Skip to main content
Top

2011 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Analytical Chemistry

Authors : Willie E. May, Dr., Richard R. Cavanagh, Dr., Gregory C. Turk, Dr., Michael Winchester, Dr., John Travis, Ph.D., Melody V. Smith, Paul DeRose, Ph.D., Steven J. Choquette, Ph.D., Gary W. Kramer, Ph.D., John R. Sieber, Dr., Robert R. Greenberg, Dr., Richard Lindstrom, George Lamaze, Dr., Rolf Zeisler, Dr., Michele Schantz, Dr., Lane Sander, Ph.D., Karen W. Phinney, Ph.D., Michael Welch, Dr., Thomas Vetter, Kenneth W. Pratt, Dr., John H. J. Scott, John Small, Scott Wight, B.S., Stephan J. Stranick, Ph.D., Ralf Matschat, Peter Reich

Published in: Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Measurements of the chemical compositions of materials and the levels of certain substances in them are vital when assessing and improving public health, safety and the environment, are necessary to ensure trade equity, and are required when monitoring and improving industrial products and services. Chemical measurements play a crucial role in most areas of the economy, including healthcare, food and nutrition, agriculture, environmental technologies, chemicals and materials, instrumentation, electronics, forensics, energy, and transportation.
This chapter presents a broad overview of the analytical techniques that can be used to perform the higher order chemical characterization of materials. Techniques covered include mass spectrometry, molecular spectrometry, atomic spectrometry, nuclear analytical methods, chromatographic methods and classical chemical methods.
For each technique, information is provided on the principle(s) of operation, the scope of the technique, the nature of the sample that can be used, qualitative analysis, traceable quantitative analysis, and key references. Examples of representative data are provided for each technique, where possible.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
4.1.
go back to reference A. Montaser, D.W. Golightly (Eds.): Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2nd edn. (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1992) A. Montaser, D.W. Golightly (Eds.): Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2nd edn. (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1992)
4.2.
go back to reference R.K. Marcus (Ed.): Glow Discharge Spectroscopies (Plenum, New York 1993) p. 514 R.K. Marcus (Ed.): Glow Discharge Spectroscopies (Plenum, New York 1993) p. 514
4.3.
go back to reference R.K. Marcus, J.A.C. Broekaert (Eds.): Glow Discharge Plasmas in Analytical Spectroscopy (Wiley, Chichester 2003) p. 482 R.K. Marcus, J.A.C. Broekaert (Eds.): Glow Discharge Plasmas in Analytical Spectroscopy (Wiley, Chichester 2003) p. 482
4.4.
go back to reference R.S. Houk, V.A. Fassel, G.D. Flesch, H.J. Svec, A.L. Gray, C.E. Taylor: Inductively coupled argon plasma as an ion source for mass spectrometric determination of trace elements, Anal. Chem. 52, 2283–2289 (1980)CrossRef R.S. Houk, V.A. Fassel, G.D. Flesch, H.J. Svec, A.L. Gray, C.E. Taylor: Inductively coupled argon plasma as an ion source for mass spectrometric determination of trace elements, Anal. Chem. 52, 2283–2289 (1980)CrossRef
4.5.
go back to reference P. Semeniuk, S. Berman: Analysis of high purity metals and semiconductor materials by glow discharge mass spectrometry, Spectrochim. Acta Rev. 13, 1–10 (1990) P. Semeniuk, S. Berman: Analysis of high purity metals and semiconductor materials by glow discharge mass spectrometry, Spectrochim. Acta Rev. 13, 1–10 (1990)
4.6.
go back to reference W.W. Harrison, K.R. Hess, R.K. Marcus, F.L. King: Glow discharge mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 58, 341A–356A (1986) W.W. Harrison, K.R. Hess, R.K. Marcus, F.L. King: Glow discharge mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 58, 341A–356A (1986)
4.7.
go back to reference W.W. Harrison, B.L. Bentz: Glow discharge mass spectrometry, Prog. Anal. Spectrosc. 11, 53–110 (1988) W.W. Harrison, B.L. Bentz: Glow discharge mass spectrometry, Prog. Anal. Spectrosc. 11, 53–110 (1988)
4.8.
go back to reference M.R. Winchester, R. Payling: Radio-frequency glow discharge spectrometry: A critical review, Spectrochim. Acta B 59, 607–666 (2004)CrossRef M.R. Winchester, R. Payling: Radio-frequency glow discharge spectrometry: A critical review, Spectrochim. Acta B 59, 607–666 (2004)CrossRef
4.9.
go back to reference C. Burgess, T. Frost (Eds.): Standards and Best Practice in Absorption Spectrometry (Blackwell Science, Oxford 1999) C. Burgess, T. Frost (Eds.): Standards and Best Practice in Absorption Spectrometry (Blackwell Science, Oxford 1999)
4.10.
go back to reference G. Wyszecki, W.S. Stiles: Color Science, 2nd edn. (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1982) G. Wyszecki, W.S. Stiles: Color Science, 2nd edn. (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1982)
4.11.
go back to reference ISO: International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), 2nd ed., (BIPM/IEC/IFCC/ISO/IUPAC/IUPAP/OIML, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 1993) ISO: International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), 2nd ed., (BIPM/IEC/IFCC/ISO/IUPAC/IUPAP/OIML, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 1993)
4.12.
go back to reference ISO: Guide 34, General Requirements for the Competence of Reference Material Producers, 2nd ed., (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 2000) ISO: Guide 34, General Requirements for the Competence of Reference Material Producers, 2nd ed., (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 2000)
4.13.
go back to reference ISO: International Standard ISO/IEC 17025, General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories, 1st ed., (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 1999) ISO: International Standard ISO/IEC 17025, General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories, 1st ed., (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 1999)
4.14.
