Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
A Read chapter Read first chapter

2005 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

S

Authors : Terry R. Healy, Katherine Stone, Orville Magoon, Billy Edge, Lesley Ewing, Andrew D. Short, Dougals L. Inman, Scott A. Jenkins, Roland Gehrels, Jacques Laborel, Françoise Laborel-Deguen, David B. Scott, Franco S. Medioli, Paolo A. Pirazzoli, James G. Titus, Jeffrey H. List, Rowland J. Atkins, Saskia Jelgersma, Arthur D. Donovan, Michael S. Fenster, Dieter H. Kelletat, Alan W. Niedoroda, Sarah K. Campbell, Wayne Stephenson, Robert Kirk, Nicholas C. Kraus, H. Edward Clifton, John P. Ahrens, George Maul, André S. Barreto, Norbert P. Psuty, Chizuko Mizobe, Takaaki Uda, Vivian Gornitz, Tormod Klemsda, Steven L. Krupa, Cynthia J. Gefvert, Wyss W. -S. Yim, Marshall D. Earle, William R. Dally, R. Keith Raney

Published in: Encyclopedia of Coastal Science

Publisher: Springer Netherlands

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Excerpt

Salt marshes or saline wetlands are vegetated intertidal flats dominated by low-growing halophytic (salt-tolerant) shrubs and herbaceous plants, particularly grasses. Typically, salt marsh borders freshwater or brackish environments. Largely confined to temperate coastlines, they occupy a similar niche to tropical mangrove forests; that is, the upper intertidal zone of inlets, estuaries, lagoons, and embayments, or fronting the open sea where low-energy conditions persist (Frey and Basan, 1985). In warm temperate, subtropical, and some tropical regions, salt marsh and mangrove communities sometimes intermingle, but can be separated by definition on the basis of floristics or intertidal position. …

