Advances in Materials Engineering

This paper's goal is to investigate the behavior of different natural fiber in order to replace glass fiber. The experimental test is done with a universal testing device and the Charpy test to determine the different fibers’ strengths and stresses. The various test results proved that sisal fiber provides better results than banyan and century fiber. It reveals that the natural fiber strength is 60% lower than glass fiber. The present study is to identify the suitable material used for the replacement of glass fiber. The sisal fiber can be used for interior components of aviation applications in place of glass fiber wherever less strength is required.

The demand for AZ61 Magnesium alloy in lightweight structural applications is driven by its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and enhanced stiffness. In this study, AZ61 Mg alloy was produced through the stir casting technique. Three variations of the alloy were analyzed: as-cast, solutionized at 420 °C, and subsequently aged at 200 °C. The wear behavior of these variations was assessed using a Pin-on-disk tribometer, focusing on changes in tribological parameters such as load and sliding velocity while maintaining a constant sliding distance of 1000 m, with wear rates measured in mm3/min. The experimental investigation employed the Taguchi Approach to analyze wear behavior. Wear rates were compared across the AZ61 as-cast, T4-treated, and aged samples. Results indicated that wear rates increased with higher loads and sliding velocities. Microstructural examination via optical microscopy revealed significant findings: the solution heat-treated sample showed dissolution of the β phase, correlating with increased wear rates, while aging resulted in the diffusion of intermetallic phases, thereby enhancing wear resistance in the T6-treated sample.

Composite materials blend diverse materials to create a new one with unique properties. These materials are divided into two types: synthetic and natural. Synthetic composites, like glass fiber, are strong and durable but environmentally unfriendly due to their non-degradable nature and the high energy required for production. Conversely, natural composites are made from renewable plant fibers and are environmentally friendly, offering advantages such as degradability and lower production energy. The shift toward natural composites is driven by the global push for sustainability and reduced environmental impact. This study examines Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) and banana fiber as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fibers. It explores their historical background, extraction methods, and applications, highlighting their environmental benefits, including sustainability and degradability. PALF is noted for its excellent mechanical strength and cost-effectiveness, making it ideal for the textile and paper industries, among others. Banana fibers, known for their flexibility and strength, are versatile in textile production, craftwork, and composite reinforcement. This research underlines the growing interest in these fibers for their eco-friendly properties, contributing to the development of sustainable materials science. It addresses the challenges in enhancing these composites’ performance and suggests future research directions. Adopting natural fiber composites is a significant step toward sustainable material engineering, emphasizing the need to move from synthetic to natural materials in various sectors.

Fiber Metal Laminate (FML) is a lightweight material that combines the advantages of fiber-reinforced composites and metal laminates with good mechanical properties. It is extensively utilized in the transportation and aerospace sectors, especially as a structural component in the skins, wings, and tails of aircraft. However, under challenging service conditions, the interfacial properties and structure between the layers are crucial to load performance and, as such, require industrial applicability research. In FMLs, interlaminar failure drastically decreased mechanical properties, even to the point of catastrophic consequences for safety and the economy. People are put in danger when vital structural parts of airplanes and other manned vehicles fail or are destroyed. Therefore, it is essential to describe the interlaminar failure behavior of FMLs and provide preventative measures for these flaws. For the metal layers and fiber to form a strong bond, the surface treatment of the metal sheets is crucial. This review paper explores the various studies conducted by numerous groups that systematically discuss the effect of surface treatment on interlaminar behavior and other mechanical behavior. Readers can obtain research progress on the surface treatment method, and failure behavior of FMLs through this review article more efficiently.