go back to reference J.R. Lakowicz: Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy (Kluwer/Plenum, New York 1999)CrossRef J.R. Lakowicz: Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy (Kluwer/Plenum, New York 1999)CrossRef
4.15.
go back to reference ASTM: ASTM Standard E388, Standard test method for wavelength accuracy and spectral bandwidth of fluorescence spectrometers. In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.06, (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2004) ASTM: ASTM Standard E388, Standard test method for wavelength accuracy and spectral bandwidth of fluorescence spectrometers. In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.06, (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2004)
4.16.
go back to reference K.D. Mielenz (Ed.): Optical radiation measurements. In: Measurement of Photoluminescence, Vol. 3 (Academic, New York 1982) pp. 15–154 K.D. Mielenz (Ed.): Optical radiation measurements. In: Measurement of Photoluminescence, Vol. 3 (Academic, New York 1982) pp. 15–154
4.17.
go back to reference J.N. Miller: Techniques in visible and ultraviolet spectrometry. In: Standards in Fluorescence Spectrometry, Vol. 2, ed. by J.N. Miller (Chapman and Hall, New York 1981)CrossRef J.N. Miller: Techniques in visible and ultraviolet spectrometry. In: Standards in Fluorescence Spectrometry, Vol. 2, ed. by J.N. Miller (Chapman and Hall, New York 1981)CrossRef
4.18.
go back to reference R.L. McCreery: Raman Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, Chemical Analysis, Vol. 157 (Wiley, New York 2000) R.L. McCreery: Raman Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, Chemical Analysis, Vol. 157 (Wiley, New York 2000)
4.19.
go back to reference P.R. Griffiths, J.A. de Haseth: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (Wiley, New York 1986) P.R. Griffiths, J.A. de Haseth: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (Wiley, New York 1986)
4.20.
go back to reference P.B. Coleman (Ed.): Practical Sampling Techniques for Infrared Analysis (CRC, Boca Raton 1993) P.B. Coleman (Ed.): Practical Sampling Techniques for Infrared Analysis (CRC, Boca Raton 1993)
4.21.
go back to reference R.M. Silverstein, F.X. Webster: Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th edn. (Wiley, New York 1998) R.M. Silverstein, F.X. Webster: Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th edn. (Wiley, New York 1998)
4.22.
go back to reference D.L. Rabenstein, D.A. Keire: Quantitative analysis by NMR. In: Modern NMR Techniques and Their Application in Chemistry, Vol. 11, ed. by A.I. Popov, K. Hallenga (Dekker, New York 1991), Chap. 5, pp. 323–369 D.L. Rabenstein, D.A. Keire: Quantitative analysis by NMR. In: Modern NMR Techniques and Their Application in Chemistry, Vol. 11, ed. by A.I. Popov, K. Hallenga (Dekker, New York 1991), Chap. 5, pp. 323–369
4.23.
go back to reference F. Kasler: Quantitative Analysis by NMR Spectroscopy (Academic, New York 1973) F. Kasler: Quantitative Analysis by NMR Spectroscopy (Academic, New York 1973)
4.24.
go back to reference H. Jancke: NMR spectroscopy as a primary analytical method, CCQM Report 98(2), 1–12 (1998) H. Jancke: NMR spectroscopy as a primary analytical method, CCQM Report 98(2), 1–12 (1998)
4.25.
go back to reference J.P. Heeschen: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In: The Characterization of Chemical Purity Organic Compounds, ed. by K.L.A. Staveley (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Butterworth and Co, London 1977) pp. 137–147 J.P. Heeschen: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In: The Characterization of Chemical Purity Organic Compounds, ed. by K.L.A. Staveley (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Butterworth and Co, London 1977) pp. 137–147
4.26.
go back to reference D. Filmore: Seeing with spectroscopy. In: Chronicles of Chemistry II: Enterprise of the Chemical Sciences, Supplemental publication of the American Chemical Society, ed. by J.F. Ryan (ACS, Washington 2004) p. 87 D. Filmore: Seeing with spectroscopy. In: Chronicles of Chemistry II: Enterprise of the Chemical Sciences, Supplemental publication of the American Chemical Society, ed. by J.F. Ryan (ACS, Washington 2004) p. 87
4.27.
go back to reference J.C. Travis, J.C. Acosta, G. Andor, J. Bastie, P. Blattner, C.J. Chunnilall, S.C. Crosson, D.L. Duewer, E.A. Early, F. Hengstberger, C. Kim, L. Liedquist, F. Manoocheri, F. Mercader, A. Mito, L.A.G. Monard, S. Nevas, M. Nilsson, M. Noël, A.C. Rodriguez, A. Ruíz, A. Schirmacher, M.V. Smith, G. Valencia, N. van Tonder, J. Zwinkels: Intrinsic wavelength standard absorption bands in holmium oxide solutions for UV/visible molecular absorption spectrophotometry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34, 41–56 (2005)CrossRef J.C. Travis, J.C. Acosta, G. Andor, J. Bastie, P. Blattner, C.J. Chunnilall, S.C. Crosson, D.L. Duewer, E.A. Early, F. Hengstberger, C. Kim, L. Liedquist, F. Manoocheri, F. Mercader, A. Mito, L.A.G. Monard, S. Nevas, M. Nilsson, M. Noël, A.C. Rodriguez, A. Ruíz, A. Schirmacher, M.V. Smith, G. Valencia, N. van Tonder, J. Zwinkels: Intrinsic wavelength standard absorption bands in holmium oxide solutions for UV/visible molecular absorption spectrophotometry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34, 41–56 (2005)CrossRef
4.28.
