Skip to main content
Top

2024 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

7. Agar

Author : Ololade Olatunji

Published in: Aquatische Biopolymere

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Zusammenfassung

Agar wird aus Rotalgen gewonnen. Es liegt als Mischung aus Agarose und Agaropektin vor, wobei Agarose die wünschenswerteren Eigenschaften hat. Seine Anwendungen werden hauptsächlich seinen rheologischen Eigenschaften zugeschrieben. Solche Anwendungen erstrecken sich auf die Lebensmittel-, Biotechnologie- und Pharmaindustrie, wo Agar als thermoreversibler Geliermittel, Stabilisator, Texturmodifikator und Verdickungsmittel verwendet wird. Die Fähigkeit, als Ersatzadditiv für die aus Tieren gewonnene Gelatine zu dienen, trägt ebenfalls zu seinem wirtschaftlichen Wert bei. In diesem Kapitel werden die Extraktion, Chemie, Vorkommen in der Natur und Anwendungen diskutiert. Dabei werden die wirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Auswirkungen der Agar-Produktion bewertet.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Alencar POC, Lima CG, Barros FCN, Costa LEC, Freitas ALP (2019) A novel antioxidant sulfated polysaccharide from the algae Gracilaria caudata: in vitro and in vivo activities. Food Hydrocolloids 90:28–34CrossRef Alencar POC, Lima CG, Barros FCN, Costa LEC, Freitas ALP (2019) A novel antioxidant sulfated polysaccharide from the algae Gracilaria caudata: in vitro and in vivo activities. Food Hydrocolloids 90:28–34CrossRef
go back to reference Armisen R, Gaiatas F (2009) Agar in: handbook of hydrocolloids. In: Phillips GO, Williams PA (Hrsg) Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science Technology and Nutrition, S 82–107 Armisen R, Gaiatas F (2009) Agar in: handbook of hydrocolloids. In: Phillips GO, Williams PA (Hrsg) Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science Technology and Nutrition, S 82–107
go back to reference BeMiller JN (2019) Carrageenans in: carbohydrate chemistry for food scientists, 3rd edn. Woodhead Publishing and AACC International, S 279–291 BeMiller JN (2019) Carrageenans in: carbohydrate chemistry for food scientists, 3rd edn. Woodhead Publishing and AACC International, S 279–291
go back to reference Bixler HJ, Pose H (2011) A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. J Appl Phycol 23:321–335CrossRef Bixler HJ, Pose H (2011) A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. J Appl Phycol 23:321–335CrossRef
go back to reference Chen HM, Yan XJ (2005) Antioxidant activities of agaro-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization in cell-based system. Biochim Biophys Acta 1722:103–111CrossRefPubMed Chen HM, Yan XJ (2005) Antioxidant activities of agaro-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization in cell-based system. Biochim Biophys Acta 1722:103–111CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Chung IK, Beardall J, Mehta S, Sahoo D, Stojkovic S (2011) J Appl Phycol 23:877–886CrossRef Chung IK, Beardall J, Mehta S, Sahoo D, Stojkovic S (2011) J Appl Phycol 23:877–886CrossRef
go back to reference Dabrowska A, Rotaru GM, Spano F, Affolter C, Fortunato G, Lehmann S, Derler S, Spencer ND, Rossi RM (2017) A water -responsive, gelatine-based human skin model. Tribol Int 113:316–322CrossRef Dabrowska A, Rotaru GM, Spano F, Affolter C, Fortunato G, Lehmann S, Derler S, Spencer ND, Rossi RM (2017) A water -responsive, gelatine-based human skin model. Tribol Int 113:316–322CrossRef
go back to reference Earle M, De Portu G, DeVos E (2016) Agar ultrasound phantoms for low-cost training without refrigeration. Afr J Emerg Med 6:18–23CrossRefPubMed Earle M, De Portu G, DeVos E (2016) Agar ultrasound phantoms for low-cost training without refrigeration. Afr J Emerg Med 6:18–23CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ellis AL, Norton AB, Mills TB, Norton IT (2017) Stabilization of foams by agar gel particles. Food Hydrocolloids 73:222–228CrossRef Ellis AL, Norton AB, Mills TB, Norton IT (2017) Stabilization of foams by agar gel particles. Food Hydrocolloids 73:222–228CrossRef
