Top

Published in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Allgemeine Grundlagen

Author : Thomas Foken

Published in: Angewandte Meteorologie

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Zusammenfassung

Dieser einleitende Abschnitt soll den Rahmen für das vorliegende Buch abstecken, indem Begriffe wie Mikrometeorologie, atmosphärische Grenzschicht und meteorologische Maßstäbe definiert werden und Bezug genommen wird auf die Inhalte des Buches. Neben einem kurzen historischen Abriss werden dann die Bilanzgleichungen an der Erdoberfläche dargestellt und die verschiedenen Transportprozesse eingehend erläutert. Damit sind die mikrometeorologischen Grundlagen gegeben, um in den folgenden Kapiteln theoretische und experimentelle Fragestellungen vertiefen zu können.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

next chapter Grundgleichungen der atmosphärischen Turbulenz

Albrecht F (1940) Untersuchungen über den Wärmehaushalt der Erdoberfläche in verschiedenen Klimagebieten. Reichsamt Wetterdienst, Wiss Abh VIII(2):1–82

André J-C, Bougeault P, Goutorbe J-P (1990) Regional estimates of heat and evaporation fluxes over non-homogeneous terrain, Examples from the HAPEX-MOBILHY programme. Bound-Lay Meteorol 50:77–108CrossRef

Arya SP (2001) Introduction to micrometeorology. Academic Press, San Diego

Barkov E (1914) Vorläufiger Bericht über die meteorologischen Beobachtungen der Deutschen Antarktisexpedition 1911–1912. Meteorol Z 49:120–126

Barrett EW, Suomi VE (1949) Preliminary report on temperature measurement by sonic means. J Meteorol 6:273–276CrossRef

Baumgartner A, Reichel E (1975) The world water balance. Elsevier, Amsterdam/New York

Beniston M (1998) From turbulence to climate. Springer, Berlin/HeidelbergCrossRef

Berényi D (1967) Mikroklimatologie, Mikroklima der bodennahen Atmosphäre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest

Bernhardt K (1984) Physik der Grundschicht. Abh Meteorol Dienstes DDR 133:43–82

Beyer R, Roth R (1977) GREIV I, 1974, Meßdaten. Ber Inst Meteorol Klimatol Univ Hannover. 16:IV + 532

Beyrich F, Foken T (2005) Untersuchung von Landoberflächen- und Grenzschichtprozessen am Meteorologischen Observatorium Lindenberg. Promet 31:148–158

Beyrich F, Mengelkamp H-T (2006) Evaporation over a heterogeneous land surface: EVA_GRIPS and the LITFASS-2003 experiment – an overview. Bound-Lay Meteorol 121:5–32CrossRef

Beyrich F, Richter SH, Weisensee U, Kohsiek W, Lohse H, DeBruin HAR, Foken T, Göckede M, Berger FH, Vogt R, Batchvarova E (2002) Experimental determination of turbulent fluxes over the heterogeneous LITFASS area: selected results from the LITFASS-98 experiment. Theor Appl Climat 73:19–34CrossRef

Bird RB, Stewart WE, Lightfoot EN (2007) Transport phenomena. Wiley, New York

Blackadar AK (1976) Modeling the nocturnal boundary layer. 4th symposium on atmospheric turbulence, diffusion and air pollution, Raylaigh, 19–22 Oct 1976. (1976) Am Meteorol Soc 46–49

Blöschl G, Sivapalan M (1995) Scale issues in hydrological modelling – a review. Hydrol Process 9:251–290CrossRef

Börngen M, Foken T, Hupfer P (2004) 50 Jahre Grundschicht der Troposphäre. NTM 12:201–212CrossRef

Bovscheverov VM, Voronov VP (1960) Akustitscheskii fljuger (Acoustic rotor). Izv AN SSSR, ser Geofiz 6:882–885

Bradley EF (1968) A shearing stress meter for micrometeorological studies. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 94:380–387CrossRef

Brötz B, Eigenmann R, Dörnbrack A, Foken T, Wirth V (2014) Early-morning flow transition in a valley in low-mountain terrain. Bound-Lay Meteorol 152:45–63CrossRef