go back to reference R.A. Velapoldi, K.D. Mielenz: A fluorescence standard reference material: Quinine sulfate dihydrate, US Dept. of Commerce, NBS special publication NIST SP 260-64, 122 pp. (1980) R.A. Velapoldi, K.D. Mielenz: A fluorescence standard reference material: Quinine sulfate dihydrate, US Dept. of Commerce, NBS special publication NIST SP 260-64, 122 pp. (1980)
4.29.
go back to reference S.J. Choquette, E.E. Etz, W. Hurst, D. Blackburn: Relative intensity correction standards for Raman spectroscopy for excitation with several common laser wavelengths, Am. Pharm. Rev. 6(2), 74–80 (2003) S.J. Choquette, E.E. Etz, W. Hurst, D. Blackburn: Relative intensity correction standards for Raman spectroscopy for excitation with several common laser wavelengths, Am. Pharm. Rev. 6(2), 74–80 (2003)
4.30.
go back to reference S.J. Choquette, S.N. Chesler, D.L. Duewer, S. Wang, T.C. OʼHaver: Identification and quantitation of oxygenates in gasoline ampules using FT-NIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy, Anal. Chem. 68(20), 3525 (1996)CrossRef S.J. Choquette, S.N. Chesler, D.L. Duewer, S. Wang, T.C. OʼHaver: Identification and quantitation of oxygenates in gasoline ampules using FT-NIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy, Anal. Chem. 68(20), 3525 (1996)CrossRef
4.31.
go back to reference L. Griffiths, A.M. Irving: Assay by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Quantification limits, Analyst 123, 1061–1068 (1998)CrossRef L. Griffiths, A.M. Irving: Assay by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Quantification limits, Analyst 123, 1061–1068 (1998)CrossRef
4.35.
go back to reference J.D. Ingle Jr., S.R. Crouch: Spectrochemical Analysis (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs 1988) J.D. Ingle Jr., S.R. Crouch: Spectrochemical Analysis (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs 1988)
4.36.
go back to reference J.R. Dean, D.J. Ando (Eds.): Atomic Absorption and Plasma Spectroscopy (Wiley, New York 1997) J.R. Dean, D.J. Ando (Eds.): Atomic Absorption and Plasma Spectroscopy (Wiley, New York 1997)
4.37.
go back to reference A. Montaser, D.W. Golightly (Eds.): Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2nd edn. (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1992) A. Montaser, D.W. Golightly (Eds.): Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2nd edn. (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1992)
4.38.
go back to reference R.D. Sacks: Emission spectroscopy. In: Treatise on Analytical Chemistry Vol. 7, 2nd edn., ed. by I.M. Kolthoff, P.J. Elving (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1981) Chap. 6 R.D. Sacks: Emission spectroscopy. In: Treatise on Analytical Chemistry Vol. 7, 2nd edn., ed. by I.M. Kolthoff, P.J. Elving (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1981) Chap. 6
4.39.
go back to reference R.K. Marcus (Ed.): Glow Discharge Spectroscopies (Plenum, New York 1993) p. 514 R.K. Marcus (Ed.): Glow Discharge Spectroscopies (Plenum, New York 1993) p. 514
4.40.
go back to reference R. Payling, D. Jones, A. Bengtson (Eds.): Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (Wiley, Chichester 1997) p. 846 R. Payling, D. Jones, A. Bengtson (Eds.): Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (Wiley, Chichester 1997) p. 846
4.41.
go back to reference R.K. Marcus, J.A.C. Broekaert (Eds.): Glow Discharge Plasmas in Analytical Spectroscopy (Wiley, Chichester 2003) p. 482 R.K. Marcus, J.A.C. Broekaert (Eds.): Glow Discharge Plasmas in Analytical Spectroscopy (Wiley, Chichester 2003) p. 482
4.42.
go back to reference T. Nelis, R. Payling: Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy: A Practical Guide, ed. by N.W. Barnett (The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2003) p. 211 T. Nelis, R. Payling: Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy: A Practical Guide, ed. by N.W. Barnett (The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2003) p. 211
4.43.
go back to reference R. Jenkins: Practical X-Ray Spectrometry, 2nd edn. (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 1970) p. 190CrossRef R. Jenkins: Practical X-Ray Spectrometry, 2nd edn. (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 1970) p. 190CrossRef
4.44.
go back to reference R.E. Van Grieken, A.A. Markowicz (Eds.): Handbook of X-Ray Spectrometry, 2nd edn. (Dekker, New York 2002) p. 1016 R.E. Van Grieken, A.A. Markowicz (Eds.): Handbook of X-Ray Spectrometry, 2nd edn. (Dekker, New York 2002) p. 1016
4.45.
go back to reference E.P. Bertin: Principles and Practice of X-Ray Spectrometric Analysis, 2nd edn. (Plenum, New York 1975) p. 1079CrossRef E.P. Bertin: Principles and Practice of X-Ray Spectrometric Analysis, 2nd edn. (Plenum, New York 1975) p. 1079CrossRef
4.46.
go back to reference B. Dziunikowski (Ed.): Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (Elsevier, New York 1989) p. 431 B. Dziunikowski (Ed.): Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (Elsevier, New York 1989) p. 431
4.47.
go back to reference A. Walsh: The application of atomic absorption spectra to chemical analysis, Spectrochim. Acta 27B, 108 (1955)CrossRef A. Walsh: The application of atomic absorption spectra to chemical analysis, Spectrochim. Acta 27B, 108 (1955)CrossRef
4.48.
go back to reference V.A. Fassel, R.N. Kniseley: Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, Anal. Chem. 46A, 1110 (1974) V.A. Fassel, R.N. Kniseley: Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, Anal. Chem. 46A, 1110 (1974)
4.49.
go back to reference M.R. Winchester, R. Payling: Radio-frequency glow discharge spectrometry: A critical review, Spectrochim. Acta Part B 59, 607–666 (2004)CrossRef M.R. Winchester, R. Payling: Radio-frequency glow discharge spectrometry: A critical review, Spectrochim. Acta Part B 59, 607–666 (2004)CrossRef
4.50.
