16. An Epistemological Model for a Data Analysis Process in Support of Verification and Validation

The verification and validation (V&V) of the data analysis process is critical for establishing the objective correctness of an analytic workflow. Yet, problems, mechanisms, and shortfalls for verifying and validating data analysis processes have not been investigated, understood, or well defined by the data analysis community. The processes of verification and validation evaluate the correctness of a logical mechanism, either computational or cognitive. Verification establishes whether the object of the evaluation performs as it was designed to perform. (“Does it do the thing right?”) Validation establishes whether the object of the evaluation performs accurately with respect to the real world. (“Does it do the right thing?”) Computational mechanisms producing numerical or statistical results are used by human analysts to gain an understanding about the real world from which the data came. The results of the computational mechanisms motivate cognitive associations that further drive the data analysis process. The combination of computational and cognitive analytical methods into a workflow defines the data analysis process. People do not typically consider the V&V of the data analysis process. The V&V of the cognitive assumptions, reasons, and/or mechanisms that connect analytical elements must also be considered and evaluated for correctness. Data Analysis Process Verification and Validation (DAP-V&V) defines a framework and processes that may be applied to identify, structure, and associate logical elements. DAP-V&V is a way of establishing correctness of individual steps along an analytical workflow and ensuring integrity of conceptual associations that are composed into an aggregate analysis.