go back to reference Ellis AL, Mills TB, Norton IT, Norton-Welch AB (2019) The effects of sugars on agar fluid gels and the stabilisation of their foams. Food Hydrocolloids 87:371–381CrossRef Ellis AL, Mills TB, Norton IT, Norton-Welch AB (2019) The effects of sugars on agar fluid gels and the stabilisation of their foams. Food Hydrocolloids 87:371–381CrossRef
go back to reference FAO (2018) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018—meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. ISBN 978-92-5-130562-1 FAO (2018) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018—meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. ISBN 978-92-5-130562-1
go back to reference Hernandez-Carmona G, Freile-Pelegrin Y, Hernandez-Garibay E (2013) Conventional and alternative technologies for the extraction of algal polysaccharides. In: Functional ingredients from algae for foods and nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science Technology and Nutrition, S 475–516 Hernandez-Carmona G, Freile-Pelegrin Y, Hernandez-Garibay E (2013) Conventional and alternative technologies for the extraction of algal polysaccharides. In: Functional ingredients from algae for foods and nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science Technology and Nutrition, S 475–516
go back to reference Incharoen T, Jomjanyouang W, Preecha N (2015) Effects of aqua agar as water replacement for posthatch chicks during transportation on residual yolk-sac and growth performance of young broiler chickens. Anim Nutr 1:310–312CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Incharoen T, Jomjanyouang W, Preecha N (2015) Effects of aqua agar as water replacement for posthatch chicks during transportation on residual yolk-sac and growth performance of young broiler chickens. Anim Nutr 1:310–312CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Justyna K, Macie S, Helena J, Andrzej S, Katarzyna B, Aneta L (2016) Biodegradable thermoplastic polymer composition, method for its manufacture and use thereof. EP3064542A1 Justyna K, Macie S, Helena J, Andrzej S, Katarzyna B, Aneta L (2016) Biodegradable thermoplastic polymer composition, method for its manufacture and use thereof. EP3064542A1
go back to reference Kobayashi R, Takisada M, Suzuki T, Kirimura K, Usami S (1997) Neoagarobiose as a novel moisturizer with whitening effect. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61:162–163CrossRefPubMed Kobayashi R, Takisada M, Suzuki T, Kirimura K, Usami S (1997) Neoagarobiose as a novel moisturizer with whitening effect. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61:162–163CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kumar V, Fotedar R (2009) Agar extraction process for Gracilaria cliftonii. Carbohyd Polym 78(4):813–819CrossRef Kumar V, Fotedar R (2009) Agar extraction process for Gracilaria cliftonii. Carbohyd Polym 78(4):813–819CrossRef
go back to reference Kwon GH, Kwon MJ, Park JE, Kim YH (2019) Whole genome sequence of a freshwater agar-degrading bacterium Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1. Biotechnol Rep 23: e00346CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kwon GH, Kwon MJ, Park JE, Kim YH (2019) Whole genome sequence of a freshwater agar-degrading bacterium Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1. Biotechnol Rep 23: e00346CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F, Sainte-Rose B, Aitken J, Marthouse R, Hajbane S, Cunsolo S, Schwarz A, Levivier A, Noble K, Debeljak P, Maral H, Schoeneich-Argent R, Brambini R, Reisser J (2018) Evidence that the great Pacific garbage patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Sci Rep 8(1):4666CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F, Sainte-Rose B, Aitken J, Marthouse R, Hajbane S, Cunsolo S, Schwarz A, Levivier A, Noble K, Debeljak P, Maral H, Schoeneich-Argent R, Brambini R, Reisser J (2018) Evidence that the great Pacific garbage patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Sci Rep 8(1):4666CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Li H, Yu X, Jin Y, Zhang W, Liu Y (2008) Development of an eco-friendly agar extraction technique from the red seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Bioresour Technol 99(8):3301–3305CrossRefPubMed Li H, Yu X, Jin Y, Zhang W, Liu Y (2008) Development of an eco-friendly agar extraction technique from the red seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Bioresour Technol 99(8):3301–3305CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Marcus JB (2014). Food science basics: healthy cooking and baking demystified. Culinary nutrition. Academic Press, S 51–97 Marcus JB (2014). Food science basics: healthy cooking and baking demystified. Culinary nutrition. Academic Press, S 51–97