Brutsaert W (2005) Hydrology. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef

Budyko MI (1974) Climate and life. Academic Press, New York

Burridge DM, Gadd AJ (1977) The Meteorological Office operational 10-level numerical weather prediction model (December 1975). Met Office Tech Notes 34:39

Businger JA, Yaglom AM (1971) Introduction to Obukhov’s paper “Turbulence in an atmosphere with a non-uniform temperature”. Bound-Lay Meteorol 2:3–6CrossRef

Businger JA, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Bradley EF (1971) Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer. J Atmos Sci 28:181–189CrossRef

Davidson PA, Kaneda Y, Moffatt K, Sreenivasan KR (Hrsg) (2011) A voyage through turbulence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Dyer AJ, Maher FJ (1965) Automatic eddy-flux measurement with the evapotron. J Appl Meteorol 4:622–625CrossRef

Dyer AJ, Hicks BB, King KM (1967) The Fluxatron – a revised approach to the measurement of eddy fluxes in the lower atmosphere. J Appl Meteorol 6:408–413CrossRef

Dyer AJ et al (1982) An international turbulence comparison experiment (ITCE 1976). Bound-Lay Meteorol 24:181–209CrossRef

Etling D (2008) Theoretische Meteorologie. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

Foken T (2006) 50 years of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Bound-Lay Meteorol 119:431–447CrossRef

Foken T (2013) Energieaustausch an der Erdoberfläche. Edition am Gutenbergplatz, Leipzig

Foken T, Kitajgorodskij SA, Kuznecov OA (1978) On the dynamics of the molecular temperature boundary layer above the sea. Bound-Lay Meteorol 15:289–300CrossRef

Foken T, Wichura B, Klemm O, Gerchau J, Winterhalter M, Weidinger T (2001) Micrometeorological conditions during the total solar eclipse of August 11, 1999. Meteorol Z 10:171–178CrossRef

Foken T et al (2012) Coupling processes and exchange of energy and reactive and non-reactive trace gases at a forest site – results of the EGER experiment. Atmos Chem Phys 12:1923–1950CrossRef

Frisch U (1995) Turbulence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Garratt JR (1978) Flux profile relations above tall vegetation. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 104:199–211CrossRef

Garratt JR (1992) The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Garratt JR, Hicks BB (1990) Micrometeorological and PBL experiments in Australia. Bound-Lay Meteorol 50:11–32CrossRef

Geiger R (1927) Das Klima der bodennahen Luftschicht. Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig

Geiger R (2013) Das Klima der bodennahen Luftschicht. Springer, WiesbadenCrossRef

Geiger R, Aron RH, Todhunter P (2009) The climate near the ground. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham

Glickman TS (Hrsg) (2000) Glossary of meteorology. American Meteorological Society, Boston

Hanafusa T, Fujitana T, Kobori Y, Mitsuta Y (1982) A new type sonic anemometer-thermometer for field operation. Pap Meteorol Geophys 33:1–19CrossRef

Hann JF, Süring R (1939) Lehrbuch der Meteorologie. Verlag von Willibald Keller, Leipzig

Hartmann DL (1994) Global physical climatology. Academic Press, San Diego/New York

Haugen DA (Hrsg) (1973) Workshop on micrometeorology. American Meteorological Society, Boston

Henderson-Sellers A, Robinson PJ (1986) Contemporary climatology. Wiley, New York

Högström U (1988) Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer: a re-evaluation. Bound-Lay Meteorol 42:55–78CrossRef

Högström U (1990) Analysis of turbulence structure in the surface layer with a modified similarity formulation for near neutral conditions. J Atmos Sci 47:1949–1972CrossRef

Houghton DD (1985) Handbook of applied meteorology. Wiley, New York

Houghton JT (2015) Global warming, the complete briefing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Hupfer P, Kuttler W (Hrsg) (2006) Witterung und Klima, begründet von Ernst Heyer. B. G. Teubner, Stuttgart/Leipzig

Izumi Y (1971) Kansas 1968 field program data report, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory, Bedford. Air Force Cambridge Research Papers, No 379, S 79

