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The Concept of “Communications” and “Broadcasting” in the Era of Digital Convergence Read chapter Read first chapter

2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

An Outlook on Broadcasting in 2036—The State of Broadcasting in the UK and Japanese Broadcasting Policy

Authors : Ichiya Nakamura, Naoto Kikuchi

Published in: Broadcasting in Japan

Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

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Abstract

The first half of this paper provides an overview of the state of broadcasting in the UK. The UK is the world’s most famous model for the dual public–commercial broadcasting system and is often compared to the Japanese broadcasting system. Using the system in the UK as a guide, the second half of the paper provides an outlook on Japan’s broadcasting policy. After introducing discussions about Broadcast Act 2010, data use, conditional access system, changes in social structure in Japan and new broadcasting platforms that have taken place in the government over the past few years, this paper examines the points in question that prompted these discussions. Lastly, this paper offers policy recommendations, including prefectural licensing, deconcentration of mass media, restrictions on foreign investment, and the reorganization of ministries and agencies in a policy paper.

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previous chapter Japan’s Broadcasting System from the Perspective of Its Demographics in 2040
next chapter An International Comparison of Simulcasting and Webcasting: From Facilitating Transmission to Communication to the Public
Footnotes
1
In 1957, Kakuei Tanaka, Minister of Posts and Telecommunications, granted 34 provisional licenses.
 
2
Article 44 at the time. See also Note 17.
 
3
The three disaster-affected prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima completed the transition in 2012.
 
4
According to publications by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), the household coverage rate for FTTH and other super high-speed broadband reached 97.3% in FY2011.
 
5
See the following for earlier government discussions (Nakamura, 2020, pp. 3–5).
 
6
See Kikuchi (2022).
 
7
The National Association of Commercial Broadcasters in Japan Research Institute (2019, pp. 198–212).
 
8
While the EU’s Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) has provisions promoting the production of and access to programs in the EU, an amended directive accommodating the increased use of on-demand services and video sharing platforms was promulgated on November 28, 2018.
 
9
MIC, Keburuterebi no genjo to kadai [The Current State of Cable Television and Issues], (November 2016), https://​www.​soumu.​go.​jp/​main_​content/​000451548.​pdf.
 
10
According to the MIC’s document, Burodobando kiban no seibi jokyo [Development of Broadband Infrastructure] (2021), the FTTH penetration rate is 98.3%. https://​www.​soumu.​go.​jp/​main_​content/​000790410.​pdf [Accessed on March 22, 2022].
 
11
In response to this, both broadcasting and Internet camps expressed concern and criticism that this would lead to tighter regulations, and discussions and coordination ran into difficulties. This was unavoidable in some respects because institutional theory took precedence over the actual situation, and the legal system theory was globally unprecedented.
 
12
Article 4 of the Broadcast Act is a set of rules for the editing of broadcast programs and stipulates the following: (1) Not to harm public safety or good morals, (2) To be politically impartial, (3) To report the news without distorting the facts, and (4) To clarify issues of conflicting opinions with as much certainty as possible. Since its enactment in 1950 until its revision in 1959, the Broadcast Act did not provide for “good morals” as described in (1) above, and the current Article 4 (Article 44 in 1959) was a provision that covered only NHK. This was changed to an article covering all of broadcasting, and adding “good morals” to the first item.
 
13
The V-High band is 207.5–222 MHz. This is the vacant frequency band created by the digitalization of terrestrial TV broadcasting.
 
14
On January 14, 2020, NHK’s changes to its standards for conducting business under Article 20, Paragraph 2, Items 2 and 3 of the Broadcast Act were approved.
 
15
From Dentsu, “Advertising Expenditures in Japan in 2018.” Moreover, the size of the domestic market for targeted advertising has already exceeded ¥1 trillion, accounting for 80% of all online advertising. Users’ browsing history, behavior, location, previous preferences, and spending history are analyzed. Advertising has become a data business. Netflix organizes user preferences by subdividing them down to 2000 fields. Videos suitable for individual users are displayed as “recommendations” drawn from its large volume of content collected from around the world.
 
16
The UK government has stated that it has continued to apply the GDPR as domestic law after the UK left the EU. Japan External Trade Organization, Igirisu no EU ridatsu ni kansuru horitsu seido-jo no gaidobukku [Legal and Institutional Guidebook for the UK’s Exit from the EU], (October 2018), 25.
 
17
Held in 2018–2019 at the Study Group on the Various Issues Facing Broadcasting.
 
18
Study Committee for the Promotion of Digital Content Distribution, Information and Communications Policy Committee, Information and Communications Council, MIC.
 