go back to reference Martinez-Sanz M, Gomez LG, Rubio AL (2019) Production of unpurified agar-based extracts from red seaweed Gelidium sesquipedale by means of simplified extraction protocols. Algal Res 38:101420CrossRef Martinez-Sanz M, Gomez LG, Rubio AL (2019) Production of unpurified agar-based extracts from red seaweed Gelidium sesquipedale by means of simplified extraction protocols. Algal Res 38:101420CrossRef
go back to reference Martins J, Dionisio A, Neves O (2017) Agar gel for anca limestone desalination. Procedia Earth Planet Sci 17(2017):754–757CrossRef Martins J, Dionisio A, Neves O (2017) Agar gel for anca limestone desalination. Procedia Earth Planet Sci 17(2017):754–757CrossRef
go back to reference Mizrahi S (2010) Syneresis in food gels and its implications for food quality. In: Chemical deterioration and physical instability of food and beverages. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, S 324–348 Mizrahi S (2010) Syneresis in food gels and its implications for food quality. In: Chemical deterioration and physical instability of food and beverages. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, S 324–348
go back to reference Ouyang Q, Hu Z, Li S, Quan W, Wen L, Yang Z, Li P (2018) Thermal degradation of agar: mechanism and toxicity of products. Food Chem 264:277–283CrossRefPubMed Ouyang Q, Hu Z, Li S, Quan W, Wen L, Yang Z, Li P (2018) Thermal degradation of agar: mechanism and toxicity of products. Food Chem 264:277–283CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rasmussen RS, Morrissey MT (2007) Marine biotechnology for production of food ingredients. Adv Food Nutr Res 52:237–292CrossRefPubMed Rasmussen RS, Morrissey MT (2007) Marine biotechnology for production of food ingredients. Adv Food Nutr Res 52:237–292CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rejeki S, Ariyati RW, Widowati LL, Bosma RH (2018) The effects of three cultivation methods and two seedling types on growth, agar content and gel strength of Gracilaria verrucosa. Egypt J Aquat Res 44:65–70CrossRef Rejeki S, Ariyati RW, Widowati LL, Bosma RH (2018) The effects of three cultivation methods and two seedling types on growth, agar content and gel strength of Gracilaria verrucosa. Egypt J Aquat Res 44:65–70CrossRef
go back to reference Rhein-Knudsen N, Ale MT, Meyer AS (2015) Seaweed hydrocolloid production: an update on enzyme assisted extraction and modification technologies. Mar Drugs 13:3340–3359CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rhein-Knudsen N, Ale MT, Meyer AS (2015) Seaweed hydrocolloid production: an update on enzyme assisted extraction and modification technologies. Mar Drugs 13:3340–3359CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Rioux LV, Turgeon SL (2015) Seaweed carbohydrates. In: Tiwari BK, Troy DJ (Hrsg) Seaweed sustainability, S 141–192 Rioux LV, Turgeon SL (2015) Seaweed carbohydrates. In: Tiwari BK, Troy DJ (Hrsg) Seaweed sustainability, S 141–192
go back to reference Rocha MRC, Sousa AMM, Kim JK, Magalhaes JMCS, Goncalves MP (2019) Characterization of agar from Gracilaria tikvahiae cultivated for nutrient bioextraction in open water farms. Food Hydrocolloids 89:260–271CrossRef Rocha MRC, Sousa AMM, Kim JK, Magalhaes JMCS, Goncalves MP (2019) Characterization of agar from Gracilaria tikvahiae cultivated for nutrient bioextraction in open water farms. Food Hydrocolloids 89:260–271CrossRef
go back to reference Roy S, Rhim J (2019) Agar-based antioxidant composite films incorporated with melanin nanoparticles. Food Hydrocolloids 94:391–398CrossRef Roy S, Rhim J (2019) Agar-based antioxidant composite films incorporated with melanin nanoparticles. Food Hydrocolloids 94:391–398CrossRef
