1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Framework: Consumer Mobile Payment
2.1 Previous Research on Mobile Payment Adoption
2.2 Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2
2.3 Innovation Resistance Theory
3 Research Model and Hypotheses Development
3.1 UTAUT2 Hypotheses
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H1. PE positively influences the BI to adopt mobile payment.
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H2. SI positively influences the BI to adopt mobile payment.
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H3. FCs positively influence the BI to adopt mobile payment.
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H4. HM positively influences the BI to adopt mobile payment.
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H5. PV positively influences the BI to adopt mobile payment.
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H6. EE positively influences the BI to adopt mobile payment.
3.2 Innovation Resistance Theory Hypotheses
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H7. The VB negatively influences the BI to adopt mobile payment.
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H8. The RB negatively influences the BI to adopt mobile payment.
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H9. The TB negatively influences the BI to adopt mobile payment.
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H10. The IB negatively influences the BI to adopt mobile payment.
3.3 The Moderating Effect of National Culture on Intention to Use
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H1a: The relationship between PE and BI is stronger in individualistic national cultures than in collectivistic ones.
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H2a: The relationship between SI and BI is stronger in cultures with a higher level of uncertainly avoidance than in those with a lower value.
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H3a: The relationship between FCs and BI is stronger in cultures with a high level of distance to power than in those with a low distance to power.
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H6a: The relationship between EE and BI will be stronger in users in long-term oriented cultures than in users in short-term oriented cultures.
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H1b: The relationship between PE and BI will be stronger in societies with a long-term orientation than in societies with a short-term orientation.
4 Research Methodology
4.1 Measurement Development
Construct | Item | Question | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Performance Expectancy | PE1 | Mobile payment is a useful payment method. | |
PE2 | Using mobile payment enable me to pay more quickly. | ||
PE3 | Using mobile payment helps me making payments more effectively. | ||
PE4 | Using mobile payment allows me to save time. | ||
Social Influence | SI1 | People who influence my behaviour think that I should use mobile payment. | Venkatesh et al., 2012 |
SI2 | People who are important to me think that I should use mobile payment. | ||
SI3 | People whose opinions that I value prefer that I use mobile payment. | ||
