Advances in Signal Processing and Communication

An accurate design for a Photonic Crystal fiber (PCF) Raman amplifier has been developed. In this PCF, the geometric parameters, Raman gain coefficient, effective mode area, the Germania concentration in the doped area, and dispersion and confinement loss characteristics have been investigated at 1.55 μm. The flexibility of the geometrical parameters and doping concentrations that allowed to optimize these parameters to increase the amplifier efficiency have been studied. For ⋀ = 3.2 μm, $$ d_{1} = 1.44\,\upmu{\rm m},d_{2} = 1.47\;\upmu{\rm m} $$ d 1 = 1.44 μ m , d 2 = 1.47 μ m , Raman gain coefficient of 9.25 $$ {\rm W}^{ - 1} {\rm km}^{ - 1} $$ W - 1 km - 1 and almost zero dispersion are achieved for 7.5 km low loss hexagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber with an effective area of 20 $$ \upmu{\rm m}^{2} . $$ μ m 2 .

One of the trendy expressions in recent times in information technology is the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is the connection and systems administration of physical devices, vehicles (additionally alluded to as “savvy gadgets” and “associated gadgets”), structures, and different things connected to hardware, sensors, actuators, programming, and system network, which empower these gadgets (devices) to gather and exchange information. Recent trends in IoT have changed the present reality of device Interconnectivity on a network into insightful virtual connections of machines over the Internet. In the light of this, recent research tends to introduce new innovations in the area of IoT through a thorough review of academic research papers, corporate white papers, and proficient exchanges of knowledge with specialists and evaluation of research results with online databases. Nonetheless, in this paper, we present a review of recent works in IoT and also, propose a framework for IoT and its requisition for IoT built Engineering.

In the presented work, different feeding techniques are employed to design microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications. These feeding techniques are as follows: microstrip inset feed, quarter wavelength feed, and coaxial probe feed. Parameters valuated for comparing these feeding techniques are: return loss, directivity, gain, and radiation efficiency. In the presented work, it is observed that by using coaxial probe feed, the values achieved for maximum directivity and gain are 5.43 dBi and 5.33 dB, respectively.

In this paper, an electrically small dual-band antenna has been proposed by the applications of an elliptically shaped SRR (split ring resonator). This antenna has a physical size of 28 mm × 22 mm × 1.6 mm and electrical size of 0.259 λ0 × 0.203 λ0 × 0.014 λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength with respect to f0 = 2.78 GHz. bandwidths, respectively. The first band is due to the coupling between inner and outer SRR while the second band is due to the coupling between feed and partial ground plane. In addition, this antenna is showing a dipolar-type pattern in xz-plane while omnidirectional pattern in yz-plane with great cross-polarization level. Due to the satisfactory radiation characteristics, the proposed antenna is a suitable candidate for surveillance radar and WLAN/Wi-Fi applications.

A compact and novel ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter with dual notch band characteristics is presented in this paper. The ultra-wideband characteristics of the presented bandpass filter are obtained from a fish spear-shaped multimode resonator (MMR). The dual notch bands are realized by introducing shorted-stepped impedance resonator (SSIR) near the fish spear-shaped MMR. By varying the dimensions of the SSIR resonator, the frequencies of the notch bands can be tuned. To validate the present design approach, the proposed filter is fabricated and measured. The measured results match well with simulated ones. The measured passband of the proposed filter is from 3.67 to 11.34 GHz, with two notches at 5.31 and 8 GHz. The design BPF has passband insertion loss of 1.5 dB and return loss better than 12 dB in the passband. The proposed filter with has a compact size of 24.6 mm × 9.25 mm.

In internet era, one can get news from huge number of sources. However, many news sources are biased in giving more coverage to specific content, persons or party. Eventually, the reader’s thoughts are also influenced by the news source’s biases. In this paper, a method has been proposed to instantly visualize the news topics discussed by various sources on internet. Word clouds make it very easier to decide the biases of a news source. Various algorithms, namely, Porter stemmer, Snowball, Lancaster, Rake, tf-idf, text-rank, and tag cloud algorithm have been tested to effectively extract the key words covered by a news source. Extraction time and count of correctly identified terms have been used as metrics to compare the algorithms. It is concluded that tf-idf is better than rake and text rank algorithm due to its right balance between speed and accuracy.

This paper proposes a new PTS scheme with reduced complexity and without side information to solve the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed technique which is known as level shift partial transmit sequence (LS-PTS) is based on shifting the signal level of data vectors of any of the subblocks, which further causes change in phase of these data vectors. This technique eliminates the exhaustive search required for finding optimum phase factors as in conventional partial transmit sequence (C-PTS). Simulation results show an excellent improvement in PAPR reduction by level shift PTS as compared to C-PTS.

There is a reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio of cellular networks due to interference caused by assigning the channels to the cell. As the demand for connectivity is on rise with limited spectrum availability, the interference may increase, so channels are required to be assigned optimally. This work presents applying Genetic algorithm (GA) along with Support Vector Machine (SVM) to assigning the channels dynamically for reducing co-channel and co-site interference with constraints. In this paper, we propose to adopt the GA to solve the minimum interference channel assignment problem (MICAP) and the nonlinear dataset are best classified using SVM. The fitness function is designed using SVM and the optimization is done with GA with a focus on MICAP. The performance of the GA-SVM is enhanced SIR, reduces interference, and requires less computation time than the work reported by GA.