Sustaining relation between Spintronics and Quantum Computing and a new generation of 5G and 6G devices is a measure challenge in front of researchers and scientist. Half metal ferromagnetic nanoparticles play a very energetic role in the development of nanoscale-devices and spintronics devices. In this work, we synthesized successfully Fe3O4 and Ca0.8Fe2.2O4 nanoparticles via sol–gel auto-combustion method for the study of specific morphological and magnetic properties for the application of spintronics devices. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) image shows the crystalline nature of given samples. Electron Diffraction X-ray (EDX) confirms the presence of Fe, Ca, and O atoms in the prepared sample. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) confirms the presence of metal bond M–O in a given sample. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) measures the magnetic field at room temperature which confirms the existence of a superparamagnetic behavior of Fe3O4 and Ca0.8Fe2.2O4 nanoparticles which plays an essential role in nanoscale devices such as spin-MRAM, DRAM, spin valve, spin filter, MTJ, and bio-sensing devices applications.

This article delves into the acoustic properties of Wood-filled PLA composite, specifically filament made using an extrusion process and specimen prepared with 3D printing techniques. To assess the sound absorption capabilities of this novel material, the study utilized the impedance tube method. The results of the tests indicated that the newly developed material exhibited subpar sound absorption characteristics at low and high frequency range when compared with medium frequency range. This deficiency can be attributed to the material's dense and closely packed structure. It is worth highlighting that the infill percentage and surface roughness emerged as the primary determinant influencing the acoustic properties.

Over the past decade, significant advancements and growth have been observed within the scientific field across various domains of Nano research. Zirconia NPs garnered significant interest across various disciplines owing to their diverse array of uses. Zirconia (ZrO2) is a ceramic compound composed of the transition metal zirconium. Due to their effective curative biomedical domains, zirconium nanoparticles are used in tissue engineering, antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant medication. Zirconium oxide is a metal oxide that exhibits the characteristics of economic feasibility, nonhazardous properties, and sustainability, hence providing a wide range of prospective uses. The ZrO2 nanocomposite demonstrates a notable capacity for biosensing, particularly in the detection of glucose and other living entities, displaying a high level of sensitivity. This review article encompasses an examination of the biological applications of nanoparticles based on zirconia.

In this present work, experimental analysis has been carried out in tribological tests of phosphorus bronze with or without lubricating conditions. The industrial lubrication market is seeing a surge in the usage of vegetable oil-based lubricants and bio-lubricants due to its high tribological performance, minimum environmental effect, sustainability, renewability, and biodegradability. A Pin-on-disc tribometer has been used to process the entire experiment and using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), to determine the surface texture of the material used during this experiment. It has been performed in both dry and lubricating conditions by varying the applied load from 20 to 40 N and rotating the disc speed varying between 50 to 90 rpm. Also, the track diameter varied from 50 to 80 mm. In the dry sliding condition, the coefficient of friction increased with increasing applied load and sliding speed. A low coefficient of friction is observed at the 20 N load and 50 rpm sliding speed. In the lubricating condition, the minimum coefficient of friction is found in the ethanol lubricating condition in all cases. In the mustard oil lubricating state, the wear rate is reduced to above 50% as compared to dry-sliding wear. In ethanol as a lubricant, the wear rate is reduced by 92% and 35% as compared to dry-sliding and mustard oil lubricants respectively. Finally from the SEM images related to the wear mechanism, a combination of adhesive, abrasive, and fatigue wear is visible in both dry-sliding and lubricating conditions.

MATLAB is a powerful tool for scientific computing, offering seamless integration of computation, representation, and computer programming within an intuitive surrounding. Using well-known mathematical symbols and expressions, users can effectively express and solve complex problems, including calculating phase diagrams. The present work introduces a MATLAB-based approach for constructing collective a tangent between Intersection curves, specifically applied to the Ni–Cu, Ni–Ag, and Cu–Ag phase diagrams. This paper describes the underlying principles and presents a detailed flowchart for implementation, offering a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in materials science and related fields. The computed melting temperatures for Ni, Cu, and Ag are 1728 K, 1356 K, and 1235 K, respectively, which align well with existing data. Notably, the model identifies the maximum solubility of copper in silver as 14.07%. These results highlight the model's efficacy for predicting phase diagrams in more complex systems, offering valuable materials science and engineering insights.