Facilitating Conditions | FC1 | I have the resources necessary to use mobile payment. | Venkatesh et al., 2012 |
FC2 | I have the knowledge necessary to use mobile payment. | ||
FC3 | I can get help from others when I have difficulties using mobile Internet. | ||
Hedonic Motivation | HM1 | Using mobile payment is fun. | Venkatesh et al., 2012 |
HM2 | Using mobile payment is enjoyable. | ||
HM3 | Using mobile payment is very entertaining. | ||
Price Value | PV1 | Mobile payment is reasonably priced | Venkatesh et al., 2012 |
PV2 | Mobile payment services are a good value for the money. | ||
PV3 | At the current price, mobile payment provides a good value. | ||
Effort Expectancy | EE1 | Learning how to use mobile payment is easy for me. | Venkatesh et al., 2012 |
EE2 | My interaction with mobile payment is clear and understandable. | ||
EE3 | I find mobile payment easy to use. | ||
EE4 | It is easy for me to become skilful at using mobile payment. | ||
Value Barrier | VB1 | In my opinion, mobile payment does not offer any advantage compared to handling my payments in other ways. | Laukkanen, 2016 |
VB2 | In my opinion, the use of mobile payment increases my ability to control my financial matters by myself. a | ||
Risk Barrier | RB1 | I fear that while I am using mobile/Internet banking services, the connection will be lost. | Laukkanen, 2016 |
RB2 | I fear that while I am using a mobile/Internet banking service, I might tap out the information of the bill wrongly. | ||
RB3 | I fear that the list of PIN codes may be lost and end up in the wrong hands. | Laukkanen, 2016 | |
Tradition Barrier | TB1 | I prefer paying with cash. | Mahatanankoon & Ruiz, 2007 |
TB2 | I think that cash gives a better feeling of my financial means. | ||
Image Barrier | IB1 | In my opinion, new technology is often too complicated to be useful. | Laukkanen, 2016 |
IB2 | I have such an image that mobile payment services are difficult to use. | ||
Behavioural Intention | BI1 | I intend to use mobile payment in the next months. | Oliveira et al., 2016 |
BI2 | I predict I would use mobile payment in the next months. | ||
BI3 | I plan to use mobile payment in the next months. | ||
BI4 | I will try to use mobile payment in my daily life. | ||
BI5 | Interacting with my financial account over mobile payment is something that I would do. | ||
BI6 | I would not hesitate to provide personal information to mobile payment service. |
4.2 Sampling and Data Collection
Category | Italy | China | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
f | % | f | % | |
Gender | ||||
NA | 6 | 14 | ||
Female | 163 | 60% | 149 | 70% |
Male | 109 | 40% | 64 | 30% |
Age | ||||
NA | 16 | 24 | ||
<18 | 2 | 1% | 3 | 1% |
18 – 25 | 82 | 31% | 130 | 64% |
25 – 35 | 45 | 17% | 50 | 25% |
35 – 45 | 21 | 8% | 8 | 4% |
45 – 55 | 64 | 25% | 11 | 5% |
55 – 65 | 42 | 16% | 1 | 0% |
> 65 | 5 | 2% | 0 | 0% |
Yearly income (€) | ||||
NA | 55 | 75 | ||
0 | 23 | 10% | 31 | 21% |
EUR 1 – 9999 | 62 | 28% | 72 | 48% |
RMB 1- 77,000 | ||||
EUR 10,000 – 25,000 | 79 | 36% | 38 | 25% |
RMB – 77,000 - 200,000 | ||||
EUR 25,000 – 50,000 | 48 | 22% | 10 | 7% |
RMB 200,000 – 400,000 | ||||
Yearly income (€) | ||||
ERU 50,000 – 75,000 | 7 | 3% | 0 | 0% |
RMB 400,000 600,000 | ||||
