, the capital city of Japan. The solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere is calculated using the Langley extrapolation method in the AOT calculation utilizing sunphotometer data by linearizing Beer’s Law equation. For most clear sky situations, sunphotometer data is used to retrieve solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere for the calibration’s Langley plot analysis. The ozone gasses (O₃) contribution from the GOME-2 satellite and the carbon dioxide (CO₂) molecule from a nearby station are the correction factors used in determining AOT. On the other hand, the AOT estimation procedure using the Himawari-8 satellite is computed employing apparent reflectance, air mass, and surface reflectance. The apparent reflectance is estimated using imagery data of the Himawari-8 satellite. The air mass is calculated based on the solar zenith angle. The surface reflectance is derived from radiative transferee calculation using 6S (Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum). The essential input parameters of the 6S code are the AOT of the sunphotometer, surface reflectance of Himawari-8, solar zenith angle, and solar azimuth angle. The AOT estimation in this study using both the sunphotometer and Himawari-8 satellite shows a slight deviation value of approximately 10%. The present approach will be generally valuable in estimating the AOT based on ground-based instruments and satellite sensors.

Earthquakes are one of the natural disasters that can cause quite a significant impact on the surrounding environment. This research aims to analyze changes in Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) before, during, and after the earthquake in West Sulawesi in 2021 using Terra/Aqua MODIS satellite image data. Terra/Aqua MODIS satellite image data is processed through the Google Earth Engine (GEE) online software. The results of the analysis show that the area showed low LST values and high vegetation growth rates before the earthquake. When an earthquake occurs, the LST value increases drastically, and the NDVI value decreases significantly. The condition indicates the changes in environmental conditions and damage to vegetation due to earthquake shocks. After the earthquake, the LST value decreased again, and the NDVI value increased, indicating the area’s vegetation recovery.

High-speed communication services, vital for uninterrupted wireless signal transmission, face challenges in tropical climates such as Indonesia due to rain attenuation, especially at higher frequencies. Accurate modeling of rain-induced electromagnetic wave attenuation requires 1-min rainfall data, which is often lacking. Various techniques have been developed to convert longer-interval data into 1-min intervals. This study explores the potential of using Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellites, specifically Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrieval for GPM (IMERG), as a data source for 1-min rainfall in Indonesia. Conducted in Kototabang, West Sumatra, using 1-min observational data from the Optical Rain Gauge (ORG) as reference data between 2002 and 2016, the research evaluates different conversion methods, including the ITU-R 837-7 Annex 1 and 2 models. Overall, these methods prove effective, except for the exponential approach. While most conversion methods perform well for ORG data, IMERG data exhibits variations likely due to inherent accuracy challenges. This research provides insights into addressing the scarcity of 1-min rainfall data in Indonesia and underscores the need for further research and validation to enhance these conversion methods for reliable high-speed communication services in challenging climates.

Long-term wind pattern variations have wide-ranging implications for applications like wind energy, construction planning, climate modeling, and weather forecasting. This study focuses on Kototabang, West Sumatra, Indonesia, examining wind trends in the troposphere and lower stratosphere from 2001 to 2019. Data from the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) and European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-5 reanalysis are compared. The results reveal consistent meridional wind speed increases with altitude. Surprisingly, differences emerge between EAR and ERA-5 datasets, with EAR showing an increase in meridional wind speed, challenging expectations of upper tropospheric equatorial wind speed reductions due to climate change. This study underscores the need for multiple data sources and further research to understand complex equatorial wind dynamics and their impact on local and global climate patterns. The findings offer valuable insights into evolving wind patterns and their connection to climate change, emphasizing the necessity for ongoing investigation.

Cloud Base Height (CBH) is an important parameter that affects global radiation balance, atmospheric circulation, and climate regulation. This study investigates CBH observations at Kototabang, West Sumatra, Indonesia, from 2002 to 2021. The ceilometer at Kototabang is the only instrument for such observations in Indonesia, which fills a critical gap in regional cloud research. There are significant seasonal variations in cloud occurrence, with the dry season showing minimal cloud occurrence and the wet season correlating with the highest cloud occurrence. Single-layer clouds are the most dominant, accounting for about 41% of cloud occurrence, while two-layer and three-layer clouds represent smaller proportions. Seasonal changes in cloud base height were also observed, with more than 50% of clouds having heights below 1000 m, varying with the season. These findings improve our understanding of cloud behavior in a region with limited data.