go back to reference Sahho D, Elangbam G, Devi SS (2012) Using algae for carbon dioxide capture and biofuel production to combat climate change. Phykos 42(1):32–38 Sahho D, Elangbam G, Devi SS (2012) Using algae for carbon dioxide capture and biofuel production to combat climate change. Phykos 42(1):32–38
go back to reference Sasuga K, Yamanashi T, Nakayama S, Ono S, Mikami K (2017) Algal Res 26:123–130CrossRef Sasuga K, Yamanashi T, Nakayama S, Ono S, Mikami K (2017) Algal Res 26:123–130CrossRef
go back to reference Sonker AK, Belay M, Rathmore K, Jahan K, Verma S, Ramanathan G, Verma V (2018) Crosslinking agar by diisocyanates. Carbohyd Polym 202:454–460CrossRef Sonker AK, Belay M, Rathmore K, Jahan K, Verma S, Ramanathan G, Verma V (2018) Crosslinking agar by diisocyanates. Carbohyd Polym 202:454–460CrossRef
go back to reference Sousa AMM, Alves VD, Delerue-Matos MC, Goncalves MP (2010) Agar extraction from integrated multi trophic aquacultured Gracilaria vermiculophylla: evaluation of a microwave assisted process using response surface methodology. Biores Technol 101(9):3258–3267CrossRef Sousa AMM, Alves VD, Delerue-Matos MC, Goncalves MP (2010) Agar extraction from integrated multi trophic aquacultured Gracilaria vermiculophylla: evaluation of a microwave assisted process using response surface methodology. Biores Technol 101(9):3258–3267CrossRef
go back to reference Sudha PN, Gomathi T, Vinodhini PA, Nasreen K, (2014) Marine carbohydrates of wastewater treatment. In: Kim SK (Hrsg) Marine carbohydrates: fundamentals and applications, part B. Elsevier, S 103–143 Sudha PN, Gomathi T, Vinodhini PA, Nasreen K, (2014) Marine carbohydrates of wastewater treatment. In: Kim SK (Hrsg) Marine carbohydrates: fundamentals and applications, part B. Elsevier, S 103–143
go back to reference Thannimalay L, Yusoff S, Zawawi NZ (2013) Life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 7(2):421–431 Thannimalay L, Yusoff S, Zawawi NZ (2013) Life cycle assessment of sodium hydroxide. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 7(2):421–431
go back to reference Ubanek AK, Rymowicz W, Mironczuk AM (2018) Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine habitats 102: 7669–7678 Ubanek AK, Rymowicz W, Mironczuk AM (2018) Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine habitats 102: 7669–7678
go back to reference Wang K, Huang H, Sheng J (1997) Determination of the Mark-Houwink equation parameters and their interrelationship. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 21(10):1457–1470CrossRef Wang K, Huang H, Sheng J (1997) Determination of the Mark-Houwink equation parameters and their interrelationship. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 21(10):1457–1470CrossRef
go back to reference Watase M, Nishinari K, Williams PA, Phillips GO (1990) Agarose gels: effect of sucrose, glucose, urea, and guanidine hydrochloride on the rheological and thermal properties. J Agric Food Chem 38(5):1181–1187CrossRef Watase M, Nishinari K, Williams PA, Phillips GO (1990) Agarose gels: effect of sucrose, glucose, urea, and guanidine hydrochloride on the rheological and thermal properties. J Agric Food Chem 38(5):1181–1187CrossRef
go back to reference Weiner ML, McKim JM, Blakemore WR (2017) Addendum to Weiner ML (2016) Parameters and pitfalls to consider in the conduct of food additive research, carrageenan as a case study. Food Chem Toxicol 87:31–44. Food and Chem Toxicol 107:208–214 Weiner ML, McKim JM, Blakemore WR (2017) Addendum to Weiner ML (2016) Parameters and pitfalls to consider in the conduct of food additive research, carrageenan as a case study. Food Chem Toxicol 87:31–44. Food and Chem Toxicol 107:208–214
go back to reference Xiao Q, Weng H, Xiao A (2019) Physicochemical and gel properties of agar extracted by enzyme and enzyme-assisted methods. Food Hydrocolloids 87:530–540CrossRef Xiao Q, Weng H, Xiao A (2019) Physicochemical and gel properties of agar extracted by enzyme and enzyme-assisted methods. Food Hydrocolloids 87:530–540CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Agar
Author
Ololade Olatunji
Copyright Year
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48282-3_7

Premium Partners