In the realm of Industry 4.0, additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are poised to revolutionize conventional manufacturing processes. Unlike traditional methods where component complexity often escalates costs, AM offers a unique advantage by not adding extra expenses with increasing intricacy. Employing powder or wire feedstock, AM fabricates metal components, with wire-based AM demonstrating a higher deposition rate and reduced fabrication time compared to powder-based methods. This makes Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) particularly suitable for large-scale production. Nickel-based superalloys stand out for their exceptional tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and fatigue endurance at elevated temperatures, rendering them ideal for demanding applications such as aircraft, nuclear, oil and gas, turbocharger rotors, gas turbines, and the chemical industry. This article delineates various AM methodologies employed for fabricating Ni-based alloys, encompassing diverse WAAM approaches utilizing Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Plasma Arc Welding (PAW), and other wire-based AM techniques such as Electron Beam Wire feed AM and Laser Wire feed AM. It delves into the microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties, and the challenges inherent in fabrication and post-processing, crucial for achieving the desired component attributes.

Additive manufacturing has emerged as a promising method for creating intricate structures using a variety of materials, including metals, polymers, and ceramics. Direct Ink Writing (DIW) has proven to be particularly valuable for efficiently and affordably producing ceramic components with complex geometries. This study investigates how printing parameters impact the effectiveness of Al2O3 refractory product fabrication via DIW. Specifically, a 95% alumina (Al2O3) mixture with low viscosity and high solid loading is employed for DIW 3D printing, utilizing 4% polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and 1% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) water-based solutions as binders. The resulting components are sintered in a furnace based on thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) findings. Rheological analysis confirms the printability of the prepared slurry. X-ray diffraction (XRD) identifies the presence of Al2O3, PVA, and HPMC elements, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images illustrate the bonding between PVA, HPMC, and Al2O3.

Metallic foams are advanced lightweight materials with numerous applications in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and construction. Melt processing is a widely employed technique for the production of metallic foams, wherein foaming agents play a crucial role in controlling the foam formation process. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of foaming agents used in melt processing for lightweight metallic foam production. Various types of foaming agents, including blowing agents, and foam stabilizers are discussed, along with their mechanisms of action and effects on foam microstructure and pore size. The review covers a range of metallic foam systems, with a focus on aluminium and magnesium foams. Furthermore, optimization strategies for foaming agent selection, concentration, and processing parameters are explored, along with recent advances and future research directions in the field. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners interested in the development and application of lightweight metallic foams produced via melt processing techniques.

Additive manufacturing presents a promising avenue for the fabrication of intricate structures comprising metals, polymers, ceramics, and various other materials. Inconel and Ti-based alloys are renowned for their resilience in extreme environmental conditions. Bimetallic structures, representing a subset of multi-material constructions, offer tailored solutions to diverse engineering challenges. This study concentrates on leveraging Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technology to produce bimetallic structures using Inconel 82 and Ti6Al4V (Ti64) alloys. Challenges such as delamination and other complications stem from the disparate thermal characteristics between Inconel 82 and Ti64 alloys, exacerbated by the formation of brittle intermetallic phases at the interface. The following phase identified: α-Ti and β-Ti transitioning to α-Ti, β-Ti, and Ti2Ni, further progressing to β-Ti, Ti2Ni, TiNi, and γ-Ni. The bimetallic structures underwent comprehensive characterization employing Vickers hardness tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and scratch testing. The microhardness varies from 319 to 562 HV, during the scratch test 10.11 and 9.854 coefficient of friction fond at 30 N and 40 N load respectively. Evaluation of the interface between the two materials revealed the presence of delamination due to intermetallic compound formed between both metals.

In the state of art, transportation is one of the most important aspects of our day-to-day life. To maintain this continuous flow of transportation, the better quality of road network is very important for which Bituminous Road, consisting of Aggregate and Binder, is used. The major issues faced by Bituminous Road are the absorption of water and heavy loads which results in the formation of cracks and potholes. Various research such as the addition of Polymers as additives and the replacement of aggregate with better alternatives is carried out to modify the properties of Aggregate and Binders. In this research, various types of polymers and waste materials are used in different proportions with a conventional mix of Bituminous Road to improve the quality. This paper concluded that conventional Bituminous Road by modifying it with Rubber, LDPE, Coconut Shell, Scrapped Bitumen Road, etc. exhibits better bearing capacity. To overcome the unsustainability and danger of Polymer and Waste products are being utilised in this research work.