Direct observation of the shape of the new moon as a sign of the beginning of the Hijri month, which currently uses more telescopes, is called the monitoring method. Observations of the new moon were carried out shortly after sunset, causing new problems in the monitoring process using telescopes due to the evening light. The optimization of the telescope for amplifying the wavelength of light from the new moon also strengthens the wavelength of the evening light. Therefore, this study aims to improve the quality of the new moon image observed with a telescope equipped with a light filter that can distinguish between the new moon’s and the twilight’s lights. The literature review of the experimental light filtered from a tungsten lamp, which is assumed to be close to the wavelength of the evening light, shows that the wavelength value for the red filter shows the highest value compared to orange and green 6.2936 × 10^–7 and 5.0738 × 10^–7 m, respectively. Applying a red-light filter made of plastic coats the clear glass on the front and back. The filter is placed on the objective lens of the SKYWATCHER BK909 NEQ2 telescope. The test results show that the unfiltered observation shows that the new moon tends to be thinner while the red-light filter tends to be thicker. Based on the results of the literature review and experimental tests that have been carried out, it is concluded that the red-light filter can reduce twilight light in observing the new moon on the Hijri calendar.

The western area of Sumatra Island, especially Pagai Island, is an area that is prone to natural disasters. This is because the area is located at the confluence of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. However, information regarding the magnitude and direction of deformation has not yet been mapped. This study aimed to determine the estimated monthly changes in the deformation velocity and direction of deformation on Pagai Island in 2019. In this study, deformation measurements were carried out in the Pagai Island area using Geodetic GPS data from the SuGAr Network (Sumatran GPS Array) and IGS (International GNSS Service), which were processed using GAMIT/GLOBK 10.71 software for data 1 year from DoY (Day of Year) 001–365 by observing 4 SuGAr stations (SMGY, SLBU, BSAT, and PRKB) and 16 IGS stations. The results of this study indicate that the deformation velocity has a small value and is deformed by 24.8 mm at the SMGY station and 10 mm at the SLBU station due to shallow earthquake activity on February 2, 2019, in the Mentawai Islands. From this research, it is hoped that later, it can be information for disaster mitigation in the Pagai Island area.

One of the areas in the Mentawai Islands, especially Siberut Island, is prone to earthquake disasters. This is because Siberut Island is an area that is directly adjacent to the subduction zone. Activity in this subduction zone can cause deformation, resulting in earthquake events. Deformation can be determined using GPS data from the SuGAr (Sumatran GPS Array) network. The data used is SuGAr station observation data within 365 days. Data processing uses auxiliary software, namely GAMIT/GLOBK. The result of data processing is the deformation velocity vector observed every month in 2019. The resulting velocity vectors show each station's direction and speed of deformation in the horizontal and vertical directions. Velocity vectors in the horizontal direction for each station tend to point to the northeast. It is consistent with the direction of subduction, where the Indo-Australian plate moves under the Eurasian plate to the northeast. As for the velocity vector in the vertical direction, some stations experienced uplift, and some stations experienced subsidence. The deformation velocity of each station varies, and the value is relatively small.

Nickel mining activities carried out by PT ANTAM are located on a small island with steep topography, which is the main factor that can increase erosion risk. The erosion transports some eroded road material to the mine opening area and into the mine water drainage channel. The erosion material reduces the capacity of the settling pond, so it must be redesigned. The analysis results show that the existing pool capacity is 3461.32 m³, with a water discharge of 34,6132 m³, and the ideal volume is 15341.57 m³. The redesign has a storage volume of 1,6368.131 m³ so that it can accommodate the incoming rainwater discharge.

Sipora Island, in the Mentawai Islands, is an earthquake-prone area because there is a subduction zone, namely the collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. The continuous impact caused Sipora Island to store a considerable amount of energy that could reach more than 8.9 \(M_{w}\), which may be released at any time. Therefore, monitoring the deformation of Sipora Island in the Mentawai Islands is necessary. Deformation can be monitored using a geodetic Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS makes observations at the SuGAr station on Sipora Island. Observations were made for 365 days, or one year of research, to be precise, in 2019. The observation uses five SuGAr stations and 16 IGS stations spread across the globe as a binder. In 2019, the deformation velocity vector on Sipora Island in the Mentawai Islands pointed northeast, in the same direction as the India-Australia Plate Shift. This shows that there is still a process of energy building up or inter-seismic processes. Meanwhile, vertically, the direction of the deformation shows that Sipora Island is experiencing subsidence.