Energy consumption of a wireless sensor network plays an important role in determining the lifetime of a network. Lifetime of any network is the total number of rounds it completes before the failure of a certain number of nodes. In harsh and inaccessible environments, the aerial deployment is done instead of manual deployment of nodes. In this process, some of the nodes are not properly deployed while some get wasted. Here, the fifty percent nodes die out time is taken as the lifetime of the network. The wastage of nodes considerably affect lifetime of the network. The main focus of the paper is on network deployment algorithms in presence of obstacles. Further, the effect of probabilities of selection of a node as cluster head, size of the obstacles and position of obstacles on the lifetime has been considered for evaluation.

This paper presents the analysis of Empty Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (ESIW) H plane horn antenna for K band application. The paper also compares the ESIW with Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology on various parameters for making the horn antenna. For K band applications, the SIW horn antenna provides various advantages over normal microstrip horn antenna. SIW technology is easy to fabricate and test and it provides all advantage of the conventional waveguide horn antenna. The SIW horn antenna is planer in design and can be easily interfaced with planer active and passive circuits. To improve the performance of SIW, the air-filled substrate cut is made to form ESIW, which is presented in this paper. The cut in substrate allows less dependency of an ESIW horn antenna over dielectric losses. The ESIW horn antenna does not require any extra element to improve the impedance matching at the end of the aperture; hence it shows an advantage over normal SIW horn antenna. The ESIW horn antenna can be used to make low profile short-range radar working in the K band.

In this paper, we have compared the performance of DWT OFDM and FFT OFDM. The DWT OFDM can act as a possible substitute for the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) as there is no requirement of Cyclic Prefix due to the overlapping properties of DWT. This satisfies the orthogonality principle with the ideal reconstruction of the signal. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), which is the basis of DWT OFDM, has many beneficial characteristics over FFT OFDM. Simply by replacing the FFT block with DWT in OFDM system, an improvement in performance has been detected which creates a new DWT-based OFDM system. Our simulation result shows that DWT OFDM system is superior to FFT OFDM in terms of PAPR by up to 2.3 dB with an affordable decrease in overall complexity of the system.

This paper proposes the study and analysis of various slot loaded folded substrate integrated waveguide band pass filter for K-band applications. Three prototypes of filer are simulated and analyzed with different resonant slot lengths for enhancing the impedance bandwidth. By incorporating a slotted structure of I shape geometry at middle of central septum, the filter achieves the maximum bandwidth of 4.33 GHz (20.8–25.13 GHz) with FBW of 18.89%. Further it achieves compact size by virtue of its folded nature which reduces its width by half.

Generalized spatial modulation multiple-input multiple-output (GSM-MIMO) is a promising technique to fulfil the ever-growing need for high data rates and high spectral efficiency for 5G and beyond systems. Maximum likelihood (ML) detection achieves optimal performance for GSM-MIMO systems. However, ML detection performs an exhaustive search and hence, ML have intractable exponential computational complexity. Hence, low complexity detection algorithms are needed to be explored for reliable detection in GSM-MIMO systems. In this paper, a novel and robust GSM-MIMO detection algorithm are proposed based on artificial bee colony optimization with mutation operator. Simulation results validate that the proposed algorithm outperforms minimum mean square error detection and achieves near-ML bit error rate performance for GSM-MIMO systems, under both perfect and imperfect channel state information at the receiver.

A novel substrate-integrated waveguide antenna incorporated with filter is presented in this paper. The band-pass filter is designed using substrate-integrated waveguide technology. The filter has a range from 11 to 11.5 GHz. A slot has been etched on the upper layer of SIW to work filter as an antenna. The designed antenna has a wide bandwidth with resonant frequency of 11.4 GHz. The gain at this frequency is 6.67 dBi. All the results are simulated in ANSYS HFSS software.

The major drawback of OFDM systems is the high peak-to-average power ratio of the transmitted signal. The paper describes the PAPR reduction and some of the important PTS-based optimization techniques for the reduction of various factors of complexity comprising computational, time, and space complexity, thus making the system more optimized. The algorithms include Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), and Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO). A comparison between these optimization techniques is done. Also, PTS method and the difficulty of PAPR in OFDM systems are briefly described.

In this paper, the design and simulated characteristics of the ultrathin square-shaped active metamaterial absorber are investigated. The unit cell of the proposed absorber is a fourfold symmetric structure consisting Jerusalem cross mounted with four pin diodes within the square ring. By switching the four diodes ON/OFF all at a time, the response of absorbance of this metamaterial structure switches from single-band to dual-band with polarization-insensitive characteristic.

The Internet of Things is a paradigm that involves physical objects with capabilities of sensing, information processing and communication through wireless or wired connection. These physical objects having embedded intelligence and hence decision-making capabilities act as smart things. The paradigm of IoT embraces various domains including sensors, information and communication technology, memory space, data analytics, machine learning and security and privacy mechanisms. The ‘things’ are constrained in terms of computing power, memory space and data rate and hence need innovative approaches to address the technical challenges present in the real-life implementation of the concept. This work presents a brief introduction to IoT concept, representative discussion on constituent domains and highlights of the technical challenges therein open for research community.