Jiang B, Zhang Y, Liang S, Wohlfahrt G, Arain A, Cescatti A, Georgiadis T, Jia K, Kiely G, Lund M, Montagnani L, Magliulo V, Ortiz PS, Oechel W, Vaccari FP, Yao Y, Zhang X (2015) Empirical estimation of daytime net radiation from shortwave radiation and ancillary information. Agr Forest Meteorol 211–212:23–36CrossRef

Kaimal JC, Businger JA (1963) A continuous wave sonic anemometer-thermometer. J Clim Appl Meteorol 2:156–164CrossRef

Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC (1990) The Kansas and Minnesota experiments. Bound-Lay Meteorol 50:31–47CrossRef

Kiehl J, Trenberth KE (1997) Earth annual global mean energy budget. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:197–208CrossRef

Kleinschmidt E (Hrsg) (1935) Handbuch der meteorologischen Instrumente und ihrer Auswertung. Springer, Berlin

Kolmogorov AN (1941a) Lokalnaja struktura turbulentnosti v neschtschimaemoi sckhidkosti pri otschen bolschich tschislach Reynoldsa (The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds numbers). Dokl AN SSSR 30:299–303

Kolmogorov AN (1941b) Rassejanie energii pri lokolno-isotropoi turbulentnosti (Dissipation of energy in locally isotropic turbulence). Dokl AN SSSR 32:22–24

Kopp G, Lean JL (2011) A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: evidence and climate significance. Geophys Res Lett 38, L01706CrossRef

Korzun VI (Hrsg) (1978) World water balance and water resources of the earth. UNESCO, Paris

Kraus H (2004) Die Atmosphäre der Erde. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

Kraus H (2008) Grundlagen der Grenzschichtmeteorologie. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

Lehmann A, Kalb M (1993) 100 Jahre meteorologische Beobachtungen an der Säkularstation Potsdam 1893–1992. Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach

Lettau H (1939) Atmosphärische Turbulenz. Akad. Verlagsges, Leipzig

Lettau H (1949) Isotropic and non-isitropic turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer. Geophys Res Pap 1:86

Lettau HH, Davidson B (Hrsg) (1957) Exploring the atmosphere’s first mile. Pergamon Press, London/New York

Liebethal C, Foken T (2007) Evaluation of six parameterization approaches for the ground heat flux. Theor Appl Climatol 88:43–56CrossRef

Liebethal C, Huwe B, Foken T (2005) Sensitivity analysis for two ground heat flux calculation approaches. Agr Forest Meteorol 132:253–262CrossRef

Liou KN (1992) Radiation and cloud processes in the atmosphere. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Lothon M et al (2014) The BLLAST field experiment: Boundary-Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence. Atmos Chem Phys 14:10931–10960CrossRef

Lumley JL, Yaglom AM (2001) A century of turbulence. Flow Turbul Combust 66:241–286CrossRef

Mitsuta Y (1966) Sonic anemometer-thermometer for general use. J Meteor Soc Jpn Ser II 44:12–24

Miyake M, Stewart RW, Burling RW, Tsvang LR, Kaprov BM, Kuznecov OA (1971) Comparison of acoustic instruments in an atmospheric flow over water. Bound-Lay Meteorol 2:228–245CrossRef

Monin AS, Obukhov AM (1954) Osnovnye zakonomernosti turbulentnogo peremesivanija v prizemnom sloe atmosfery (Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the atmosphere near the ground). Trudy geofiz inst AN SSSR 24(151):163–187

Monin AS, Yaglom AM (1973) Statistical fluid mechanics: mechanics of turbulence, Bd 1. MIT Press, Cambridge/London

Monin AS, Yaglom AM (1975) Statistical fluid mechanics: mechanics of turbulence, Bd 2. MIT Press, Cambridge/London

Montgomery RB (1948) Vertical eddy flux of heat in the atmosphere. J Meteorol 5:265–274CrossRef

Obukhov AM (1946) Turbulentnost’ v temperaturnoj - neodnorodnoj atmosfere (Turbulence in an atmosphere with a non-uniform temperature). Trudy Inst Theor Geofiz AN SSSR 1:95–115