Blasting is the activity of breaking a material (rock) by using explosives to divide the overburden and dismantle solid rock or valuable material or ore deposits that are compacted from the parent rock into material suitable for working in the following production process. The blasting geometry was applied at PT Nusa Halmahera Minerals (PT. NHM) at heading size 5 × 5, which is 0.96 m burden × 1.10 m spacing, for fragmentation data analysis method using Kuz-ram method and image analysis using split desktop software. The top size fragmentation obtained from image analysis is 37.32 cm, and the average fragmentation of the Kuz-ram method calculation is 60.68 cm. These fragmentation results affect the performance of the feeder mill, which can still accommodate rock fragmentation with a size of 70 cm. However, the company plans to reduce the number of blast holes to reduce drilling work time and blasting costs, with the fragmentation size being below the company standard. Therefore, it is necessary to create a new drilling and blasting geometry. From the theoretical calculations, a recommendation for drilling and blasting geometry is obtained with an average burden value of 0.81 m and a spacing of 1.07 m with a total number of blast holes of 39 holes, which results in a top size fragmentation after image analysis of 43.53 cm and an average size of fragmentation Kuz-ram calculation of 56.45 cm.

KUD Sinamar Sakato is a company in the mining sector with an open-pit mining method. The actual geometry of the slope in the mining area is 25 m with a slope of 75º, and the actual FK value in saturated conditions is 1.038. The test data on the physical and mechanical properties of soil obtained a bulk density value of 14.22 kN/m³, a dry bulk density value of 10.16 kN/m³, a saturated bulk density value of 16.84 kN/m³, cohesion (c) = 49.533 kN/m², and shear strength (ϕ) = 26.944º. This research uses the Bishop Simplified Method in its solution. The solution carried out to solve the slope stability is to make the slope into two slopes with each height of 12.5 m. FK saturated on each slope is 1.717, and FK overall slope saturated is obtained by 1.301. So, it can be concluded that the bishop method can be declared safe after the redesign.

The selection of primary data sources for crucial mapping activities is based on the accuracy and precision of geospatial data, particularly those derived from remote sensing. High-resolution satellite imagery products need to be orthorectified as part of the geometric correction process to be suitable for producing large-scale base maps such as 1:5,000 scale maps used for spatial planning, boundary delineation, and detailed spatial planning. This technique mitigates the geometric distortions caused by satellite positioning hundreds of kilometers above the Earth's surface and other physical and technical challenges. This research aims to compare and determine the highest accuracy values for two GCP measurement methods, Radio RTK and RTK-NTRIP, in the orthorectification process of WorldView-2 and GeoEye-1 satellite imagery owned by Digital Globe of the United States. This type of imagery is prevalent in regions like Sumatra, where large-scale topographic maps are not readily available. The research process starts with the collection of raw WorldView-2 and GeoEye-1 imagery data and the National DEM covering the area of Padang City, followed by field measurements using Geodetic GPS with both offered methods to obtain coordinate values for both GCP and Independent Check Points (ICP). The comparison results should be analyzed according to the Head of Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) Regulation No. 6 of 2018 to classify the horizontal accuracy values using Toutin's 90% CE90 method. These two methods are expected to determine the differences in horizontal accuracy margin values, which can be recommended for orthorectification processes according to BIG standards.

Payakumbuh City has a strategic position because it is the gateway to the eastern region of West Sumatra. Being a center for education and trade services makes it grow rapidly and influences land prices in urban areas. Monitoring land prices is important to make it easier for interested parties to make sustainable, safe, and comfortable investments in cities. Remote sensing technology can easily, quickly, and accurately help monitor land prices in several locations. This research aims to identify factors that influence high land prices in Payakumbuh City and analyze the spatial distribution of land price estimates in Payakumbuh City. Weighting and overlay techniques on the Pleiades Image are used in the analysis so that the objectives are achieved. The research results show that high land price parameters in Payakumbuh City are triggered by the type of land use, positive land accessibility, and proximity to public facilities. There are four classes of land prices in Payakumbuh City, which are distributed spatially according to the influence of each analytical measuring parameter.

The mining system used is open pit mining with open pit mining methods. During mining operations, it is necessary to map the progress of the mine to determine the volume of the progress of the mine itself. The tool used for measurement is a total station. From the measurement results, it was obtained that the overburden volume value that had been uncovered based on survey data in January 2023 was 74,9544.40 BCM, exceeding the January target of 654,412.2 BCM, while the overburden volume value uncovered in February 2023 based on survey data was 64,3437.10 BCM, which is less than the target value of 75,4844.91 BCM. The difference in the excess overburden value that has been uncovered between the survey data and the target in January is 9,5132.2 BCM, with a percentage decrease of 14.53% exceeding the target, while in February 2023, there is a shortage of 11,1407.81 BCM with a percentage decrease of 14.75%.