Pedestrian safety is a major concern due to increased traffic density and due to driver-pedestrian errors. ADAS (Advanced Driving Assistance Systems) should take different actions for special pedestrians like wheelchair pedestrian. Not much work is done for detecting special pedestrian. In this paper we propose cost effective real-time model for special pedestrian detection and head pose detection. We first detect wheelchair pedestrian and then predict head pose for the Region of Interest (ROI). It is observed that accuracy of wheelchair detection increases considerably by using head pose detection. Our model employs an ensemble of algorithms based on Histogram of Gradient (HOG) for pedestrian features, Modified Census Transform (MCT) for head features and head pose features and SVM for classification. We compare the proposed model against transfer learning approach based on Inception-v3 model.

In this era when data is generated continuously in various domains of machine learning, different algorithms are budding to improve and enhance the learning process. Clustering is one of such machine learning techniques. It is considered to be most important tool of unsupervised learning but it is sensitive to outlier. Thus it is essential to remove the outlier before clustering the data. Most of the outlier detection techniques require some user-defined parameters, which make their accuracy user-dependent. Thus an algorithm which is least dependent on user-defined values is proposed here. The algorithm takes number of cluster in which user want to cluster its data and detect outlier within those clusters using Silhouette Coefficient. The algorithm was compared with some of the existing algorithm in domain of outlier detection. And the experimental analysis is performed on some relevant benchmark dataset presented in UCI repository. Through the experimental results it can be seen that the algorithm we have proposed has performed better than the existing algorithms.

This paper devoted to the criterion for terrain’s discrimination. The proposed criterion is useful for airborne unmanned vehicle’s position correction. The criterion is based on the comparison of probability densities, one of them is the reference density and another is the current density. Further it is evaluated the probability of densities intersection. At the next stage it is compared the probabilities for different references, so it was chosen the reference with the largest probability. Then it is described the application of this criterion for the lengthened objects’ identification. At last, this criterion is compared with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov’s criterion to reveal its strong and weak properties.

The paper is devoted to devices which are designed for hardware implementation of the emitted signal’s transformation. Such devices are useful for obtaining signals which are similar to a real radar signal reflected from underlying surface. The implementation of the simulation model can be helpful to form signals for equipment tests. The most challenging problem is to develop the real-time system that generates signals reflected from numerous types of terrain where the signal parameters are variable. This paper shows how this problem can be solved for a radar altimeter with chirp frequency modulation. The methods, the simulator’s scheme and some model results are also presented in the paper.

Eight-point transforms play an important role in data compression, signal analysis and signal enhancement applications. Most widely used transforms of size -8 are Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Sine Transform (DST), and Discrete Fourier Transform. There have been applications requiring multiple transforms for improving the performance. Unified/Hybrid architectures supporting multiple transforms is a possible solution for such demands as independent architecture for each transform requires more resources and computation power. In this work, a Distributed Arithmetic (DA) based multitransform architecture for supporting 1-D 8-point DCT, DFT, DST and DWT is proposed. A multiplier-less architecture leading to reduced hardware is implemented in 45 nm CMOS technology in Cadence RTL compiler as well as on FPGA using Xilinx ISE. Compared to the standalone transform architectures, there is 51.2% savings in number of adders, 44.34% saving in Look Up Table (LUT) utilization and 54.18% savings in register utilization in the proposed architecture.

The intended study in light is to emphasize the public safety thereby securing the perimeter of a surrounding, enclosing any pedestrian within the limits broadened by a ‘safety line’ indicator. The objective to be accomplished is to enhance the detection of said ‘safety line’ in a dynamic environment. The environment used is of a Train Platform having a maximum priority to the edge of platform limit marked by a distinct yellow line. The colored line intended to be detected can also be treated as an image and thus we can apply object detection techniques for the same. The topic of object detection in image processing is to detect an object within a frame and draw a contour around it. There are various algorithms to detect an object, but we have modified and combined various techniques to produce the desired result. The proposed algorithm works in different phases starting with dividing the given frame in N segments, processing the given segments individually, followed by using the best common result among all the segments to achieve the equation of the colored line. The next phase includes detecting a regular pedestrian using HoG cascades and estimating position with respect to the calculated line to identify whether the line was crossed or not. After implementing this approach, an alarm is successfully generated as soon as any object/person passes the yellow line in order to ensure safety.

Vision-based Human activity recognition is becoming a trendy area of research due to its broad application such as security and surveillance, human–computer interactions, patients monitoring system, and robotics. For the recognition of human activity various approaches have been developed and to test the performance on these video datasets. Hence, the objective of this survey paper is to outline the different video datasets and highlights their merits and demerits under practical considerations. We have categorized these datasets into two part. The first part consists two-dimensional (2D-RGB) datasets and the second part has three-dimensional (3D-RGB) datasets. The most prominent challenges involved in these datasets are occlusions, illumination variation, view variation, annotation, and fusion of modalities. The key specification of these datasets are resolutions, frame rate, actions/actors, background, and application domain. All specifications, challenges involved, and the comparison made in tabular form. We have also presented the state-of-the-art algorithms that give the highest accuracy on these datasets.

