Analysis of Adaptive Reuse Models for Abandoned Built Heritage in Small Towns of Inland Areas: Strengths, Challenges, and Opportunities

Adaptive reuse of abandoned built heritage is a major contemporary challenge in the conservation and enhancement of cultural, historical, and social heritage. Interest in this topic is increasing both in academic research and practical applications, as it allows abandoned buildings to be transformed into valuable assets for sustainable development. This study examines key adaptive reuse models, analyzing their strengths and limitations, with a particular focus on their applicability to small inland towns, where economic and social conditions often differ from larger urban centers. Among the most relevant models are ARP (Adaptive Reuse Potential), which evaluates the economic viability and sustainability of reuse; IconCUR (Integrated Conservation and Urban Regeneration), which integrates heritage conservation with urban renewal; and circular economy-inspired models, which view heritage as part of a continuous resource cycle. Other approaches include Campbell’s Planner’s Triangle, which balances economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection; the Historic Urban Landscape approach, which takes a holistic view of urban heritage management; and the Cultural Heritage Counts for Europe model, which highlights the economic, social, environmental, and cultural benefits of heritage reuse. However, applying these models to small inland towns presents several challenges. Most of them were designed for well-developed urban contexts and may be less effective in addressing depopulation, lack of services, and economic fragility. Therefore, more flexible and adaptable models are needed to respond to local needs and ensure that built heritage reuse becomes a strategic tool for sustainable and inclusive regeneration in marginalized territories.