19
European Commission, Antitrust: Commission fines Google €1.49 billion for abusive practices in online advertising, (March 2019) https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​commission/​presscorner/​detail/​en/​IP_​19_​1770.
 
20
Adopted in June 2019 at a meeting of ministers responsible for trade and the digital economy, the principles aim for “people-centered” development, that includes taking into account human rights and employment.
 
21
However, city-states are susceptible to political influence, and political turmoil is expected to cause Hong Kong to drop in the rankings 2020 onward.
 
22
The Study Subcommittee was established in 2018 at the “Study Group on the Various Issues Facing Broadcasting.” One of the authors of this paper, Nakamura, is the Acting Chairman of the subcommittee.
 
23
It was enacted on November 14, 2018, and promulgated on November 28, 2018. Tomoko Shimamura, EU shichokaku mediasabisu shirei (AVMSD) no kaisei [Amendments to the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD)], (February 2019), 12.
 
24
Member states were obliged to transpose the content of the amended directive into national legislation by September 19, 2020.
 
25
For the direction of institutional reforms, see “7 Institutional Reforms” in Naoto Kikuchi, “An International Institutional Comparison of Simulcasting and Webcasting: From Facilitating Transmission to Communication to the Public.”
 
26
In 2008, the MIC conducted a “research survey on the development of a database environment for the establishment of a market for trading broadcasting content.” One of the authors, Kikuchi, compiled a concept for a broadcasting rights information gateway at the related council, which was to form the basic system design for aRma (the Audiovisual Rights Management Association), established in 2009.
 
27
For information on the information and communications administrative organizations as part of governmental restructuring, see Ichiya Nakamura and Naoto Kikuchi, “Restructuring the Information and Communication Administrative Organizations,” (March 2003), 159–170.
 
28
The “Round Table Conference on Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting” was established in June 1997.
 
Literature
Dentsu Media Innovation Lab. (2019). Information media trends in Japan 2018. Diamondsha.
Japan External Trade Organization. (2018). Igirisu no EU ridatsu ni kansuru horitsu seido-jo no gaidobukku [Legal and institutional guidebook for the UK’s exit from the EU] (p. 25). Japan External Trade Organization.
Kikuchi, N. (2022). An international institutional comparison of simulcasting and webcasting: From facilitating transmission to communication to the public. In H. Mitomo & M. Kimura (Eds.), Broadcasting in Japan: Challenges and opportunities. Springer Nature.
Nakamura, I. (2018). 2020, Tokyo, media yugo [2020, Tokyo, and media fusion]. In The National Association of Commercial Broadcasters in Japan Research Institute (Ed.), Netto haishin no shinten to hoso media [The development of internet distribution and broadcasting media] (pp. 2–26). Gakubunsha.
Nakamura, I., & Kikuchi, N. (2003). Jōhō tsūshin gyōsei soshiki no sai kōchiku [Restructuring the information and communication administrative organizations]. International Public Policy Studies 7(2), 159–170.
Newcomb, R., & Kimura, M. (2018). Igirisu ni okeru chijoha hoso no hādo sofuto bunri [The separation of hardware and software in UK terrestrial broadcasting]. National Association of Commercial Broadcasters Quarterly Summer Edition.
Nishido, S. (2017). Doitsu ni okeru kōkyō hōsō-ron no shin tenkai [New developments in German public broadcasting theory]. Academic Journal, Information and Communication Policy Studies, 1(1), 41. (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC)).
Shimamura, T. (2019). EU shichokaku mediasabisu shirei (AVMSD) no kaisei [Amendments to the EU audiovisual media services directive (AVMSD)]. In National Diet Library Research and Legislative Reference Bureau (Ed.), Foreign legislation No. 278-2 (p. 12). National Diet Library.
The National Association of Commercial Broadcasters in Japan Research Institute. (2019). Igirisu no hoso jigyo-sha ni yoru netto haishin jigyo-to ni kansuru genchi chosa [Field survey on internet distribution by broadcasters in the UK]. In Minpo no netto dejitaru kanren bijinesu kenkyu purojekuto 2018-nendo hokoku-sho [Report on the internet and digital-related business research project for commercial broadcasters 2018] (pp. 127–212). The National Association of Commercial Broadcasters in Japan Research Institute.
Metadata
Title
An Outlook on Broadcasting in 2036—The State of Broadcasting in the UK and Japanese Broadcasting Policy
Authors
Ichiya Nakamura
Naoto Kikuchi
Copyright Year
2022
Publisher
Springer Nature Singapore
Book
Broadcasting in Japan

Print ISBN: 978-981-19-4698-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-19-4699-8

Copyright Year: 2022

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4699-8_3