Alignment Optimization in Rail Transit
- 2025
- Book
- Authors
- Dongying Yang
- Honghui Wang
- Sirong Yi
- Qing He
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
About this book
This book deals with alignment optimization models for planning rail transit. After a general introduction to the basics of alignment optimization theory, it presents different alignment optimization methods to deal with different situations. It shows how to set up a 3D GIS scene for alignment interaction design, including location calculation of an alignment, alignment expression in a 3D scene, and the spacial relations between geographic objects, horizontal alignment, and vertical alignment. Further, it presents methods for solving more complex alignment optimization models, and shows for each different rail transit situation, how to calculate investment, energy consumption, and environmental influence. All in all, this book offers an interesting and timely reading to both researchers and professionals in the field of optimization theory, transportation planning, and GIS.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 1. Introduction
Dongying Yang, Honghui Wang, Sirong Yi, Qing HeThe chapter delves into the critical role of alignment design in rail transit projects, highlighting the need for efficient and effective optimization models. It discusses the development of interactive alignment design software, emphasizing the advantages of 3D geographic information systems (GIS) over traditional 2D methods. The chapter also reviews various alignment optimization models, including step search, single-objective, and multi-objective approaches. It emphasizes the importance of considering multiple factors such as investment, environmental impacts, and geological risks in the optimization process. Additionally, the chapter introduces a customized 2D and 3D integration design system that supports the realization of these optimization models, making it a valuable resource for professionals seeking to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of rail transit alignment design.AI Generated
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AbstractAlignment design is an essential procedure in the design process of a rail transit project. It is valuable to study the optimization method of rail transit alignment and realize it through an interactive design system as the investment scale and environmental impacts are closely related to the alignment scheme. In Sect. 1.2, the development of the business interactive design systems of rail transit and highway alignments and the technique demand of alignment optimization system are analyzed. Afterward, we conduct a literature review about optimization models of rail transit and highway alignments from 1968 to 2023. Through the development analysis of alignment optimization models, we introduce some further study requirements of alignment optimization models and present the purpose and content of this book. -
Chapter 2. Basic Alignment Optimization Models
Dongying Yang, Honghui Wang, Sirong Yi, Qing HeThe chapter begins by introducing the concept of mathematical optimization, which aims to find the optima of objective functions within given constraints. It discusses the two main procedures of optimization: modeling and optimizing. The optimization model is described with variables, constraints, and objective functions, and the iterative algorithm used to solve it. The chapter then delves into the classification of optimization models into linear and nonlinear, discrete and continuous, and constrained and unconstrained. It also explains the distinction between single-objective and multi-objective optimization. The chapter applies these principles to rail transit alignment, discussing the selection of variables, their encoding, and distribution. It highlights the geometric constraints that rail transit alignments must satisfy and introduces the differential evolution algorithm as a suitable method for solving these complex optimization problems. The chapter concludes by discussing the limitations and improvements of the differential evolution algorithm in the context of rail transit alignment.AI Generated
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AbstractCivil engineers should strive to design reasonable parameters of civil structures following various codes, specifications, and requirements in pursuing better design schemes. In traditional procedures, designers could gradually obtain a good scheme through trial-and-error methods. However, there are always better alternatives than the current scheme generated by manual comparisons. Optimization theory, as a branch of mathematics, could be applied through computer programs to improve the defects of manual design. It aims to search for the best scheme determined by a series of variables satisfying some constraints. This chapter outlines the characteristics of optimization theory, puts forward the features and structures of alignment optimization models, proposes the idea of model solutions based on the differential evolution algorithm (DE), analyzes the limitations of the proposed alignment models, and proposes some improvement strategies. -
Chapter 3. Alignment Interactive Design in a 3D Scene
Dongying Yang, Honghui Wang, Sirong Yi, Qing HeThe chapter explores the alignment interactive design in a 3D geographical environment, emphasizing the integration of extensive geographical data and the application of lightweight structures for efficient design. It delves into the setup of the 3D scene using osgEarth and QT, the calculation of railway alignments, and the realization of interactive design. Additionally, it introduces the concept of lightweight structures to express alignment schemes intuitively and discusses the mapping relation between alignment and geographical objects for rapid evaluation. The chapter highlights the use of advanced tools and techniques to optimize the design process, making it a valuable resource for professionals in the field.AI Generated
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AbstractAn alignment determines the distribution of stations, bridges, tunnels, and subgrades following some predefined codes. Alignment interactive design is the precondition for alignment optimization. When an engineer trying to design an alignment, the preparatory work is the data preparation and understanding of the geographical environment. Alignment interactive design is a design-evaluation-redesign process based on the geographical environment. Generally, there are three desired capabilities of a software program for alignment interactive design. Firstly, it can integrate multi-source data inside a three-dimensional (3D) scene, including terrain data and various feature data of geographical objects. Secondly, it not only supports the alignment interactive design in the traditional two-dimensional (2D) manner but also expresses the real spatial alignment and the related sketches of civil structures for intuitive analysis. Thirdly, it can calculate the quantities of civil work and other indexes supporting the automatic alignment evaluation. This chapter introduces how to make a program for alignment interactive design through osgEarth and Qt integration to realize the above operations. -