A new biquad filter topology realizing three simultaneous voltage-mode filtering responses is reported in the work which employs only single active element in the form of voltage differencing trans-conductance amplifier (VDTA) and three passive elements as two grounded capacitors and one resistor. The realized filtering functions by the filter are lowpass (LP), bandpass (BP), and bandreject (BR). The proposed filter enjoys with reasonable total harmonic distortion, low active/passive sensitivities, and low power consumption. Moreover, the pole frequency can be tuned independent of quality factor by the means of currents. In order to verify the validity of the circuit, the proposed filter is simulated using PSPICE software in 0.18 µm CMOS technology.

The diagnostic quality of medical ultrasound (US) images is affected by a multiplicative type of noise known as speckle noise. In this paper, a new denoising scheme based on thresholding of wavelet coefficients in different sub-bands is presented. NeighShrinkSure filter is used for thresholding detail band wavelet coefficients (high pass component). Also, as in medical US images approximation band coefficients (low pass component) also consist of speckle noise so fast bilateral is applied on these coefficients to improve the performance of proposed method. Experiments were performed on synthetic and real US images. The performance of the proposed method with four other existing methods is evaluated objectively and subjectively. Objective evaluation is carried out using parameters PSNR, SNR, SSIM and FOM and for subjective evaluation denoised US images obtained from all methods are inspected visually. The results obtained illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method over other existing methods.

This paper represents an algorithm for performing clustering and outlier detection simultaneously. As research says, clustering and outlier (anomaly) detection are not separate problems but they are co-related. So our algorithm provides a generalized solution for outlier detection as per application. It takes some threshold values as input, applies K-means algorithm for initial clustering and based on threshold values, outliers are detected. This approach is not strict to number of clusters k, but applies re-clustering where required. It helps to find local as well as global outliers of dataset. The results can be customized by varying the values of threshold limits. The algorithm works in two phases, first phase provides initial clustering using K-Means and second phase helps to find outliers.

In this paper, an improved method for the design of finite impulse response (FIR) filter for notch filtering is devised using fractional derivative (FD). Optimal design of FIR notch filter is formed as minimization of mean squared error with respect to filter coefficients, subjected to fractional constraint imposed at notch frequency. Solution of this problem is computed using the Lagrange multiplier method. On experimental analysis, it is observed that the fidelity parameters like passband error (Erp), notch bandwidth (BWN), and maximum ripple (δp) varies nonlinearly with respect to FD values. Also, the exploration of suitable FD value is computationally costly. Thus, to acquire the best solution, modern heuristic methods known as hybrid particle swarm optimization (Hybrid-PSO), which is stimulated by the intelligence of some biological species, is employed. An exhaustive analysis results reveals that second-order FDCs approach results in drop of Erp by 50%, and BWN is improved by more 12%, while it is increased for only certain cases. It is also observed that the proposed methodology for convergence requires 100 iterations at most. The designed notch filter is tested for elimination of power line interference introduced in an electrocardiography (ECG) signal and efficient response is observed.

In this paper, a new technique of source biasing is proposed for leakage reduction in CMOS full adder (FA) circuit. It includes tail transistor between pull-down network and ground (GND). The source terminal of tail transistor is connected to GND during active mode and will be at Vdd in idle mode. High potential at source of tail transistor reduces the potential difference between source and drain of NMOS transistors which reduces gate leakage current. The proposed approach does not have the problem of ground bounce noise (GBN) during idle-to-active mode of transition. The proposed new technique is having reduction in leakage power up to 72% as compared to the existing FA circuit and peak power reduces up to 37% as compared to existing FA circuit while keeping other performance parameters in acceptable range.

A fully differential second-generation current conveyor (FDCCII) based dual-mode quadrature oscillator with all grounded passive components is presented in this chapter. It comprises one FDCCII, three resistors, and two capacitors. The proposed circuit of quadrature oscillator has the capability to provide two quadrature outputs in voltage mode and four quadrature outputs in current mode, simultaneously. The oscillation frequency and condition of oscillation of the proposed circuit are orthogonally adjustable. Moreover, total harmonic distortion of the outputs is low and power dissipation is also low. The effects of nonidealities of FDCCII on the proposed circuit are also studied. Simulations results are carried out using HSPICE simulation tool with 0.18 μm technology to validate the theoretical analysis.

With emergence of new technologies it is now easier to communicate through multimedia like image, audio, video and text. But at the same time the problem of unauthorized access and copyright protection has also emerged. In order to handle these problems digital image watermarking is one of the best technique. In this paper we present an optimized color image watermarking technique to protect an image data from any unauthorized access. The technique presented in the paper uses a combination of Discrete Stationary Wavelet Transform (DSWT), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Arnold Transform. In this technique we hide a color image watermark into a colored cover image without hampering the perceptibility of the cover image. Peak-signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) and Normalized Correlation (NC) are used to analyze the proposed watermarking technique for the imperceptibility and robustness measures.

Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology is an emerging and promising candidate for the development of circuits and components in upper microwave and millimeter wave region. This paper aims at emphasizing various dielectric substrates for the analysis of SIW to investigate their effect on the characteristic curve and electric field distribution. Certain factors that have been considered for evaluation are electric field, transmission gain, and return loss. High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) has been used to carry out the designs.