Cube satellites are miniature satellites used for research purposes that have a wide range of applications; technology demonstration, science, educational tools or commercial industry. The cube satellite form factor ranges from one unit ‘1U’ to six units ‘6U’. A 1U CubeSat typically weighs around 1 kg, the structure is conventionally built using aluminium material. The study presents an alternative material for the cube satellite structure from the conception of the idea to analysis, fabrication and testing of the prototype. The study analyses the viability of composite structures for cube satellites and introduces the potential of High Tg, Prepreg Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) as it can drastically reduce the weight of the structure. Before fabrication, analyses were conducted for primary testing, which included structural analyses such as modal tests, static tests, random vibration analyses and impact tests. The fabrication method incorporates modern manufacturing techniques like 3D printing, laser cutting, numerically controlled oscillating knife cutting and other composite fabrication methods as well as other techniques like water-jet cutting, pattern and mould making and vertical machining centre implemented. The designed prototypes are validated by a set of tests as per standardised methods.

The current study investigates the physics governing the improvement in joint strength in solution-treated (ST) Hastelloy X (HX) weld specimens fabricated using the resistance spot welding (RSW) process. Due to its unique composition, HX, prominent for its high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance, poses challenges in achieving robust weld joints. This study investigates the influence of solution treatment on the joint properties of these weldments through a comprehensive analysis of the underlying physical mechanisms. The HX weldments are solution-treated at 1177 °C and soaked for 2 h as post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). The outcome of PWHT has led to enhancement in the tensile properties of the joints, including load-bearing capacity (LBC) and tensile-shear strength, by 43.48 and 45.91%, respectively. This improvement is associated with the elimination of the σ phase and dissolution of M6C carbides. Further, the growth of Cr-rich precipitates at the grain boundary resists dislocation motion and strengthens the material.

Dissimilar welding is always a tedious task to achieve due to the variation in thermophysical properties of different parent materials. The fusion welding of Inconel 625 superalloy with AISI 316L is a very challenging task due to the formation of different intermetallic phases during solidification. The current work attempts to understand the impact of welding time during resistance spot welding (RSW) of Inconel 625 (IN625) with AISI 316L stainless steel (SS316L). The welding time is varied between 40–80 s with an interval of 20 s each to obtain sound weld nuggets by keeping another parameter constant. It is observed that with an increase in welding time, the tensile-shear load-bearing capacity (LBC) of the weld nugget is showing a significant improvement along with three-point bending strength. The fracture surface analysis reveals that the specimen with the highest welding time failed in tearing fracture mode, and the other two failed in a partial interfacial mode of failure. The three-point bending test reveals that the energy absorption and maximum flexural stress are higher when the welding time is maximum.

This study investigates the joining of SS316L and Incoloy 800 (Alloy 800) using filler (Inconel 82) metal, focusing on the joint characterization of the welded joints. The research aims to elucidate the impact of parameters on joint strength, failure behavior, and microstructural evolution. Plates of Alloy 800 and SS316L with thicknesses of 6 mm are selected for dissimilar specimens, welded in butt configuration using the GTAW process. The experimental procedure includes detailed material preparation, welding process setup, and characterization techniques such as microstructural analysis, hardness testing, and hot impact tests. Results reveal distinct microstructural differences between the base metals and welded joints, with the weld zone exhibiting finer grain size and higher hardness. Charpy impact tests were conducted at room temperature and 700 ℃ demonstrate a decrease in impact energy at elevated temperatures due to oxide inclusions.