Chapter 4. Single-Level Optimization of Metro Alignment with Single-Objective
Dongying Yang, Honghui Wang, Sirong Yi, Qing HeThis chapter delves into the single-objective optimization of metro alignment, focusing on the attributes of metro alignment schemes. It discusses the design principles, geometric constraints, and optimization strategies for horizontal and vertical alignments of metro systems. The chapter highlights the importance of minimizing demolition, saving land, and optimizing alignment for underground, elevated, and ground schemes. It also includes case studies demonstrating the application of these optimization strategies in real-world scenarios.AI Generated
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AbstractThe metro system is the trunk of the transportation network in large cities. The most common construction method for metro projects is the shield method which makes the direct investment closely related to the length of horizontal alignment and the energy consumption of a train operation closely related to the slope composition of vertical alignment. This chapter introduces a double line optimization for the metro alignment in which both equality and inequality constraints are considered. To deal with the density obstacles in the geographical environment for horizontal alignment optimization, we propose three strategies, i.e. direct optimization, optimization with an existing seed, and optimization in successive two stages. Three practical cases are explained to verify the efficiency of the three strategies respectively. In the optimization of metro vertical alignment optimization, we analyze three operating modes i.e. coasting mode, cruising mode, and hybrid mode, and propose their corresponding optimization models. Afterward, the traction calculation of the metro train is explained in detail to realize the calculation of the objective functions. Nine cases are explained to verify the efficiency of the three optimization models of vertical alignment respectively. -
Chapter 5. Bi-level Optimization with Single-Objective for Railway Alignment
Dongying Yang, Honghui Wang, Sirong Yi, Qing HeThe chapter introduces a bi-level optimization model with a single objective for railway alignment design, focusing on minimizing costs associated with civil structures, facilities, and operations. The model divides the optimization process into horizontal and vertical alignment stages, allowing for a detailed and efficient design process. The horizontal alignment is optimized first, followed by the vertical alignment, ensuring that the design meets both geometric and cost constraints. The model is designed to be flexible and adaptable, making it suitable for various railway projects. The chapter also includes a case study demonstrating the application of the bi-level optimization model in a real-world scenario, highlighting its effectiveness in reducing costs and improving design efficiency.AI Generated
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AbstractA railway alignment consists of a horizontal alignment and a vertical alignment. There is a strong coupling relation between the geographic environment, the horizontal alignment, and the vertical alignment if the terrain fluctuation is large or the horizontal features are complex. This chapter proposes a bi-level optimization model for railway alignment considering investment descent. The upper level is responsible for the horizontal alignment optimization, and the lower level is responsible for the vertical alignment optimization. A multi-stage optimization strategy including corridor scheme generation, initial scheme generation, and optimal scheme generation is suggested which not only upgrades the optimization efficiency but also confirms the suitable number of HPI and VPI gradually. -
Chapter 6. Bi-level and Bi-objective Optimization of Railway Alignment in Ecologically Sensitive Area
Dongying Yang, Honghui Wang, Sirong Yi, Qing HeThe chapter delves into the optimization of railway alignment in ecologically sensitive areas, focusing on minimizing ecological impacts and investment costs. It discusses the ecological impacts of railway construction, including land expropriation and destruction of natural habitats. The chapter introduces bi-level and bi-objective optimization techniques, such as the Remote Sensing-based Ecological Index (RSEI), to quantify and visualize ecological changes. It also presents a case study demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed optimization model. The chapter is particularly relevant to professionals in civil engineering, environmental science, and urban planning, offering valuable insights into balancing ecological protection and infrastructure development.AI Generated
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AbstractWhen a railway project passes through an ecologically sensitive area, the reasonable alignment scheme should not only save the investment but also protect the ecological environment. There are various special structure design and construction approaches in a railway project for ecological protection which can be impressed by cost items. However, it is inevitable to acquire some land for the permanent structures of bridge, subgrade, tunnel, and station, where the primitive vegetation and soil are destroyed or disturbed. This chapter proposes a bi-objective optimization model for railway alignment considering the descent of investment and ecological damage simultaneously. Firstly, the structure design and construction approaches for ecological protection are discussed. The principles to set the investment objective considering ecological protection are proposed; Secondly, the ecological objective function to evaluate the ecological damage is described. Thirdly, the bi-level and bi-objective Optimization model of railway alignment is proposed and a multi-objective optimization based on a DE algorithm and decomposition strategy is introduced to solve the optimization model. The case study shows that the suggested optimization model can generate a set of diverse horizontal alignments most of which are on a Pareto Front.
- Title
- Alignment Optimization in Rail Transit
- Authors
-
Dongying Yang
Honghui Wang
Sirong Yi
Qing He
- Copyright Year
- 2025
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-80561-5
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-80560-8
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80561-5
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