Controller design for effective operation of robotic manipulator is a challenging task due to its highly complex and nonlinear dynamics. This issue may be resolved by incorporating fractional mathematics along with two-degrees-of-freedom PID controller. The fractional mathematics enhances the accuracy of control action, whereas two-degrees-of-freedom controller solves multiple issues like set point tracking and disturbance rejection simultaneously. Therefore, in this paper, a two-degree-of-freedom fractional-order proportional–derivative (2-DOF FOPD) controller is proposed for efficient trajectory control of two-link rigid manipulator. Conventional PID and its integer-order equivalent (2-DOF PD) controllers are also designed for comparative analysis. The parameters of designed controller are tuned using multi-objective cuckoo search algorithm (MOCSA) to minimize two conflicting objectives of robotic manipulator. Simulation study reveals the effectiveness and robustness of 2-DOF FOPD controller, in terms of trajectory tracking and disturbance rejection.

Accurate assessment of dolphin numbers in the Ganga river is crucial for not only conservation but also for the environment. However, the methods used by the government agencies are based on human visualization. These methods are unreliable and also difficult to deploy for continuous monitoring of the dolphins. So, there is a need to develop a system which will be robust, automatic, and reliable to count, track, and analyze the dolphin activities. The dolphin counting system consists of an array of hydrophones which are used to capture dolphin clicks. For counting purpose, this array is required to be mounted on a boat for dragging at a certain speed which is greater than the speed of dolphins. During the movement of the boat, lot of noise is picked up by the hydrophones apart from dolphin clicks. The presence of noise causes the dolphin click detection really a challenging task. In this paper, the various sources of noise and reduction techniques are investigated and presented.

Perspective motion corresponding to the real world motion between observer and scene can be characterized by a dense field corresponding to the interframe displacement of each pixel, known as optical flow. The analysis of optical flow has been an active research domain in the last couple of decades and tremendous progress has been attained by diverse approaches for its estimation. This paper demonstrates the implementation of Farneback method for optical flow determination. Various synthetic image sequences and their ground truth flow images from benchmark datasets are examined. Resultant flow fields, depicted as color-coded images, are compared with ground truth optical flow images by using Structural Similarity Index Measure whereas the flow vectors are compared with ground truth by estimating Angular Error and Endpoint Error.

In this paper, we present the development of self-stabilizing platform using MPU-6050 as the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Using this along with two high torque servo motors and Atmega16 as the main controller, we are able to maintain the platform along the horizontal axis whenever the orientation of the structure changes. IMU is a device which is used to measure positional and angular motion of a body. Here we are using MPU-6050 as an IMU which has an inbuilt accelerometer and gyroscope for providing six degrees of freedom. The logic behind the software part is the conversion of digital data obtained from MPU-6050 to positional acceleration and angular velocities, then filtering the data and computing the orientation of the platform (in the form of angles) using some predetermined mathematical functions, and then converting the orientation to angular rotation and then finally to PWM signals for controlling the motion of the servo motors.

Brain is often studied for behavioral reasons highlighting various impacts of tasks that intersperse awareness, attention, problem solving, decision-making, etc. It has been a topic of fascination for psychologists. In this work, participant has been asked to perform some primary visual task that is based on cognition process and simultaneously asked to follow some secondary auditory instructions with some predefined relaxation spans in between. The neural response to these stimuli is recorded in the form of EEG signals with the help of RMS EEG-32 Super Spec machine. The EEG frequency bands are being studied for analysis of human behavior. A classification model is designed with the help of support vector machine to test the cognitive processes of human mind, while there are changes in resource allotment in terms of primary and secondary workload. Such a model can further be adopted to depict the type of cognition a participant undergoes. Also, the decrease in efficiency due to involvement in secondary tasks can be alarmed. This alarm may help in avoiding many disasters at places where attention toward a particular primary task is very crucial.

Time series data forecasting is studied by various method until today and has many applications in various fields like stock prediction, contextual chat bots, cognitive search engines, etc. Also till date, many stats models have been developed like ARIMA, ARMA, etc. A new approach is designed for time series data forecasting using RNN with Tensorflow framework, developed by Google for various types of neural networks modelling. De-seasoning of data is also carried out to study and obtains better results in this paper, a comparison chart for the same is presented, helps in aligning the contextual information on chat bot programs, and also is better for other data analysis like context search. This approach also helps us in reducing the training losses to increase in the accuracy of forecasting.

In this paper, a system for R-peak detection in ECG signal is presented that applicable in different heart rate variability (HRV) applications based on S-transform and Shannon energy. The presented technique and system are efficient in R-peak detection as per results illustrated up to 99.80% of sensitivity and positive predictivity. Here, Shannon energy envelope computes sharp peaks that help in the allocation of peak position in ECG signal. The presented technique is evaluated on 27 records of MIT-BIH arrhythmia database of ECG signals. A tool named as SpandanV.1 (Cardiac Rhythm Variability, version 1) also demonstrated for R-peak detection with HRV analysis.

The purpose of this chapter is to make an application which can search the particular piece of information easily within less time. Moreover, it will also show the comparison of two methods that are Table Scan and Index Seek for searching in a database. Table Scan is linear searching method as it traverses each and every row present in the database making the time complexity very large. The objective of this paper is to reduce the problem of the time complexity and it makes indexes to resolve the time complexity issues that are being faced. A seek is the opposite of scan, where a seek uses the indexes to pinpoint the records, which is required to search. Indexing process eliminates the need of unnecessary disk accesses. An UI (User Interface) is made to show user, which searching method is to be used, the time taken in searching, the pages read in total and the complete information of the person who has been searched. This will provide to user, the information of superior method along with whole analysis of time and pages read.

