1. Alternative Fuels and 2023 IMO GHG Strategy

The chapter begins by addressing the controversies and conflicting definitions surrounding alternative fuels, highlighting the shift from substance-based definitions to a more holistic approach that considers the production and usage processes. It explores the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of various greenhouse gases, emphasizing the importance of understanding their relative contributions to climate change. The text delves into the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework, which is crucial for evaluating the environmental impact of alternative fuels throughout their entire supply chain. It also provides an in-depth analysis of the FuelEU Maritime regulation and the 2023 IMO GHG Strategy, comparing them with previous regulations to illustrate the increasingly stringent targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the maritime sector. The chapter concludes by outlining the future directions for alternative fuels in shipping, including the potential of LNG, hydrogen, ammonia, biofuels, and e-fuels, as well as the role of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. This comprehensive overview is essential for understanding the complex interplay between regulatory frameworks, technological advancements, and environmental sustainability in the maritime industry.