This study investigates the microstructural and mechanical improvement in a TLP-bonded specimen with the application of PBHT. The microstructure analysis of the TLP-bonded shows an athermal solidified zone at the centre due to inadequate solidification time, while the DAZ contained blocky and needle-shaped Nb-Mo-Cr borides. PBHT results in a more uniform microstructure enhances the amount of γ′ and γ″ precipitates and reduces the boride fraction in the DAZ and second-phase precipitates ISZ. DAZ exhibited the highest hardness due to boride precipitates, while ISZ displayed lower hardness from insufficient alloying elements. PBHT improved hardness across zones by promoting γ′ and γ″ precipitates. Notably, tensile strength in the TLP-bonded specimen significantly improved by 80% with PBHT. These findings underscore the potential for optimizing TLP-bonding processes to enhance mechanical properties.

Today’s demand for lightweight as well as unitized structures focuses attention on various superplastic metals. Superplasticity is a remarkable material property that enables materials like some metals to exhibit exceptional elongation and deformation without fracturing. This unique characteristic is vital for numerous industries such as automotive, aerospace, biomedical, and manufacturing as it allows for intricate shaping of components and structures, reducing the need for complex assembly processes. Though a large variety of materials are used in the manufacturing industry, some of the metals like Aluminium, Magnesium, Titanium, Steel are widely being used due to their desirable properties. Their properties can be modified by using different superplastic deformation methods including modern techniques. Unique design features can be offered by Superplastic Forming and hence it supports creativity in new design and manufacturing methods. This paper summarizes various techniques for achieving superplastic conditions in the metals and using these techniques various applications are also summarized in this paper.

Concrete, a ubiquitous construction material globally, relies on natural resources such as lime, aggregates, and water. The surge in cement production has led to a significant rise in CO2 emissions, contributing to environmental pollution. In underdeveloped countries like India, enormous amounts of dolomite waste are generated annually. Owing to the large amount of area needed for disposal and the low amount of waste that is recovered or reused, dolomite waste disposal is a very serious issue. To mitigate these effects, researchers have explored alternative materials like Dolomite Powder to replace or supplement cement. This study delves into the potential of Dolomite Powder as a substitute for cement in concrete, presenting a cost-effective and strength-enhancing solution. Various replacement percentages (0, 5, 10, and 15% by weight of cement) were examined. The research evaluated compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and workability revealing that incorporating dolomite powder improves these mechanical properties in concrete, suggesting a promising avenue for further exploration and application in the construction industry.

Magnesium is the most attractive biomaterial due to its unique bioresorbable nature with good mechanical properties and low density. Recently developed advance manufacturing techniques used to fabricate biodegradable porous Mg bone implant materials, its mechanical and biological performance have been reviewed. Advantages as well as limitations related to mechanical properties, in-vivo performance, corrosion, and tribological requirements are discussed. Future perspectives of closed-cell Mg-based biomedical implants, their benefits, and challenges are highlighted.

This study shows the free vibration response of functionally graded metal-ceramic sandwich plates for the validation of the frequency parameter according to classical plate theory (CPT) using ANSYS software by considering the finite element solution approach. The faces of the functionally graded sandwich plate have layers, which are considered to be isotropic. Volume fraction, modulus of elasticity, density, and Poisson’s ratio of the different faces of the functionally graded material (FGM) plate are presumed to differ with power law distribution. For this study, the Functionally graded plate is symmetric from the middle plane. The core layer or the middle layer is ceramic and has an isotropic and homogenous nature. The model chosen for the analysis is 1:1:1 having same thickness ratio for top, core, and bottom, and frequency variation with different volume index is obtained for the clamped boundary condition considering classical plate theory. Impacts of change in aspect ratio, volume fraction index over frequency have been studied. Variation of frequency for different mode shapes is studied. Also, the impact of nodes and elements on frequency is investigated.

This article overviews the most current composite materials for designing and producing wind turbine rotor blades. The design of the blade, which displays the cross-section area of the blade and its design requirements, is discussed. The material selection criteria are also essential to consider when selecting a material. The mechanical properties that are important while choosing an appropriate material are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of plastic and natural fibers demonstrate the material used under circumvent conditions. A brief idea of the technologies and methods used to manufacture the blades using composite material is also provided. The effectiveness of the blades is the only factor influencing the wind turbine’s capture efficiency. Therefore, using the best design and durable materials is essential when making wind turbine blades.