EUR 75,000 – 100,000 | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
RMB 600,000 - 777,000 | ||||
ERU 100,000+ | 2 | 1% | 0 | 0% |
RMB 777,000+ | ||||
Education Level | ||||
NA | 2 | 4 | ||
No Education | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Primary Education | 8 | 3% | 1 | 0% |
Secondary Education (High School) | 104 | 38% | 5 | 2% |
Vocational Training | 64 | 23% | 123 | 55% |
University (firsts cycle) | 82 | 30% | 92 | 41% |
Postgraduate (PhD, Master) | 17 | 6% | 2 | 1% |
Experience | ||||
NA | 1 | 4 | ||
Never | 59 | 21% | 1 | 0% |
< 3 years | 172 | 62% | 49 | 22% |
>3 years | 46 | 17% | 173 | 78% |
4.3 Normality and Common Method Bias
4.4 Data Analysis Procedures
5 Results
5.1 Measurement Model: Reliability and Validity
Item | Average | Standard deviation | Skewness | Kurtosis | t-value | p-value | α | CR | AVE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BI1 | 0.950 | 0.949 | 0.008 | -0.074 | -1.062 | 125.891 | 0.000 | 0.951 | 0.963 | 0.839 |
BI2 | 0.935 | 0.935 | 0.010 | -0.169 | -1.025 | 96.697 | 0.000 | |||
BI3 | 0.945 | 0.945 | 0.009 | -0.138 | -1.025 | 106.117 | 0.000 | |||
BI4 | 0.923 | 0.923 | 0.011 | -0.243 | -0.962 | 80.534 | 0.000 | |||
BI5 | 0.819 | 0.818 | 0.025 | -0.661 | -0.695 | 32.583 | 0.000 | |||
EE1 | 0.941 | 0.941 | 0.010 | 1.130 | -1.310 | 90.857 | 0.000 | 0.958 | 0.969 | 0.887 |
EE2 | 0.946 | 0.946 | 0.007 | 0.487 | -1.166 | 129.319 | 0.000 | |||
EE3 | 0.952 | 0.952 | 0.007 | 1.038 | -1.322 | 132.970 | 0.000 | |||
EE4 | 0.928 | 0.927 | 0.014 | 1.321 | -1.371 | 65.476 | 0.000 | |||
FC1 | 0.926 | 0.925 | 0.011 | 0.565 | -1.128 | 82.076 | 0.000 | 0.842 | 0.927 | 0.863 |
FC2 | 0.932 | 0.932 | 0.009 | 0.372 | -1.033 | 100.615 | 0.000 | |||
HM1 | 0.941 | 0.941 | 0.007 | -1.114 | -0.142 | 128.403 | 0.000 | 0.907 | 0.941 | 0.842 |
HM2 | 0.910 | 0.910 | 0.009 | -0.879 | -0.433 | 96.986 | 0.000 | |||
HM3 | 0.901 | 0.901 | 0.013 | -1.030 | 0.048 | 70.542 | 0.000 | |||
IB1 | 0.891 | 0.889 | 0.022 | 0.074 | 0.942 | 40.534 | 0.000 | 0.813 | 0.913 | 0.840 |
IB2 | 0.941 | 0.941 | 0.008 | 0.892 | 1.211 | 113.159 | 0.000 | |||
PE1 | 0.913 | 0.912 | 0.013 | 1.998 | -1.472 | 70.493 | 0.000 | 0.946 | 0.961 | 0.861 |
PE2 | 0.932 | 0.932 | 0.010 | 1.432 | -1.405 | 94.586 | 0.000 | |||
PE3 | 0.925 | 0.925 | 0.009 | 0.474 | -1.074 | 99.312 | 0.000 | |||
PE4 | 0.942 | 0.942 | 0.008 | 1.345 | -1.397 | 122.151 | 0.000 | |||
PV1 | 0.933 | 0.933 | 0.010 | -0.362 | -0.505 | 93.170 | 0.000 | 0.915 | 0.946 | 0.854 |
PV2 | 0.934 | 0.934 | 0.008 | -0.231 | -0.612 | 122.607 | 0.000 | |||
PV3 | 0.905 | 0.905 | 0.015 | -0.402 | -0.596 | 60.713 | 0.000 | |||
RB1 | 0.767 | 0.753 | 0.071 | -1.084 | 0.076 | 10.732 | 0.000 | 0.835 | 0.896 | 0.742 |
RB2 | 0.910 | 0.907 | 0.025 | -1.127 | 0.105 | 35.883 | 0.000 | |||
RB3 | 0.901 | 0.898 | 0.024 | -0.955 | -0.281 | 37.641 | 0.000 | |||
SI1 | 0.918 | 0.911 | 0.076 | -0.705 | 0.575 | 12.091 | 0.000 | 0.922 | 0.950 | 0.865 |
SI2 | 0.931 | 0.926 | 0.041 | -0.690 | 0.573 | 22.702 | 0.000 | |||
SI3 | 0.940 | 0.936 | 0.056 | -0.608 | 0.570 | 16.870 | 0.000 | |||
TB1 | 0.947 | 0.948 | 0.008 | -0.469 | 0.700 | 117.169 | 0.000 | 0.758 | 0.885 | 0.795 |
TB2 | 0.832 | 0.828 | 0.025 | -1.242 | 0.113 | 33.456 | 0.000 | |||