go back to reference D. De Soete, R. Gijbels, J. Hoste: Neutron Activation Analysis (Wiley-Interscience, London 1972) D. De Soete, R. Gijbels, J. Hoste: Neutron Activation Analysis (Wiley-Interscience, London 1972)
4.51.
go back to reference S.J. Parry: Handbook of Neutron Activation Analysis (Viridian, Surrey 2003) S.J. Parry: Handbook of Neutron Activation Analysis (Viridian, Surrey 2003)
4.52.
go back to reference A. Vertes, S. Nagy, Z. Klencsar: Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry, Chemical Applications of Nuclear Reactions and Radiations, Vol. 3, ed. by G.L. Molnar (Kluwer, Dordrecht 2003) A. Vertes, S. Nagy, Z. Klencsar: Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry, Chemical Applications of Nuclear Reactions and Radiations, Vol. 3, ed. by G.L. Molnar (Kluwer, Dordrecht 2003)
4.53.
go back to reference G.L. Molnár, Z. Révay (Eds.): Handbook of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis with Neutron Beams (Kluwer, Dordrecht 2004) G.L. Molnár, Z. Révay (Eds.): Handbook of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis with Neutron Beams (Kluwer, Dordrecht 2004)
4.54.
go back to reference Z.B. Alfassi, C. Chung (Eds.): Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (CRC, Boca Raton 1995) Z.B. Alfassi, C. Chung (Eds.): Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (CRC, Boca Raton 1995)
4.55.
go back to reference IAEA: Use of Accelerator Based Neutron Sources, IAEA-TECDOC-1153 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna 2000) IAEA: Use of Accelerator Based Neutron Sources, IAEA-TECDOC-1153 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna 2000)
4.56.
go back to reference R. Paul: The use of element ratios to eliminate analytical bias in cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 191(2), 245–256 (1995)CrossRef R. Paul: The use of element ratios to eliminate analytical bias in cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 191(2), 245–256 (1995)CrossRef
4.57.
go back to reference R.R. Greenberg, R.F. Fleming, R. Zeisler: High sensitivity neutron activation analysis of biological/environmental standard reference materials, Environ. Int. 10, 129 (1984)CrossRef R.R. Greenberg, R.F. Fleming, R. Zeisler: High sensitivity neutron activation analysis of biological/environmental standard reference materials, Environ. Int. 10, 129 (1984)CrossRef
4.58.
go back to reference R.L. Paul, R.M. Lindstrom: Prompt gamma-ray activation analysis: Fundamentals and applications, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 243, 181–189 (2000)CrossRef R.L. Paul, R.M. Lindstrom: Prompt gamma-ray activation analysis: Fundamentals and applications, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 243, 181–189 (2000)CrossRef
4.59.
go back to reference W. Goerner, A. Berger, K.H. Ecker, O. Haase, M. Hedrich, C. Segebade, G. Weidemann, G.J. Wermann: Broad band application of combined instrumental photon and neutron activation analysis, Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 248(1), 45–52 (2001)CrossRef W. Goerner, A. Berger, K.H. Ecker, O. Haase, M. Hedrich, C. Segebade, G. Weidemann, G.J. Wermann: Broad band application of combined instrumental photon and neutron activation analysis, Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 248(1), 45–52 (2001)CrossRef
4.60.
go back to reference ASTM: ASTM E 385–90, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 12.02 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1990) ASTM: ASTM E 385–90, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 12.02 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1990)
4.61.
go back to reference C. Yonezawa: Prompt-ray analysis of elements using cold and thermal reactor guided neutron beams, Anal. Sci. 9, 185 (1993)CrossRef C. Yonezawa: Prompt-ray analysis of elements using cold and thermal reactor guided neutron beams, Anal. Sci. 9, 185 (1993)CrossRef
4.62.
go back to reference J.F. Ziegler, G.W. Cole, J.E.E. Baglin: Technique for determining concentration profiles of boron impurities in substrates, J. Appl. Phys. 43, 3809 (1972)CrossRef J.F. Ziegler, G.W. Cole, J.E.E. Baglin: Technique for determining concentration profiles of boron impurities in substrates, J. Appl. Phys. 43, 3809 (1972)CrossRef
4.63.
go back to reference J.P. Biersack, D. Fink: Observation of the blocking effect after 6Li (n, t) 4He reactions with thermal neutrons, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 108, 397–399 (1973)CrossRef J.P. Biersack, D. Fink: Observation of the blocking effect after 6Li (n, t) 4He reactions with thermal neutrons, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 108, 397–399 (1973)CrossRef
4.64.
go back to reference D. Fink: Neutron depth profiling, Reports of the Hahn-Meitner Inst. (HMI)-B 539, 307 (1996) D. Fink: Neutron depth profiling, Reports of the Hahn-Meitner Inst. (HMI)-B 539, 307 (1996)
4.65.
go back to reference J.F. Ziegler: The Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter (Pergamon, New York 1977) J.F. Ziegler: The Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter (Pergamon, New York 1977)
4.66.
go back to reference J.F. Ziegler: Public Domain Computer Code, SRIM-2003 (IBM-Research, Yorktown 2003) J.F. Ziegler: Public Domain Computer Code, SRIM-2003 (IBM-Research, Yorktown 2003)
4.67.
go back to reference C. Segebade, H.P. Weise, G.J. Lutz: Photon Activation Analysis (Hawthorne, New York 1987)CrossRef C. Segebade, H.P. Weise, G.J. Lutz: Photon Activation Analysis (Hawthorne, New York 1987)CrossRef
4.68.