There has been an upsurge in applications of dental implant over last few decades and FEM has played an essential role in rapid development of dental implant. In spite of that, dentists are still doubtful regarding the use of splinted or non-splinted dental implants. Few studies state that splinted implants are better than non-splinted dental implants from a biomechanical viewpoint while few studies state that non-splinted dental implants are better for oral hygiene and retreatment point of view. This study presents a biomechanical aspect by analyzing distribution of stress in splinted as well as non-splinted dental implant based on occlusal loadings. The results state that splinted dental implants cause uniform stress distribution in the mandibular region and thus are favorable from biomechanical standpoint.

Dry powdered particles have been proposed as suitable lubricant alternatives in hydrodynamic bearings that operate in extreme environments where normal lubricants fail, such as at high temperatures and under extreme working conditions. As oil lubricant was prone to thermal degradation at high temperatures, powder lubricants will not undergo degradation. In the present work, a suitable model has been proposed for predicting the behavior of a powder-lubricated circular journal bearing by using the CFD technique and the results have been validated with the numerical solution of the equations solved using FDM technique. Static and dynamic characteristics have been predicted for powdered particles with a size of 1 and 2 µm and for bearings with L/D ratios of 1 and 0.58. Using both these techniques the load carrying capacity is found to be increasing with an increase in L/D ratio, particle diameter, and eccentricity ratio.

In the field of modern dentistry, dental implants have emerged as transformative solutions for tooth loss, effectively restoring oral health and aesthetics. This comprehensive review delves into the multidisciplinary realm of dental implant mechanical engineering, geometric modeling, and finite element analysis (FEA). The review underscores the importance of dental implants in contemporary dentistry, shedding light on their diverse advantages and profound influence on patients’ lives. The major findings from FEA analyses of dental implants are presented, emphasizing the ability of FEA to enable intricate examinations of stress and strain distribution, evaluate the osseointegration process, and optimize implant designs for varying loading conditions. The review further explores the burgeoning trend of patient-specific FEA models, the role of FEA in advancing material science, and the potential integration of machine learning algorithms within this domain. In addition, it delves into the mechanical properties and suitability of materials commonly used in dental implant construction, such as titanium and zirconia. Manufacturing techniques, including machining and additive manufacturing, are discussed for their substantial impact on implant performance. The review illustrates real-world examples of how dental implant mechanical engineering, geometric modeling, and FEA have contributed to enhanced dental implant treatments. Moreover, it addresses the existing challenges and limitations in dental implant mechanical engineering, while also discussing potential future directions and innovations, including advanced materials, 3D printing, and virtual surgery planning. This comprehensive review offers a holistic perspective on the multifaceted aspects of dental implant mechanical engineering, highlighting the evolving landscape of dental implantology and the potential for improved patient outcomes, longevity, and overall satisfaction.

In the present scenario, the extensively consumed construction material is concrete. This man-made material has undergone various stages of development and research. The aggregates used in concrete play a critical role in the determination of concrete properties as approximately 60–75% of its total volume is captured by aggregates. These aggregates pose a significant impact on the environment because the extraction of these materials from natural resources occurs on a huge scale, leading to depletion of natural resources and increased environmental impact. Moreover, the construction industry and steel industry generate a valuable amount of waste, including C&D waste and byproduct waste like foundry sand. This waste material occupies worthy landfill space and can release hazardous impurities into the atmosphere. To get rid of this situation, we have used these waste materials in this research. This study focuses on assessing the mechanical characteristics of concrete prepared with different proportions of foundry sand and C&D waste with the aim of developing a sustainable and environment-friendly concrete mix utilizing these waste products as aggregates. In addition to recycled aggregates, banana fiber is also utilized in the concrete mix to upgrade its mechanical properties. This research study aims to develop a sustainable concrete mix that maintains desirable mechanical properties while being environmentally friendly.