Obukhov AM (1951) Charakteristiki mikrostruktury vetra v prizemnom sloje atmosfery (Characteristics of the micro-structure of the wind in the surface layer of the atmosphere). Izv AN SSSR, ser Geofiz 3:49–68

Obukhov AM (1960) O strukture temperaturnogo polja i polja skorostej v uslovijach konvekcii (Structure of the temperature and velocity fields under conditions of free convection). Izv AN SSSR, ser Geofiz 9:1392–1396

Obukhov AM (1971) Turbulence in an atmosphere with a non-uniform temperature. Bound-Lay Meteorol 2:7–29CrossRef

Oertel jr H (Hrsg) (2012) Prandtl-Führer durch die Strömungslehre. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden

Oke TR (1987) Boundary layer climates. Methuen, New York

Oncley SP, Foken T, Vogt R, Kohsiek W, DeBruin HAR, Bernhofer C, Christen A, van Gorsel E, Grantz D, Feigenwinter C, Lehner I, Liebethal C, Liu H, Mauder M, Pitacco A, Ribeiro L, Weidinger T (2007) The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000, part I: Overview and energy balance. Bound-Lay Meteorol 123:1–28CrossRef

Orlanski I (1975) A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 56:527–530

Persson POG, Fairall CW, Andreas EL, Guest PS, Perovich DK (2002) Measurements near the atmospheric surface flux group tower at sheba: Near-surface conditions and surface energy budget. J Geophys Res 107:8045CrossRef

Poulos GS, Blumen W, Fritts DC, Lundquist JK, Sun J, Burns SP, Nappo C, Banta R, Newsom R, Cuxart J, Terradellas E, Balsley B, Jensen M (2002) CASES-99: a comprehensive investigation of the stable nocturnal boundary layer. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 83:55–581CrossRef

Prandtl L (1925) Bericht über Untersuchungen zur ausgebildeten Turbulenz. Z angew Math Mech 5:136–139

Reynolds O (1894) On the dynamical theory of turbulent incompressible viscous fluids and the determination of the criterion. Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond A 186:123–161CrossRef

Richardson LF (1920) The supply of energy from and to atmospheric eddies. Proc Roy Soc A 97:354–373CrossRef

Roedel W, Wagner T (2011) Physik unserer Umwelt: Die Atmosphäre. Springer, Berlin/HeidelbergCrossRef

Schlichting H, Gersten K (2006) Grenzschicht-Theorie. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

Schmidt W (1925) Der Massenaustausch in freier Luft und verwandte Erscheinungen. Henri Grand Verlag, Hamburg

Schneider-Carius K (1953) Die Grundschicht der Troposphäre. Akad. Verlagsges. Geest & Portig, Leipzig

Schoonmaker PK (1998) Paleoecological perspectives on ecological scales. In: Peterson DL, Parker VT (Hrsg) Ecological scale. Columbia University Press, New York, S 79–103

Schotland RM (1955) The measurement of wind velocity by sonic waves. J Meteorol 12:386–390CrossRef

Seibert P, Beyrich F, Gryning S-E, Joffre S, Rasmussen A, Tercier P (2000) Review and intercomparison of operational methods for the determination of the mixing height. Atmos Environ 34:1001–1027CrossRef

Seiler W (1996) Results from the integrated research programme SANA. Phase I. Meteorol Z 5:179–278

Sellers PJ, Hall FG, Asrar G, Strebel DE, Murphy RE (1988) The first ISLSCP field experiment (FIFE). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 69:22–27CrossRef

Shen S, Leclerc MY (1995) How large must surface inhomogeneous be before they influence the convective boundary layer structure? A case study. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 121:1209–1228CrossRef

Sheppard PA (1947) The aerodynamic drag of the Earth’s surface and the value of von Karman’s constant in the lower atmosphere. Proc Roy Soc Lond A 188:208–222CrossRef

Stull RB (1988) An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/LondonCrossRef

Stull RB (2011) Meteorology for scientists and engineers, 3rd edn. © Author, CC Attribution 4.0 License, Vancouver, ISBN-13: 978-0-88865-178-5