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter R
next chapter T
Literature
1.
Bird, E.C.F., 2000. Coastal Geomorpholgy: An Introduction. Chichester: Wiley.
2.
Chapman, V.J., 1977. Wet Coastal Ecosystems. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
3.
Dawes, C.J., 1998. Marine Botany, 2nd edn. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
4.
Frey, R.W., and Basan, P.B., 1985. Coastal salt marshes. In Davis, R.A. (ed.), Coastal Sedimentary Environments. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 101–169.
5.
Haslett, S.K., 2000. Coastal Systems. New York: Routledge.
6.
Ke, X., and Collins, M., 2002. Saltmarshes in the West Solent (southern England): their morphodynamics and evolution. In Healy, T., Wang, Y., and Healy, J-A. (eds.), Muddy Coasts of the World: Processes, Deposits and Function. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 411–440.CrossRef
1.
Bascom, W., 1980. Waves and Beaches: The Dynamics of the Ocean Surface, 2nd edn. New York: Anchor Books Press.
2.
Ewing, L., and Sarb, S., 1998. California’s program for mitigating sand supply impacts from seawalls. Proceedings from Emerging Trends in Beach Erosion and Sand Rights Law, June 3–5, Captiva Island, FL, pp. 232–248.
3.
Inman, D.L., 1985. Damming of rivers in california leads to beach erosion. Oceans’ 85: Ocean Engineering and the Environment. Volume 1. Marine Technological Society and IEEE, 674, pp. 22–26.CrossRef
4.
Magoon, O., and Edge, B.L., 1998. Sand rights-the fragile coastal balance. Proceedings from Emerging Trends in Beach Erosion and Sand Rights Law. June 3–5, Captiva Island, FL, pp. 1–19.
5.
Magoon, O., and Edge, B.L., 1999. Bring back the beaches. Civil Engineering, December, 96.
6.
Stone, K.E., 1999. Sand rights: a legal system to protect the shores of the sea. Stetson Law Review. Winter.
7.
Stone, K.E., and Kaufman, B., 1988. Sand rights: a legal system to protect the shores of the sea. Shore and Beach, 56(3): 8–14.
8.
US Army Corps of Engineers, 1984. Shore Protection Manual. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
1.
Boreen, T., and James, N., 1993. Holocene sediment dynamics on a cool-water carbonate shelf: Otway, southeastern Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 63: 574–588.
2.
Davies, J.L., 1980. Geographical Variation in Coastal Development. 2nd edn. London: Longman.
3.
Davis, R.A., Jr., 1983. Depositional Systems. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
4.
Hayes, M.O., 1967. Relationship between coastal climate and bottom sediment type on the inner continental shelf. Marine Geology, 5: 111–132.CrossRef
5.
Inman, D.L., and Nordstrom, C.E., 1971. On the tectonic and morphologic classification of coasts. Journal of Geology, 79: 1–21.CrossRef
6.
Short, A.D., 1999. Handbook of Beach and Shoreface Morphodynamics. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
7.
Short, A.D., 2002. In Magoon, O.T., Robbins, L.L., and Ewing, L. (eds). Impact of carbonate sands on southern Australian beach systems. Carbonate Beaches. USGS & ASCE, Key Largo, 236–250.
1.
Allen, J.R.L., 1984. Sedimentary Structures, Their Character and Physical Basis. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
2.
Allen, J.R.L., 1985. Principles of Physical Sedimentology. London, Boston: Geoge Allen and Unwin.CrossRef
3.
Bagnold, R.A., 1941. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. New York: William Morrow & Company.
4.
Breusers, H.N.C., Nicollet, G., and Shen, H.W., 1977. Local scour around cylindrical piers. Journal of Hydraulic Reasearch, 15: 211–252.CrossRef
5.
Chiew, Y.M., and Melville, B.W., 1987. Local scour around cylindrical piers. Journal; of Hydraulic Research, 25: 15–26.CrossRef
6.
Collins, T.J., 1980. Investigating bridge scour. Railway Track and Structures, 7: 6.
7.
Henderson, F.M., 1966. Open Channel Flow. New York: The Macmillan Company.
8.
Inman, D.L., 1957. Wave-generated ripples in nearshore sands. US Army Crops of Engineers. Beach Erosion Board, Technical Memorandum, 100.
9.
Inman, D.L., and Bowen, A.J., 1962. Flume experiments on sand transport by waves and currents. In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Coastal Engineering. Council on Wave Research, pp. 137–150.
10.
Inman, D.L., and Jenkins, S.A., 1996. A chronology of ground mine studies and scour modeling in the vicinity of La Jolla. University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, SIO Reference Series, 96-13.
11.
Nishizawa, M., and Sawamoto, M., 1988. Local scour around a vertical cylinder under the wave action. In Proceedings of the 6th Congress of Advenced Ports Design. International Association of Harbor Research, pp. 121–128.
12.
Pettijohn, F.J., and Potter, P.E., 1964. Atlas and Glossary of primary Sedimentary Structures. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRef
13.
