Anticipation and the Concept of System-Forming Factor in the Theory of Functional Systems

The problem of anticipation is approached in Anokhin’s theory of functional systems on the basis of a consecutively generated step-wise predictive model (afferent synthesis, decision-making, acceptor of result), which determines the formation of any functional system. In this process, the adaptive result is considered to be a universal system-forming factor. On the other hand, the concept of the system-forming adaptive result poorly agrees with the key role of anticipation in the genesis of functional activity, and necessitates the distinction of several system-forming factors. Anticipation (as the goal of action) is such a factor for complex forms of conscious behavior in animals and man. In other cases, anticipation forms no functional systems, although it participates in their realization and function. For example, genetically determined systems (including congenital forms of behavior) are formed through mutations; conditioned reflexes—due to a primarily accidental achievement of adaptive result, etc. Clarification of the role of anticipation in the genesis of functional systems eliminates internal inconsistency in Anokhin’s theory and facilitates its use in biomedical sciences.