go back to reference K. Strijckmans: Chemical Analysis by Nuclear Methods, ed. by Z.B. Alfassi (Wiley, Chichester 1994) Chap. 10, pp. 215–252 K. Strijckmans: Chemical Analysis by Nuclear Methods, ed. by Z.B. Alfassi (Wiley, Chichester 1994) Chap. 10, pp. 215–252
4.69.
go back to reference S.A.E. Johansson, J.L. Campbell, K.G. Malmqvist: Particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE). In: Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and its Applications, Vol. 133, ed. by D. Winfordner (Wiley, Chichester 1995) S.A.E. Johansson, J.L. Campbell, K.G. Malmqvist: Particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE). In: Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and its Applications, Vol. 133, ed. by D. Winfordner (Wiley, Chichester 1995)
4.70.
go back to reference S.S. Nagolwalla, E.P. Przybylowicz: Activation Analysis with Neutron Generators (Wiley, New York 1973) S.S. Nagolwalla, E.P. Przybylowicz: Activation Analysis with Neutron Generators (Wiley, New York 1973)
4.71.
go back to reference W.D. James, R. Zeisler: Uptake of oxygen in a coal standard reference material® determined by fast (14-MeV) neutron activation analysis, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem 248, 233–237 (2001)CrossRef W.D. James, R. Zeisler: Uptake of oxygen in a coal standard reference material® determined by fast (14-MeV) neutron activation analysis, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem 248, 233–237 (2001)CrossRef
4.72.
go back to reference W.D. James, M.S. Akanni: IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-30, 1610–1613 (1983) W.D. James, M.S. Akanni: IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-30, 1610–1613 (1983)
4.73.
go back to reference H.M. McNair, J.M. Miller: Basic Gas Chromatography (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1998) H.M. McNair, J.M. Miller: Basic Gas Chromatography (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1998)
4.74.
go back to reference M.C. McMaster: GC/MS: A Practical Userʼs Guide (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1998) M.C. McMaster: GC/MS: A Practical Userʼs Guide (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1998)
4.75.
go back to reference K.J. Hyber (Ed.): High Resolution Gas Chromatography (Hewlett-Packard, Wilmington 1989) K.J. Hyber (Ed.): High Resolution Gas Chromatography (Hewlett-Packard, Wilmington 1989)
4.76.
go back to reference L.R. Snyder, J.J. Kirkland: Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography (Wiley Interscience, New York 1979) L.R. Snyder, J.J. Kirkland: Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography (Wiley Interscience, New York 1979)
4.77.
go back to reference L.R. Snyder, J.J. Kirkland, J.L. Glajch: Practical HPLC Method Development (Wiley, New York 1997)CrossRef L.R. Snyder, J.J. Kirkland, J.L. Glajch: Practical HPLC Method Development (Wiley, New York 1997)CrossRef
4.78.
go back to reference C.F. Poole: The Essence of Chromatography (Elsevier, San Diego 2003) C.F. Poole: The Essence of Chromatography (Elsevier, San Diego 2003)
4.79.
go back to reference S.F.Y. Li: Capillary Electrophoresis (Elsevier, New York 1993) S.F.Y. Li: Capillary Electrophoresis (Elsevier, New York 1993)
4.80.
go back to reference J.W. Jorgenson, K.D. Lukacs: Zone electrophoresis in open-tubular glass capillaries, Anal. Chem. 53, 1298–1302 (1981)CrossRef J.W. Jorgenson, K.D. Lukacs: Zone electrophoresis in open-tubular glass capillaries, Anal. Chem. 53, 1298–1302 (1981)CrossRef
4.81.
go back to reference K.D. Altria: Overview of the status and applications of capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. A 1023, 1–14 (2004)CrossRef K.D. Altria: Overview of the status and applications of capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. A 1023, 1–14 (2004)CrossRef
4.82.
go back to reference J.B. Fenn, M. Mann, C.K. Meng, S.F. Wong, C.M. Whitehouse: Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules, Science 246, 64 (1989)CrossRef J.B. Fenn, M. Mann, C.K. Meng, S.F. Wong, C.M. Whitehouse: Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules, Science 246, 64 (1989)CrossRef
4.83.
go back to reference S.S.-C. Tai, M.J. Welch: Development and evaluation of a candidate reference method for the determination of total cortisol in human serum using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 76, 1008–1014 (2004)CrossRef S.S.-C. Tai, M.J. Welch: Development and evaluation of a candidate reference method for the determination of total cortisol in human serum using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 76, 1008–1014 (2004)CrossRef
4.84.
go back to reference I.M. Kolthoff, E.B. Sandell, E.J. Meehan, S. Bruckenstein: Quantitative Analysis, 4th edn. (Macmillan, New York 1969) I.M. Kolthoff, E.B. Sandell, E.J. Meehan, S. Bruckenstein: Quantitative Analysis, 4th edn. (Macmillan, New York 1969)
4.85.
go back to reference T.W. Vetter, K.W. Pratt, G.C. Turk, C.M. Beck II., T.A. Butler: Using instrumental techniques to increase the accuracy of the gravimetric determination of sulfate, Analyst 120, 2025–2032 (1995)CrossRef T.W. Vetter, K.W. Pratt, G.C. Turk, C.M. Beck II., T.A. Butler: Using instrumental techniques to increase the accuracy of the gravimetric determination of sulfate, Analyst 120, 2025–2032 (1995)CrossRef
4.86.
go back to reference T.R. Dulski: A Manual for the Chemical Analysis of Metals (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1996)CrossRef T.R. Dulski: A Manual for the Chemical Analysis of Metals (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1996)CrossRef
4.87.
go back to reference C.O. Ingamells: Applied Geochemical Analysis (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1986) C.O. Ingamells: Applied Geochemical Analysis (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1986)
4.88.