Raudkivi, A.J., 1990. Loose Boundary Hydraulics. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
14.
Reinenck, H.-E., and Singh, I.B., 1975. Depositional sedimentary Environments. New York: Springer-Verlag.
15.
Ricketts, E.G., Calvin, J., and Hedgpeth, J.W. (revised by Phillips, D.W.), 1985. Between Pacific Tides, 5th edn. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
16.
Schlichting, H., 1979. Boundary-Layer Theory, 7th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
17.
Shen, H.W., Schneider, V.R., and Karaki, S., 1969. Local scour around bridge piers. American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 95: 1919–1940.
18.
Shepard, F.P., 1963. Submarine Geology, 2nd edn. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
19.
Southard, J.B., and Dingler, J.R., 1971. Flume study of ripple propagation behind mounds on flat sand beds. Sedimentology, 16: 251–263.CrossRef
20.
Stoker, J.J., 1957. Water Waves, the Mathematical Theory with Applications. New York: Interscience Publishers, Inc.
21.
Sumer, B.M., Fredsoe, J., and Christiansen, N., 1992. Scour around vertical pile in waves. American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Waterways, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 118: 15–31.CrossRef
22.
Tunstall, E.B., and Inman, D.L., 1975. Vortex generation by oscillatory flow over rippled surfaces. Journal of Geophysical Research, 80: 3475–3484.CrossRef
23.
Whitham, G.B., 1974. Linear and Nonlinear Waves. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
1.
Allen, J.R.L., 1999. Geological impacts on coastal wetland landscapes: some general effects of sediment autocompaction in the Holocene of northwest Europe. The Holocene. 9: 1–12.CrossRef
2.
Allen, J.R.L., 2000. Morphodynamics of Holocene salt marshes: a review sketch from the Atlantic and southern North Sea coasts of Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19: 1155–1231.CrossRef
3.
Bianchi, G.G., and McCave, N., 1999. Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland. Nature, 397: 515–517.CrossRef
4.
Charman, D.J., Roe, H.M., and Gehrels, W.R., 1998. The use of testate amoebae in studies of sea-level change: a case study from the Taf Estuary, South Wales, UK. The Holocene, 8: 209–218.CrossRef
5.
Douglas, B.C., 1992. Global sea level acceleration. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97: 12699–12706.CrossRef
6.
Ekman, M., 1999. Climate changes detected through the world’s longest sea level series. Global and Planetary Change, 21: 215–224.CrossRef
7.
Ezer, T., Mellor, G.L., and Greatbatch, R.J., 1995. On the interpentadal variability of the North Atlantic Ocean: model simulated changes in transport, meridional heat flux and coastal sea level between 1955–1959 and 1970–1974. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100: 10559–10566.CrossRef
8.
Gehrels, W.R., 1999. Middle and late Holocene sea-level changes in eastern Maine reconstructed from foraminiferal salt marsh stratigraphy and AMS 14C dates on basal peat. Quaternary Research, 52: 350–359.CrossRef
9.
Gehrels, W.R., 2000. Using foraminiferal transfer functions to produce high-resolution sea-level records from salt marsh deposits. The Holocene, 10: 367–376.CrossRef
10.
Gehrels, R., Belknap, D., Black, S., and Newnham, R., 2000. Rapid recent sea-level rise in the Gulf of Maine unprecedented in the past millennium. EOS Supplement, American Geophysical Union Transactions, 81: S275.
11.
Kaye, C.A., and Barghoorn, E., 1964. Late Quaternary sea-level change and crystal rise at Boston, Massachusetts, with notes on the autocompaction of peat. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 75: 63–80.CrossRef
12.
Kushnir, Y., 1994. Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and associated atmospheric conditions. Journal of Climate, 7: 141–157.CrossRef
13.
Long, A., 2000. Late Holocene sea-level change and climate. Progress in Physical Geography, 24: 415–423.
14.
Maul, G.A., and Martin, D.M., 1993. Sea level rise at Key West, Florida, 1846–1992: America’s longest instrument record? Geophysical Research Letters, 20: 1955–1958.CrossRef
15.
Mörner, N.-A., 1973. Eustatic changes during the last 300 years. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 13: 1–14.CrossRef
16.
Nydick, K.R., Bidwell, A.B., Thomas, E., and Varekamp, J.C., 1995. A sea-level rise curve from Guilford, Connecticut, USA. Marine Geology, 124: 137–159.CrossRef
17.
Scott, D.B., and Medioli, F.S., 1978. Vertical zonations of marsh foraminifera as accurate indicators of former sea-levels. Nature, 272: 528–531.CrossRef
18.
van de Plassche, O., 2000. North Atlantic climate-ocean variations and sea level in Long Island Sound, Connecticut, since 500 cal yr ad. Quaternary Research, 53: 89–97.CrossRef
19.