Most of the chemical industries required to control the liquid or fluid level in many of the processes unit of process industries. Often it becomes more difficult to control when the tanks are cascaded in coupled as the level of one tank influences the level of other one. The present work attempts to investigate and compare the control behavior of level control of two noninteracting coupled-type systems using conventional PID and modified-MPID control action. Usually, PID controller is used for this purpose with certain limitation such as higher overshoot, response time, settling time, etc. In this work, certain modifications in the conventional PID controllers with PID-PD, PI-PD, and I-PD controllers to overcome these limitations have been presented and compared. The modified-MPID controller simulation results yield the better results when it is applied to control the level of noninteracting coupled-tank system.

In this research paper, a new circuit configuration which can work like a grounded impedance simulator/grounded impedance scaling circuit has been proposed. The proposed circuit can simulate electronically controllable grounded resistance/capacitance/inductance/FDNC and can also work like a grounded impedance multiplier circuit, which can scale the value of arbitrary grounded impedance with an electronically tunable multiplication factor. The presented circuit employs two voltage difference current conveyors along with four grounded passive elements. The employment of grounded passive elements makes this realization eligible for monolithic integration. The proposed circuit does not require any matched passive elements. Behavior of the proposed configuration under nonideal environment is found un-deviated. The mathematical analysis of the proposed configuration has been verified by simulating under PSPICE TSMC 0.18 µm simulation environment.

A current tunable voltage-mode biquad filter (VMBF) structure employing two current conveyor transconductance amplifiers (CCTAs) as active elements and three passive elements is described in the paper which has the ability to realizes all the generic responses like low-pass (LP), high-pass (HP), band-pass (BP), band-reject (BR), and all-pass (AP) filters. Thus, the proposed filter is universal. The filter structure is operated at supply rails of ±1 V. Moreover, the filter’s parameters can be controlled electronically and enjoy with reasonable total harmonic distortion and lower passive and active sensitivities. Using CMOS implemented CCTAs, the performance of the proposed circuit has been verified through P-SPICE in 0.18 μm CMOS technology from TSMC.

As the demand of the electric energy is increasing day by day but conventional energy sources (CESs) like coal, gases, etc., are in the limited amount on the earth. Additionally, they have expanded the pollutions. So that the gap between energy generation by CESs and its fuel can be filled by renewable energy sources (RESs). RESs are abundant and pollution-free sources on the earth. That is why all the research/innovations/implementations are moving toward RESs-based solutions. Solar energy is the prime source among the RESs. Solar energy-based electricity generation is largely reprocessed as it can squarely change solar energy into electrical form with a photovoltaic (PV) cell. Energy generated by PV cell is changing with partially shading conditions, temperature, and environmental condition. In order to select suitable PV cells for a particular area, operators are needed to sensed basic mechanisms and topologies of diverse solar PV with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methodologies these are checked to a great extent. In this proposed article, researchers reviewed and analyzed a succeeding surge in the solar PV cell probe from one decade to other, and interpreted about their future patterns and characteristics. This article also attempts to emphasize the many experiments and techniques to contribute the perks of solar energy. This article would turn into a convenient reference for future performance for PV-based power creation.

Punjabi is tonal as well as under resource language among all the Indo Aryan languages of the Indo-European family. A vast number of variations in language lead to challenges while designing an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system. Therefore, it turned out to be a matter of extreme concern to study the essential features such as tone of the language for designing an effective ASR. This paper lays its focus upon the variation of tonal characteristics of Punjabi dialect. The speech corpus has been collected from native speakers of Punjab (including all the various dialects) and also covering the areas under the Himachali belt of Punjab. The result analysis shows that tonal words and dialectal word information caste a major impact on the information conveyed by the speaker. The analyzed data shows pitch variations in tonal words that vary from region to region. The experiments are performed by using Praat toolkit for calculating F0 value; then depending upon the pitch and frequency variations, we have studied that tonal words show dialectal variations when the similar sentence is spoken by speakers of different regions.

The motivation of this paper is to determinate the precise complex refractive indices dispersion of ethanol, methanol, and their solutions in the wide spectral range from 8 to 40 000 cm−1 (wavelength range from 250 nm to 1.25 mm) in coupling to biosensors applications (body liquids analyses, tissue ethanol solutions testing, etc.) because a specification of the complex optical functions consistent with Kramers–Kronig dispersion relations in the whole mentioned spectral range was still missing. A general method combining UV/visible/near-infrared spectroscopy and Mueller matrix ellipsometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), infrared attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy, and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is proposed. The experimental data are modeled using a dielectric function parametrization based on the Brendel–Bormann oscillators.

Security is an essential part of development in embedded systems. Execution of unknown or malicious program through an unauthorized means of communication on an embedded system can cause unwanted system behavior. To safeguard the sensitive data and devices, presently, sophisticated hardware and software systems based on cryptographic techniques are required which in turn increases the system’s cost. In this paper, we proposed a method of securing such embedded devices which cannot afford to have capabilities comparable to conventional computers. This method generates a run-time trace on embedded devices during program execution, using already available hardware circuitry on the board. It observes and analyzes the obtained data using data analysis techniques and detects whether any change is occurred in the program compared to previously obtained data.