go back to reference J.R. Moody, T.W. Vetter: Development of the ion exchange-gravimetric method for sodium in serum as a definitive method, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. 101(2), 155–164 (1996)CrossRef J.R. Moody, T.W. Vetter: Development of the ion exchange-gravimetric method for sodium in serum as a definitive method, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. 101(2), 155–164 (1996)CrossRef
4.90.
go back to reference I.M. Kolthoff: Volumetric Analysis, Vol. 3, 2nd edn. (Interscience, New York 1942–1957) I.M. Kolthoff: Volumetric Analysis, Vol. 3, 2nd edn. (Interscience, New York 1942–1957)
4.91.
go back to reference Analytical Chemistsʼ Committee of ICI Ltd.: The standartization of volumetric solutions, Analyst 75, 577–604 (1950)CrossRef Analytical Chemistsʼ Committee of ICI Ltd.: The standartization of volumetric solutions, Analyst 75, 577–604 (1950)CrossRef
4.92.
go back to reference J. Berčik: Coulometria (Olomouc, Czechoslovakia 1986) J. Berčik: Coulometria (Olomouc, Czechoslovakia 1986)
4.93.
go back to reference M. Máriássy, L. Vyskočil, A. Mathiasová: Link to the SI via primary direct methods, Accredit. Qual. Assur. 5(10/11), 437–440 (2000) M. Máriássy, L. Vyskočil, A. Mathiasová: Link to the SI via primary direct methods, Accredit. Qual. Assur. 5(10/11), 437–440 (2000)
4.94.
go back to reference K.W. Pratt: High-precision couloumetry. 1. Engineering and instrumentation, Anal. Chim. Acta 294, 125–134 (1994)CrossRef K.W. Pratt: High-precision couloumetry. 1. Engineering and instrumentation, Anal. Chim. Acta 294, 125–134 (1994)CrossRef
4.95.
go back to reference G. Marinenko, J.K. Taylor: Precise coulometric titrations of potassium dichromate, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. 67A(5), 453–459 (1963)CrossRef G. Marinenko, J.K. Taylor: Precise coulometric titrations of potassium dichromate, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. 67A(5), 453–459 (1963)CrossRef
4.96.
go back to reference IUPAC Commission: Atomic weights of the elements 2001, Pure Appl. Chem. 75(8), 1107–1122 (2003) IUPAC Commission: Atomic weights of the elements 2001, Pure Appl. Chem. 75(8), 1107–1122 (2003)
4.97.
go back to reference D.C. Joy, A.D. Romig, J.I. Goldstein (Eds.): Principles of Analytical Electron Microscopy (Plenum, New York 1986) pp. 1–306CrossRef D.C. Joy, A.D. Romig, J.I. Goldstein (Eds.): Principles of Analytical Electron Microscopy (Plenum, New York 1986) pp. 1–306CrossRef
4.98.
go back to reference D.B. Williams, B.C. Carter: Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (Kluwer/Plenum, New York 1996) pp. 1–306CrossRef D.B. Williams, B.C. Carter: Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (Kluwer/Plenum, New York 1996) pp. 1–306CrossRef
4.99.
go back to reference R.F. Egerton: Electron energy-loss spectroscopy. In: The Electron Microscope (Kluwer/Plenum, New York 1996) pp. 0–306 R.F. Egerton: Electron energy-loss spectroscopy. In: The Electron Microscope (Kluwer/Plenum, New York 1996) pp. 0–306
4.100.
go back to reference L. Reimer: Transmission Electron Microscopy (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 1993) pp. 1–387 L. Reimer: Transmission Electron Microscopy (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 1993) pp. 1–387
4.101.
go back to reference J.I. Goldstein, D.E. Newbury, D.C. Joy, C.E. Lyman, P. Echlin, E. Lifshin, L. Sawyer, J. Michael: Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 3rd edn. (Plenum, New York 2003)CrossRef J.I. Goldstein, D.E. Newbury, D.C. Joy, C.E. Lyman, P. Echlin, E. Lifshin, L. Sawyer, J. Michael: Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 3rd edn. (Plenum, New York 2003)CrossRef
4.102.
go back to reference D.E. Newbury, C.E. Fiori, R.B. Marinenko, R.L. Myklebust, C.R. Swyt, D.S. Bright: Compositional mapping with the electron probe microanalyzer: Part I, Anal. Chem. 62, 1245A–1254A (1990)CrossRef D.E. Newbury, C.E. Fiori, R.B. Marinenko, R.L. Myklebust, C.R. Swyt, D.S. Bright: Compositional mapping with the electron probe microanalyzer: Part I, Anal. Chem. 62, 1245A–1254A (1990)CrossRef
4.103.
go back to reference D.E. Newbury, C.E. Fiori, R.B. Marinenko, R.L. Myklebust, C.R. Swyt, D.S. Bright: Compositional mapping with the electron probe microanalyzer: Part II, Anal. Chem. 62, 1159A–1166A (1990)CrossRef D.E. Newbury, C.E. Fiori, R.B. Marinenko, R.L. Myklebust, C.R. Swyt, D.S. Bright: Compositional mapping with the electron probe microanalyzer: Part II, Anal. Chem. 62, 1159A–1166A (1990)CrossRef
4.104.
go back to reference D.B. Williams, J.I. Goldstein, D.E. Newbury (Eds.): X-Ray Spectrometry in Electron Beam Instruments (Plenum, New York 1995) D.B. Williams, J.I. Goldstein, D.E. Newbury (Eds.): X-Ray Spectrometry in Electron Beam Instruments (Plenum, New York 1995)
4.105.