Suomi VE (1957) Sonic anemometer – University of Wisconsin. In: Lettau HH, Davidson B (Hrsg) Exploring the atmosphere’s first mile, Bd 1. Pergamon Press, London/New York, S 256–266

Sutton OG (1953) Micrometeorology. McGraw Hill, New York

Swinbank WC (1951) The measurement of vertical transfer of heat and water vapor by eddies in the lower atmosphere. J Meteorol 8:135–145CrossRef

Taylor GI (1915) Eddy motion in the atmosphere. Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond A 215:1–26CrossRef

Taylor GI (1938) The spectrum of turbulence. Proc Roy Soc Lond A 164:476–490CrossRef

Trenberth KE, Fasullo JT, Kiehl J (2009) Earth’s global energy budget. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 90:311–323CrossRef

Tsvang LR, Kaprov BM, Zubkovskij SL, Dyer AJ, Hicks BB, Miyake M, Stewart RW, McDonald JW (1973) Comparison of turbulence measurements by different instuments; Tsimlyansk field experiment 1970. Bound-Lay Meteorol 3:499–521CrossRef

Tsvang LR, Zubkovskij SL, Kader BA, Kallistratova MA, Foken T, Gerstmann W, Przandka Z, Pretel J, Zelený J, Keder J (1985) International turbulence comparison experiment (ITCE-81). Bound-Lay Meteorol 31:325–348CrossRef

Tsvang LR, Fedorov MM, Kader BA, Zubkovskii SL, Foken T, Richter SH, Zelený J (1991) Turbulent exchange over a surface with chessboard-type inhomogeneities. Bound-Lay Meteorol 55:141–160CrossRef

Vogel H-J, Roth K (2003) Moving through scales of flow and transport in soil. J Hydrol 272:95–106CrossRef

von Kármán T, Howarth L (1938) On the statistical theory of isotropic turbulence. Proc R Soc Lond A 164:192–215CrossRef

Wendisch M, Yang P (2012) Theory of atmospheric radiative transfer. Wiley, Weinheim

Wendling U, Fuchs P, Müller-Westermeier G (1997) Modellierung des Zusammenhangs von Globalstrahlung, Sonnenscheindauer und Bewölkungsgrad als Beitrag der Klimaüberwachung. Dt Wetterdienst, Forsch. Entwicklung, Arbeitsergebnisse 45:29

Wichura B, Buchmann N, Foken T, Mangold A, Heinz G, Rebmann C (2001) Pools und Flüsse des stabilen Kohlenstoffisotops ¹³C zwischen Boden, Vegetation und Atmosphäre in verschiedenen Pflanzengemeinschaften des Fichtelgebirges. Bayreuther Forum Ökologie 84:123–153

Wieringa J (1980) A revaluation of the Kansas mast influence on measurements of stress and cup anemometer overspeeding. Bound-Lay Meteorol 18:411–430CrossRef

Wild M, Folini D, Schär C, Loeb N, Dutton E, König-Langlo G (2013) The global energy balance from a surface perspective. Climate Dynam 40:3107–3134CrossRef

Wild M, Folini D, Hakuba M, Schär C, Seneviratne S, Kato S, Rutan D, Ammann C, Wood E, König-Langlo G (2015) The energy balance over land and oceans: An assessment based on direct observations and CMIP5 climate models. Climate Dynam 44:3393–3429CrossRef

Wulfmeyer V et al (2011) The convective and orographically induced precipitation study (COPS): the scientific strategy, the field phase, and research highlights. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 137:3–30CrossRef

Wyngaard JC, Coté OR, Izumi Y (1971) Local free convection, similarity and the budgets of shear stree and heat flux. J Atmos Sci 28:1171–1182CrossRef

Wyngaard JC, Businger JA, Kaimal JC, Larsen SE (1982) Comments on ‘a revaluation of the Kansas mast influence on measurements of stress and cup anemometer overspeeding’. Bound-Lay Meteorol 22:245–250CrossRef

Title: Allgemeine Grundlagen
Author: Thomas Foken
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Book: Angewandte Meteorologie
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-25524-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-25525-0

Copyright Year: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25525-0_1