VB1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.575 | 1.128 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
BI | EE | FC | HM | IB | PE | PV | RB | SI | TB | VB | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BI |
0.916
| 0.702 | 0.618 | 0.564 | -0.415 | 0.767 | 0.572 | -0.166 | 0.109 | -0.446 | -0.402 |
EE | 0.733 |
0.942
| 0.744 | 0.532 | -0.508 | 0.727 | 0.611 | -0.176 | -0.018 | -0.365 | -0.339 |
FC | 0.690 | 0.827 |
0.929
| 0.386 | -0.384 | 0.614 | 0.530 | -0.189 | 0.043 | -0.281 | -0.288 |
HM | 0.596 | 0.560 | 0.434 |
0.918
| -0.204 | 0.560 | 0.486 | -0.035 | 0.154 | -0.240 | -0.268 |
IB | 0.463 | 0.564 | 0.456 | 0.226 |
0.916
| -0.386 | -0.234 | 0.463 | 0.287 | 0.513 | 0.436 |
PE | 0.807 | 0.761 | 0.687 | 0.593 | 0.432 |
0.928
| 0.579 | -0.046 | 0.083 | -0.338 | -0.407 |
PV | 0.614 | 0.652 | 0.604 | 0.524 | 0.267 | 0.620 |
0.924
| -0.119 | 0.190 | -0.260 | -0.288 |
RB | 0.172 | 0.186 | 0.214 | 0.063 | 0.557 | 0.048 | 0.128 |
0.862
| 0.086 | 0.433 | 0.199 |
SI | 0.116 | 0.030 | 0.050 | 0.171 | 0.329 | 0.087 | 0.208 | 0.094 |
0.930
| 0.129 | 0.189 |
TB | 0.492 | 0.391 | 0.322 | 0.262 | 0.614 | 0.359 | 0.305 | 0.523 | 0.134 |
0.891
| 0.413 |
VB | 0.412 | 0.346 | 0.314 | 0.272 | 0.479 | 0.418 | 0.300 | 0.215 | 0.196 | 0.445 |
1.000
|
5.2 Evaluation of the Structural Model
Coefficient | Path Coefficient | t-value | p-value | Hypothesis | f 2 | Q2 | R2 | SRMR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | PE → BI | 0.408 | 7.375 | 0.000 | Supported | 0.196 | |||
H2 | SI → BI | 0.079 | 2.860 | 0.004 | Supported | 0.016 | |||
H3 | FC → BI | 0.122 | 2.856 | 0.004 | Supported | 0.020 | |||
H4 | HM → BI | 0.126 | 3.581 | 0.000 | Supported | 0.031 | |||
H5 | PV → BI | 0.056 | 1.415 | 0.157 | Not Supported | 0.005 | |||
H6 | EE → BI | 0.127 | 2.000 | 0.046 | Supported | 0.014 | |||
H7 | VB → BI | -0.045 | 1.443 | 0.149 | Not Supported | 0.004 | |||
H8 | RB → BI | -0.009 | 0.290 | 0.772 | Not Supported | 0.000 | |||
H9 | TB → BI | -0.156 | 4.186 | 0.000 | Supported | 0.049 | |||
H10 | IB → BI | -0.026 | 0.725 | 0.468 | Not Supported | 0.001 | |||
BI | 0.538 | 0.689 | |||||||
SRMR | 0.03 |
Relationship | Path China | t value (China) | p-value (China) | Path Italy | t value (Italy) | p-value (Italy) | path-diff (| China - Italy|) | t value (China vs. Italy) | p-value (China vs. Italy) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1: PE → BI | 0.344 | 2.410 |
0.016
| 0.400 | 6.648 |
0.000
| 0.056 | 0.387 | 0.699 |
H2: SI → BI | -0.087 | 1.395 | 0.163 | 0.149 | 3.275 |
0.001
| 0.236 | 3.130 |
0.002
|
H3: FC → BI | 0.147 | 2.186 |
0.029
| 0.107 | 1.575 | 0.115 | 0.040 | 0.416 | 0.677 |
H4: HM → BI | 0.075 | 1.220 | 0.222 | 0.088 | 1.817 | 0.069 | 0.014 | 0.179 | 0.858 |
H5 PV → BI | 0.130 | 2.310 |
0.021
| 0.035 | 0.632 | 0.528 | 0.095 | 1.204 | 0.229 |
H6: EE → BI | 0.213 | 1.517 | 0.129 | 0.104 | 1.272 | 0.203 | 0.109 | 0.702 | 0.483 |
H7: VB → BI | 0.006 | 0.099 | 0.921 | -0.047 | 1.188 | 0.235 | 0.053 | 0.779 | 0.436 |
H8: RB → BI | -0.007 | 0.124 | 0.901 | -0.060 | 1.298 | 0.195 | 0.053 | 0.723 | 0.470 |
H9: TB → BI | -0.072 | 1.288 | 0.198 | -0.177 | 3.510 |
0.000
| 0.104 | 1.390 | 0.165 |
H10: IB → BI | 0.034 | 0.546 | 0.585 | -0.025 | 0.535 | 0.593 | 0.059 | 0.774 | 0.439 |