go back to reference L. Struder, C. Fiorini, E. Gatti, R. Hartmann, P. Holl, N. Krause, P. Lechner, A. Longoni, G. Lutz, J. Kemmer, N. Meidinger, M. Popp, H. Soltau, C. van Zanthier: High-resolution nondispersive X-ray spectroscopy with state of the art silicon detectors, Mikrochim. Acta (Suppl.) 15, 11 (1998) L. Struder, C. Fiorini, E. Gatti, R. Hartmann, P. Holl, N. Krause, P. Lechner, A. Longoni, G. Lutz, J. Kemmer, N. Meidinger, M. Popp, H. Soltau, C. van Zanthier: High-resolution nondispersive X-ray spectroscopy with state of the art silicon detectors, Mikrochim. Acta (Suppl.) 15, 11 (1998)
4.106.
go back to reference J.I. Goldstein, H. Yakowitz, D.E. Newbury, E. Lifshin, J.W. Colby, J.R. Coleman: Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy (Plenum, New York 1974) J.I. Goldstein, H. Yakowitz, D.E. Newbury, E. Lifshin, J.W. Colby, J.R. Coleman: Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy (Plenum, New York 1974)
4.107.
go back to reference D. Briggs, J.T. Grant (Eds.): Surface Analysis by Auger and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Cromwell, Trowbridge 2003) D. Briggs, J.T. Grant (Eds.): Surface Analysis by Auger and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Cromwell, Trowbridge 2003)
4.108.
go back to reference D. Briggs, M.P. Seah (Eds.): Practical Surface Analysis, Vol. 1: Auger and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, 2nd edn. (Wiley, West Sussex 1983) D. Briggs, M.P. Seah (Eds.): Practical Surface Analysis, Vol. 1: Auger and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, 2nd edn. (Wiley, West Sussex 1983)
4.109.
go back to reference J.F. Watts, J. Wolstenholme: An Introduction to Surface Analysis by XPS and AES (Wiley, West Sussex 2003)CrossRef J.F. Watts, J. Wolstenholme: An Introduction to Surface Analysis by XPS and AES (Wiley, West Sussex 2003)CrossRef
4.110.
go back to reference G.D. Danilatos: Foundations of environmental scanning electron microscopy, Adv. Electron. El. Phys. 71, 109–250 (1988) G.D. Danilatos: Foundations of environmental scanning electron microscopy, Adv. Electron. El. Phys. 71, 109–250 (1988)
4.111.
go back to reference G.D. Danilatos: Introduction to the ESEM instrument, Microsc. Res. Tech. 25, 354–361 (1993)CrossRef G.D. Danilatos: Introduction to the ESEM instrument, Microsc. Res. Tech. 25, 354–361 (1993)CrossRef
4.112.
go back to reference S.A. Wight: Experimental data and model simulations of beam spread in the environmental scanning electron microscope, Scanning 23, 320–327 (2001)CrossRef S.A. Wight: Experimental data and model simulations of beam spread in the environmental scanning electron microscope, Scanning 23, 320–327 (2001)CrossRef
4.113.
go back to reference S.A. Wight, C.J. Zeissler: Direct measurement of electron beam scattering in the environmental scanning electron microscope using phosphor imaging plates, Scanning 22, 167–172 (2000)CrossRef S.A. Wight, C.J. Zeissler: Direct measurement of electron beam scattering in the environmental scanning electron microscope using phosphor imaging plates, Scanning 22, 167–172 (2000)CrossRef
4.114.
go back to reference J.I. Goldstein, D.E. Newbury, P. Echlin, D.C. Joh, A.D. Romig Jr, C.E. Lyman, C. Fiori, E. Lifshin: Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis (Kluwer/Plenum, New York 2003)CrossRef J.I. Goldstein, D.E. Newbury, P. Echlin, D.C. Joh, A.D. Romig Jr, C.E. Lyman, C. Fiori, E. Lifshin: Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis (Kluwer/Plenum, New York 2003)CrossRef
4.115.
go back to reference E. Griffith, D.E. Newbury (Eds.): Introduction to environmental scanning electron microscopy issue, Scanning 18(7), 465–527 (1996) E. Griffith, D.E. Newbury (Eds.): Introduction to environmental scanning electron microscopy issue, Scanning 18(7), 465–527 (1996)
4.116.
go back to reference D.E. Newbury, E. Griffith (Eds.): Part II of the special issue on environmental scanning electron microscopy, Scanning 19(2), 70 (1997) D.E. Newbury, E. Griffith (Eds.): Part II of the special issue on environmental scanning electron microscopy, Scanning 19(2), 70 (1997)
4.117.
go back to reference E.M. Griffith, G.D. Danilatos (Eds.): Environmental scanning electron-microscopy, microscopy research and technique, Microsc. Res. Tech. 25(5/6), 353–361 (1993) E.M. Griffith, G.D. Danilatos (Eds.): Environmental scanning electron-microscopy, microscopy research and technique, Microsc. Res. Tech. 25(5/6), 353–361 (1993)
4.118.
go back to reference J.M. Chalmers, P.R. Griffiths (Eds.): Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy (Wiley, New York 2002) J.M. Chalmers, P.R. Griffiths (Eds.): Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy (Wiley, New York 2002)
4.119.
go back to reference I.R. Lewis, H.G.M. Edwards (Eds.): Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy (Dekker, New York 2001) I.R. Lewis, H.G.M. Edwards (Eds.): Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy (Dekker, New York 2001)
4.120.
go back to reference H.J. Humecki: Practical Guide to Infrared Microspectroscopy (Dekker, New York 1995) H.J. Humecki: Practical Guide to Infrared Microspectroscopy (Dekker, New York 1995)
4.121.
go back to reference R.L. McCreery: Raman Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (Wiley, New York 2000)CrossRef R.L. McCreery: Raman Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (Wiley, New York 2000)CrossRef
4.122.