Wearable devices are a boon for uninterrupted real-time monitoring of personal health. Cost, power consumption, and limited device dimensions are the critical issues which need to be handled carefully while designing these battery-powered devices. These devices involve high-end processors dedicated for complex signal processing. The arithmetic units like comparators constitute the core of data path and an addressing unit for these processors. This work exhaustively compares the latest version of comparators pertaining to the application of low-power, high-speed wearables. The analysis is performed using HSPICE environment at 90 nm process technology. The critical path delay of the dynamic version turns out to be 17.63% less than static. The power consumption of static comparator is 66.66% less as compared to dynamic counterpart.

In this paper, two-phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic (2PASCL), stack effect, and body bias techniques have been used for the optimization of a full adder. Based on the above techniques four designs of a full adder, A1 with adiabatic logic, A2 with stack transistor, A3 with body bias, and A4 with stacking + body bias have been implemented. The performance of optimized and existing designs has been evaluated in 0.18 µm CMOS technology. The optimized designs show a significant improvement in power delay product (PDP) in the range of $$ \left( {25.33 - 84.49} \right) \times 10^{ - 24}\, {\text{J}} $$ 25.33 - 84.49 × 10 - 24 J for A1, $$ \left( {50.21 - 167.32} \right) \times 10^{ - 24}\, {\text{J}} $$ 50.21 - 167.32 × 10 - 24 J for A2, $$ \left( {52.65 - 109.16} \right) \times 10^{ - 24} \,{\text{J}} $$ 52.65 - 109.16 × 10 - 24 J for A3 and, $$ \left( {36.00 - 81.56} \right) \times 10^{ - 24}\, {\text{J}} $$ 36.00 - 81.56 × 10 - 24 J for A4 as compared to $$ \left( {76.14 - 254.03} \right) \times 10^{ - 24} \,{\text{J}} $$ 76.14 - 254.03 × 10 - 24 J of existing 1-bit hybrid full adder with a varying voltage range (1.2–2.8 V), respectively. Simulation results of optimized designs have been compared with the best reported existing designs in literature and optimized designs outperform in terms of PDP with temperature and voltage variations.

Watermarking is a technique which is used to verify the source of creation of a signal which may be in the form of an image, text, or video. There are many techniques for watermarking an intellectual property (IP) with their merits and demerits. In this paper, a watermarking algorithm is proposed for finite state machines by employing both properties implanting watermarking technique and extra added states watermarking technique in a combined way. This improves the security of intellectual property of a designer. Simulations and synthesis of state transition graph (STG) of FSM are performed on Xilinx ISE tool using Verilog HDL.

High-performance phase frequency detector (PFD) is an integral part of the high-speed phase-locked loop (PLL), and their characteristics have a great impact on the performance of PLL system. The demand for the decreasing of power dissipation in CMOS design is a major challenge to optimize the circuit power consumption. In this paper, the concept of low power techniques namely, stacking and body bias have been utilized for the implementation of the proposed CMOS PFD for high-frequency applications. All the results related to the proposed designs have been obtained using TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS process. The proposed PFD design shows a remarkable reduction in power dissipation up to 172.670 pW which is significantly lower than the conventional PFD. Simulation results also show that the proposed design has wider operating frequency of 1 GHz, making it a suitable circuit for high-performance PLL systems.

This paper presents a novel 9T SRAM (static random-access memory) cell design with reduced leakage power and high performance. The design makes use of a sleep transistor so as to curtail the leakage power by eliminating the formation of a direct connection between the supply voltage (VDD) and ground. The results are compared with existing 9T SRAM cell with the same transistor sizing and parameter variations. The designed SRAM cell has decoupled read and write operations and is simulated using Cadence at 45 nm CMOS technology. At 0.8 V, the proposed cell has an improvement of 31.78% and 73.66% respectively in dynamic and static powers when compared with the reported 9T SRAM cell. Also, nearly 36% improvement in power delay product (PDP) is achieved with the proposed design.

In this article, ZnO Quantum Dot (QD)-based photojunction field-effect transistor (photo-JFET) has been fabricated for the detection of ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. The effects of photojunction between the ZnO Quantum Dots (QDs) and deep work function transparent MoO2 is analyzed under the illumination of UV. The illuminated optical power density acts as a floating gate for the JFET. The device was fabricated on a glass substrate using interdigitated electrodes (Ag) followed by ZnO QDs layer and MoO2. The dark current between source and drain was found minimum, 2.79 µA/cm2, in the case of photojunction as compared to the metal semiconductor metal (MSM)ZnO QDs photoconductor 19.32 µA/cm2 at an applied bias of 10 V. The reduction in dark current is attributed due to the effect of the junction formed between ZnO QDs and MoO2 with the rectification ratio of ~347. The MoO2 depletes the ZnO QDs channel between the electrodes and reduces the dark current which in turn helps to improved photodetector characteristics.