The phase of the design and development process that involves the selection of materials is one of the most challenging phases for any structural component. For the goal of selecting materials that exhibit extraordinary resistance to wear and are suitable for structural applications, the current inquiry makes use of a hybrid MCDM technique that is based on Fuzz-AHP and TOPSIS. As part of the selection process, the physical, mechanical, and wear qualities of composite materials are assessed. These parameters include density, hardness, tensile strength, and other similar characteristics. During the preliminary phase, the Fuzzy-AHP approach is used in order to determine the weights that are allocated to the various qualities. Following this, the TOPSIS technique is applied in order to identify the ranking of materials by making use of the ratio system, the multiplication approach, and the point of reference approach each in their own distinctive way. The comparison is drawn between the categories that were created by the approaches, and it is seen that these methods demonstrate an outstanding level of simplicity and lucidity in their method for assigning scores to the material alternatives. In conclusion, this comparison is made.

Industrial robots are essential in modern manufacturing technologies as they enable industrial firms to produce high-quality products at a reduced cost. Industrial robots are purpose-built for a diverse array of jobs, such as welding, painting, assembly, disassembly, and pick and place operations for printed circuit boards. The duties encompassed in this process include assembling boards, packaging and labeling products, palletizing them, doing product inspections, and performing tests. Exceptional durability, velocity, and precision are all obtained via the qualities. The efficacy of industrial robots is determined by multiple and conflicting elements that must be simultaneously taken into account in a comprehensive selection procedure. This paper presents an AHP and M-TOPSIS-based approach for the selection of robots. The objective of this technique is to choose an industrial robot that is specifically suited for the task of arc welding. The weights of significance are calculated by the use of objective preferences employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. The AHP M-TOPSIS technique has yielded the ranking order. The results clearly showed the considerable usefulness of MCDM techniques in the specific context of robot selection. The study is unique in its emphasis on prioritizing industrial arc welding robots utilizing AHP and M-TOPSIS MCDM techniques.

Electric discharge drilling (EDD) plays an important role in the advancement of aerospace manufacturing due to its ability to produce complex hole geometries with high precision. In this study, a statistical analysis and data-driven modeling of hole circularity have been proposed during EDD of aerospace alloy. Statistical analysis-based prediction model is developed where the experimental results of hole circularity have been considered. These are the functions of four EDD process variables (i.e., Discharge current, Pulse on time, Pulse off time, and Flushing pressure). Through training and validation, the statistically learned model exhibits the complex relationships between input EDD process parameters and output geometry, enabling it to accurately predict the hole circularity. Reliability and effectiveness of the developed model are represented by R-Square and Adjusted R-Square value which are quite at suitable level of 88.8% and 75.7%, respectively. Furthermore, contour plots of interactive effect of process parameters are developed and influence of EDD interactive process parameters on hole circularity is discussed. Finally, optimal range of process parameters was found as: Discharge Current: 8–9 A, Pulse on time: 7.3–8 µs, Pulse off time: 2–2.5 µs, Flushing pressure: 75–80 bar. The proposed study demonstrates the precise prediction and optimization of drilled geometry.

In this study, a rectangular solar air heater design with an M-shaped dimple roughness put on it is examined. Based on the roughness of the rectangular duct, an approach is employed to assess the energy efficiency of the solar air heater and look into solar energy efficiency. After finishing the geometry of the dimple M-shaped rectangular channel and gathering parameters from many studies with a heat flux of 1000 W/m2, the smooth rectangular channel is connected to the dimple M-shaped roughness in order to increase the heat flow rate. The heat transmission rate is maintained by the range of relative gaps g = 0–1.3. A rectangular channel’s hydraulic diameter is determined by factors that fall into one of the following ranges: 4000–24,000. First, pitch space (p) between M-shaped roughness is given in a range of 24, 36, 48, and 60 mm were applied. This roughness was described as a continuous distance between each roughness and roughness at p/e = 4, 6, 8, and 10 where e = 6 mm height of roughness. The efficiency of a M-shaped solar air heater was evaluated by an analysis of its heat rate and Nusselt number. The results showed a 1.88–4.0 times increase as compared to a smooth channel. When compared to a smooth channel, the roughness solar air heater exhibited a friction factor 1.66–3.08 times higher at a Reynolds number of 24,000. The solar model ηmax = 2.25 has the highest efficiency.