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Annals of Telecommunications
Published in: Annals of Telecommunications 11-12/2009

01-12-2009

Aggregated traffic flow weight controlled hierarchical MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

Authors: M. Abdur Razzaque, M. Mamun-Or-Rashid, Muhammad Mahbub Alam, Choong Seon Hong

Published in: Annals of Telecommunications | Issue 11-12/2009

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Abstract

It has been discussed in the literature that the medium-access control (MAC) protocols, which schedule periodic sleep–active states of sensor nodes, can increase the longevity of sensor networks. However, these protocols suffer from very low end-to-end throughput and increased end-to-end packet delay. How to design an energy-efficient MAC protocol that greatly minimizes the packet delay while maximizing the achievable data delivery rate, however, remains unanswered. In this paper, motivated by the many-to-one multihop traffic pattern of sensor networks and the heterogeneity in required data packet rates of different events, we propose an aggregated traffic flow weight controlled hierarchical MAC protocol (ATW-HMAC). We find that ATW-HMAC significantly decreases the packet losses due to collisions and buffer drops (i.e., mitigates the congestion), which helps to improve network throughput, energy efficiency, and end-to-end packet delay. ATW-HMAC is designed to work with both single-path and multipath routing. Our analytical analysis shows that ATW-HMAC provides weighted fair rate allocation and energy efficiency. The results of our extensive simulation, done in ns-2.30, show that ATW-HMAC outperforms S-MAC; traffic-adaptive medium access; and SC-HMAC.
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Footnotes
1
We refer the parent/child relation in the sink-rooted, tree-based network as a downstream/upstream relation among the nodes. For example, in Fig. 2a, nodes 3 and 4 are the upstreams of node 9, which in turn is the downstream of them.
 
2
Possible load distribution policies could be as follows: (1) homogeneous distribution—the total traffic load of node i could be equally divided amongst the available paths and (2) proportional distribution—loads could be distributed proportional to the minimum hop count of a path, free buffer space in the downstream node, maximum residual energy of the downstream node, successful packet delivery rate of a link/path, etc.
 
3
As discussed in Section 1, event type B may represent moving object tracking and A may stand for its counterpart.
 
4
In our simulation, we assign R i  = g i and keep it unchanged during the whole simulation period. Obviously, the consideration of R i opens the door of designing an optimal traffic engineering algorithm for multipath data forwarding in WSN, which we leave as our future work.
 
5
\(C=\rho \pi R_{s}^2=\frac{\text{1,000}}{\text{1,000}\times \text{1,000}}\times \frac{22}{7}\times (70)^2\approx 15\).
 
6
\(b_{e}^{0,0}\) and P idle can be expressed in terms of \(q_{0}, {\rm CW}_{\rm min}, p_c^i\) and maximum backoff stage t; please see [18] for details.
 
7
In this paper, we assume all nodes are operating in the same channel, i.e., they have equal bandwidths.
 
8
In some cases, overhearing is indeed desirable. Some algorithms may rely on overhearing to gather neighborhood information for network monitoring, reliable routing, or distributed queries [11, 24].
 
9
SYNC, RTS, CTS, and ACK packets in S-MAC; NP and SEP messages in TRAMA; and RTS, CTS, ACK, and additional MAC header bytes in SC-HMAC and ATW-HMAC are considered for counting the total number of control bytes transmitted by the respective protocol.
 
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Metadata
Title
Aggregated traffic flow weight controlled hierarchical MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks
Authors
M. Abdur Razzaque
M. Mamun-Or-Rashid
Muhammad Mahbub Alam
Choong Seon Hong
Publication date
01-12-2009
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Annals of Telecommunications / Issue 11-12/2009
Print ISSN: 0003-4347
Electronic ISSN: 1958-9395
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-009-0095-0

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