go back to reference H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat, U. Panne: Metrology in Chemistry – A rocky road, Microchim. Acta 162, 35–41 (2008)CrossRef H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat, U. Panne: Metrology in Chemistry – A rocky road, Microchim. Acta 162, 35–41 (2008)CrossRef
4.123.
go back to reference H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat: Purity assessment for providing primary standards for elemental determination – A snap shot of international comparability, Microchim. Acta 162, 269–275 (2008), DOI 10.1007/s00604-007-0937-2CrossRef H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat: Purity assessment for providing primary standards for elemental determination – A snap shot of international comparability, Microchim. Acta 162, 269–275 (2008), DOI 10.1007/s00604-007-0937-2CrossRef
4.124.
go back to reference H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat, J. Vogl, T. Gusarova, M. Czerwensky, H.-J. Heinrich, A. Hioki, L.A. Konopelko, B. Methven, T. Miura, O. Petersen, G. Riebe, R. Sturgeon, G.C. Turk, L.L. Yu: Purity determination as needed for the realisation of primary standards for elemental determination: status of international comparability, Accredit. Qual. Assur. 15, 29–37 (2010), DOI 10.1007/s00769-009-0557-0CrossRef H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat, J. Vogl, T. Gusarova, M. Czerwensky, H.-J. Heinrich, A. Hioki, L.A. Konopelko, B. Methven, T. Miura, O. Petersen, G. Riebe, R. Sturgeon, G.C. Turk, L.L. Yu: Purity determination as needed for the realisation of primary standards for elemental determination: status of international comparability, Accredit. Qual. Assur. 15, 29–37 (2010), DOI 10.1007/s00769-009-0557-0CrossRef
4.125.
go back to reference B. Lange, H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat: Enhancement of intensities in glow discharge mass spectrometry by using mixtures of argon and helium as plasma gases, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 389, 2287–2296 (2007)CrossRef B. Lange, H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat: Enhancement of intensities in glow discharge mass spectrometry by using mixtures of argon and helium as plasma gases, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 389, 2287–2296 (2007)CrossRef
4.126.
go back to reference R. Matschat, J. Hinrichs, H. Kipphardt: Application of glow discharge mass spectrometry to multielement ultra-trace determination in ultrahigh-purity copper and iron: A calibration approach achieving quantification and traceability, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386, 125–141 (2006)CrossRef R. Matschat, J. Hinrichs, H. Kipphardt: Application of glow discharge mass spectrometry to multielement ultra-trace determination in ultrahigh-purity copper and iron: A calibration approach achieving quantification and traceability, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386, 125–141 (2006)CrossRef
4.127.
go back to reference B. Welz, H. Becker-Roß, S. Florek, U. Heitmann: High-Resolution Continuum Source AAS – The better way to do atomic absorption spectrometry (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2005)CrossRef B. Welz, H. Becker-Roß, S. Florek, U. Heitmann: High-Resolution Continuum Source AAS – The better way to do atomic absorption spectrometry (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2005)CrossRef
4.128.
go back to reference A. Detcheva, P. Barth, J. Haßler: Calibration possibilities and modifier use in ETV-ICP OES determination of trace and minor elements in plant materials, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394, 1485–1495 (2009)CrossRef A. Detcheva, P. Barth, J. Haßler: Calibration possibilities and modifier use in ETV-ICP OES determination of trace and minor elements in plant materials, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394, 1485–1495 (2009)CrossRef
4.129.
go back to reference K. Slickers: The automatic atomic emission-spectrometry (Verlag der Brühlschen Universitätsdruckerei, Lahn-Gießen 1992) K. Slickers: The automatic atomic emission-spectrometry (Verlag der Brühlschen Universitätsdruckerei, Lahn-Gießen 1992)
4.130.
go back to reference G. Staats, S. Noack: Qualitätssicherung in der Analytik; Die Rekonstitution – Eine Methode zur Optimierung der Richtigkeit von Analysen (Verlag Stahleisen GmbH, Düsseldorf 1996) G. Staats, S. Noack: Qualitätssicherung in der Analytik; Die Rekonstitution – Eine Methode zur Optimierung der Richtigkeit von Analysen (Verlag Stahleisen GmbH, Düsseldorf 1996)
4.131.
go back to reference H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat, O. Rienitz, D. Schiel, W. Gernand, D. Oeter: Traceability system for elemental analysis, Accredit. Qual. Assur. 10, 633–639 (2006)CrossRef H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat, O. Rienitz, D. Schiel, W. Gernand, D. Oeter: Traceability system for elemental analysis, Accredit. Qual. Assur. 10, 633–639 (2006)CrossRef
4.132.
go back to reference H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat, U. Panne: Development of SI traceable standards for element determination, Chimia 63, 637–639 (2009)CrossRef H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat, U. Panne: Development of SI traceable standards for element determination, Chimia 63, 637–639 (2009)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Analytical Chemistry
Authors
Willie E. May, Dr.
Richard R. Cavanagh, Dr.
Gregory C. Turk, Dr.
Michael Winchester, Dr.
John Travis, Ph.D.
Melody V. Smith
Paul DeRose, Ph.D.
Steven J. Choquette, Ph.D.
Gary W. Kramer, Ph.D.
John R. Sieber, Dr.
Robert R. Greenberg, Dr.
Richard Lindstrom
George Lamaze, Dr.
Rolf Zeisler, Dr.
Michele Schantz, Dr.
Lane Sander, Ph.D.
Karen W. Phinney, Ph.D.
Michael Welch, Dr.
Thomas Vetter
Kenneth W. Pratt, Dr.
John H. J. Scott
John Small
Scott Wight, B.S.
Stephan J. Stranick, Ph.D.
Ralf Matschat
Peter Reich
Copyright Year
2011
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9_4

Premium Partners