Talago Gunung Village has a tropical climate and flat, hilly, and wavy surface relief. The natural landscape in this area has the potential for high-ground movement, which can cause landslides. This is caused by a combination of natural factors, both geological and non-geological. Based on Sawahlunto City information records, Talago Gunung Village is one area that is vulnerable to landslides. As a result, there are fatalities and material losses for residents living in Talago Gunung Village. This research aims to map areas that are prone to ground movement in the research area. The theory used in the 2004 Puslittanak estimation model. Based on the 2004 Puslittanak estimation model, the Talago Gunung Village area predominantly has a landslide threat level with high vulnerability in the northern area and very high vulnerability in the southern area. The parameters used in this model are soil type, rock type, land slope, geological formation, land use, and rainfall. The results of the sieve analysis test found that the grain size at the research location was gravel to sand. The method used in this research is the Geographical Information System method. The research results show that the Talago Gunung Village area has the potential for vulnerability to land movements from low to high levels.

The Sikalang Village area has a topography that varies between flat, undulating, and hilly, with a sea level height between 550 and 1100 m. With this very varied height, it has steep slopes and potential for landslides. Also, coal mining activities around the village make the land unstable. This research aims to map areas prone to land movement in Sikalang village. The method used in this research is mixed-methods research, combining two approaches: qualitative and quantitative. In processing research data, the parameters used in this model are soil type, rock type, land slope, geological formation, land use, and rainfall. All these parameters are weighted using a map overlay using the geographic information system application. In the mapping process, each parameter has a classification score multiplied by the weight of each parameter. Based on the data processing results, the soil movement susceptibility results in Sikalang Village fall into the medium category, while for the results of soil sieve analysis, the soil grain size falls into the coarse sand to fine sand category.

Padang City is located on the west coast of Sumatra Island, facing a subduction zone. This subduction zone is an active area where the Indo-Australian Plate has infiltrated the Eurasian Plate, resulting in the city of Padang being earthquake-prone. Besides being able to knock down buildings, earthquakes can also cause liquefaction. One of the factors causing liquefaction is the high water index in the area. In this study, monitoring the potential liquefaction in the Padang City area was carried out based on the level of the water index. This type of research is applied research. We carried out NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) extraction using Landsat images with NIR and SWIR bands to monitor the water index. This study aims to monitor Padang's potential liquefaction area using Landsat images before and after the 2009 earthquake and 2020 conditions. The results of this study are a water index map in percentage form for Padang. The conducted research revealed that 11 subdistricts in Padang had a water index ranging from 0 to 100%. Bungus Teluk Kabung Subdistrict has the highest water index, while Padang Timur has the lowest. Water index monitoring can be used as a reference for urban development.

The Underground Gold Mine Kencana, operated by PT Nusa Halmahera Minerals (NHM), utilizes the cut and fill mining method. The mining cycle carried out in the Kencana underground mine is completed within 1 × 24 h for headings with a type-3 RMR (fair). PT NHM employs the double blasting method to expedite the mining cycle from 1 × 24 to 1 × 12 h. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of the double blasting method in terms of cut advance and activity duration. The standard activity duration time for the 1 × 12 h mining cycle is formulated using the PERT method based on 91 historical mining data points. The PERT method can formulate activity durations by considering uncertainties in activity duration using a three-time estimation method. The evaluation results state that the cut advance achieved using the double blasting method is higher by up to 5% compared to the conventional method, enabling this method to enhance cut advance by 110% longer than the conventional method when performed twice within 24 h. The activity duration formulated using the PERT method yields 9.38 h, with a completion probability before the task deadline of 93%. The utilization of activity time consists of 55.3% active time, 23% idle time, and 22% buffer time. The obtained values are superior when compared to the time utilization of the conventional method.

Soil moisture is an essential factor in determining the dryness level of an area. Generally, soil moisture is carried out manually, which takes a long time and is expensive. However, we extracted soil moisture values using SAR satellite data in this research. SAR satellite data has the advantage that it can be used during the day and night and in various weather conditions. This research extracted soil moisture values with ALOS PALSAR data and SNAP processing. Based on this research, most of Padang has high soil moisture levels. On a map of 11 sub-districts, 4 are high-humidity sub-districts, and 7 are sub-districts with moderate soil moisture levels, for sub-districts with high humidity levels, namely Kuranji District, Nanggalo District, North Padang District, and East Padang District.