Sentiment analysis using collection of positive, negative score of a word has been one of the most researched topics in Data Mining. This kind of analysis is more prominent based on the content available on social media like comments on Facebook, tweets on Twitter, and the count goes on. Sarcasm can be understood as irony but it is a text spoken in such a manner that evokes laughter and humor. It is a type of sentiment where people express their negative feelings using positive or intensified positive words in the text. While speaking, people often use heavy tonal stress and certain gestures clues like rolling of the eyes, hand movement, etc., to reveal sarcasm. In this paper, NLTK has been used which is a Python toolkit to harness the power of generating information from the huge text datasets available. Sampled data from Amazon Alexa has been collected which is further processed using SentiWordNet 3.0 and TextBlob to remove noise and irrelevant data. Thereafter, Gaussian naive Bayes algorithm along with TextBlob has been used to detect sarcasm in dataset. The performance of the proposed method is compared with naïve Bayes, decision tree, and support vector machine. From the experimental results, effectiveness of the proposed method is observed.

An InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode (LED) consisting of special Si-doped barrier profile and graded-composition electron blocking layer (EBL) with varying Al composition was designed and simulated. The simulation results show that EBL can enhance the hole injection and electron confinement compared to nongraded EBL. Consequently, the LED with a special Si-doped barrier profile and graded EBL shows improved electrical and optical properties compared to LED with a special Si-doped barrier profile alone. In addition, the efficiency droop is reduced from 56.71% with nongraded EBL LEDs to 30.92% at a high injection current of 1000 A/cm2.

In this paper, the single-gate junctionless (JL) MOSFET with extremely thin silicon germanium (SiGe) device layer on insulator (ETSG-OI) is explored to identify the short channel effects (SCEs) and electrical behavior of the device. The device incorporates various engineering schemes (channel and spacer engineering scheme) with JL topology on SOI platform. The influence of the SiGe device layer with mole fraction (x) variation (x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) is investigated to understand the bandgap differences of the device. Depending on the change in Ge mole fraction, the energy potential, electric field, and drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) performances are analyzed. From the simulation results at x  = 0.25, the ETSG-OI JLCT shows reasonable improvement in ON current (ION) and DIBL at both linear and saturation drain voltages. For different values of x, the energy bandgap tends to vary from 0.6−1.1 eV. It is observed that at x  = 0.25 the bandgap is 0.8 eV which is almost near to the bandgap of Si material due to the 25% existence of Ge material.

We explore the electrical properties of graphene–silicon dioxide–p–silicon Schottky junction diode using current–voltage characteristics and impedance analysis. Ideality factor, rectification ratio, and series resistance are extracted from the experimental data. A linear response of series resistance of graphene/SiO2/p-Si Schottky diode is observed with respect to change in forward bias voltage from 0 to 2 V.

Piezoelectric energy harvester system has fascinated rigorous consideration in the area of self-powered wireless sensor networks. A piezoelectric energy harvesting system constitutes three components, namely, piezoelectric device, interfacing circuits, and storage element. In this paper, a simulation study of the coupled modeling of device equivalent uncoupled model has been carried out with four electrical circuits, namely, SBR, self-powered P-SSHI and S-SSHI, and modified PSSHI circuits. Here, modified PSSHI circuit is the recently developed interfacing circuit that has the advantage of less cost and reduced circuit complexity. From the simulated results, it has been observed that P-SSHI circuit provides maximum piezoelectric voltage (KV) and zero phase difference between piezoelectric voltage and input vibration current. Moreover, this technique provides maximum power (530 mW) and maximum output voltage (600 V) across optimal resistance (680 K).

The device dimensions and characteristics that are assumed while designing circuits are not at all same after fabrication. These variations in itself may vary from one device to another. The varying device behavior from one copy of device to another in a particular fashion and due to a particular reason is known as variability. At an ultradeep submicron technology node where the device dimensions are approaching atomic scales, various second order variations such as dopant granularity & line edge roughness becomes significant source of variability. These types of variations are known as “atomistic” variations and are generally random in nature but the effect of these variations on adjacent devices may be correlated with each other. In this paper, statistical analysis which becomes very important for designing at ultradeep submicron technology node and lower supply voltages are performed to understand the source of variations and its impact on circuit performance.

This paper proposes an AlInN/GaN Metal Oxide Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistor (MOSHEMT) employing a gate-field-plated technique with an objective to investigate the dependence of RF power performance. Detailed RF power analysis of the device is carried out using Silvaco Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD). Numerical simulations are carried out using nonlocal energy balance (EB) transport model. The results reveal that the gate-field-plated AlInN/GaN MOSHEMT possesses high prospects of delivering high currents and high power in microwave applications.

The read and write stability of SRAM cell depends on the high-performance CMOS technologies (FD-SOI technology), due to low power dissipation, and high switching and inter-die variability. This paper first analyzed the electrical behavior of ultrathin body fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (UTB FD-SOI) MOSFET. It is demonstrated that the FD-SOI MOSFET has high Ion to Ioff ratio (better switching) and low threshold voltage. By taking into account of high switching of UTB FD-SOI MOSFET, it is further used to form a 6T SRAM cell. The read and write behavior of 6T SRAM cell has been studied using the read static noise margin (RSNM) and write static noise margin (WSNM). It is observed that the results obtained from the behavior of SNM show that the design of SRAM cell is more robust and highly stable. Further, the results were compared and contrasted with the reported literature, i.e., FinFET- and SOI MOSFET-based SRAM cell. The structures were designed and simulated using Synopsys TCAD device simulator.