van de Plassche, O., van der Borg, K., and de Jong, A.F.M., 1998. Sea level-climate correlation during the past 1400 yr. Geology, 26: 319–322.CrossRef
20.
Varekamp, J.C., Thomas, E., and van de Plassche, O., 1992. Relative sea-level rise and climate change over the last 1500 years. Terra Nova, 4: 293–304.CrossRef
21.
Varekamp, J.C., and Thomas, E., 1998. Climate change and the rise and fall of sea level over the millennium. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 79(69): 74–75.
22.
Woodworth, P.L., 1990. A search for accelerations in records of European mean sea level. International Journal of Climatology, 10: 129–143.CrossRef
23.
Woodworth, P.L., 1999. High waters at Liverpool since 1768: the UK’s longest sea level record. Geophysical Research Letters, 26: 1589–1592.CrossRef
1.
Van Andel, T., and Laborel, J., 1964. Recent high relative sea-level stand near Recife, Brazil. Science, 145(3632): 580–581.CrossRef
2.
Baker, R.G.V., and Haworth, R.J., 1999. Evidence for the nature of late Holocene sea level fall on the New South Wales coast from fixed biological indicators: was the fall smooth or fluctuating. In Kesby, J.A., Stanely, J.M., McLean, R.F., and Olive, L.J. (eds.), Geodiversity Readings in Australian Geography at the Close of the 20th Century. Special Publications, 6, Canberra: Institute of Australian Geographers, pp. 351–360.
3.
Boudouresque, C.F., 1971. Contribution à l’étude phytosociologique des peuplements algaux des côtes varoises. Vegetatio, 22(1–3): 83–184.CrossRef
4.
Delibrias, G., and Laborel, J., 1971. Recent variations of the sea-level along the Brazilian coast. Quaternaria, 14: 45–49.
5.
Donner, J.J., 1959. The Late-and Post-glacial raised beaches in Scotland. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, A, III, 53: 25pp.
6.
Fevret, M., and Sanlaville, P., 1966. L’utilisation des Vermets dans la détermination des anciens niveaux marins. Méditerranée, 4: 357–364.CrossRef
7.
Focke, J.W., 1978. Limestone cliff morphology on Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles), with special attention to the origin of notches and vermetid coralline algal surf benches. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 22: 329–349.
8.
Guilcher, A., 1953. Essai sur la zonation et la distribution des formes littorals de dissolution du calcaire. Annales de Géographie, 331: 161–179.CrossRef
9.
Hopley, D., 1986. Corals and reefs as indicators of paleo-sea-levels with special reference to the Great barrier Reef. In Van de Plaasche, O. (ed.), Sea-Level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Volume 8. Norwich: Geo Books, pp. 195–228.
10.
Jardine, W.G., 1986. Determination of altitude. In Van de Plaasche, O., (ed.), Sea-Level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Volume 21. Norwich: Geo Books, pp. 569–590.
11.
Laborel, J., 1986. Vermetids. In Orson van de Plassche (ed.), Sea-Level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data, Volume 12. Norwich: Geo Books, pp. 281–310.
12.
Laborel, J., and Laborel-Deguen, F., 1994. Biological indicators of relative sea-level variation and of co-seismic displacements in the Mediterranean area. Journal of Coastal Research, 10(2): 395–415.
13.
Laborel, J., Morhange, C., Lafont, R., Le Campion, J., Laborel-Deguen, F., and Sartoretto, S., 1994. Biological evidence of sea-level rise during the last 4500 years on the rocky coasts of continental southwestern France and Corsica. Marine Geology, 120: 203–223.CrossRef
14.
Morhange, C., Laborel, J., Hesnard, A., and Prone, A., 1996. Variation of relative mean sea level during 2500 years on the northern shores of the Lacydon, the ancient harbour of Marseilles. Journal of Coastal Research, 12: 841–849.
15.
Morhange, C., Laborel, J., and Laborel-Deguen, F., 1998. Précision des mesures de variation relative verticale du niveau marin à partir d’indicateurs biologiques. Le cas des soulèvements bradysismiques de Pouzzoles, Italie du sud (1969–1972; 1982–1984). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 42(2): 143–157.
16.
Peres, J.M., and Picard, J., 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique en Mediterranée. Recueil des travaux de la Station Marine d’ Endoume, 31(47): 1–131.
17.
Pirazzoli, P.A., 1986. Marine notches. In van de Plaasche, O. (ed.), Sea-Level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Volume 12, Norwich: Geo Books, pp. 361–400.
18.
Stephenson, T.A., and Stephenson, A., 1949. The universal features of zonation between tide-marks on rocky coasts. Journal of Ecology, 37: 289–305.CrossRef
19.
Thommeret, Y., Thommeret, J., Laborel, J., Montaggioni, L.F., and Pirazzoli, P.A., 1981. Late Holocene shoreline changes and seismotectonic displacements in western Crete (Greece). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, N.F., Bd., 40(Suppl.): 127–149.
1.
Atwater, B.T., 1987. Evidence for great Holocene earthquakes along the outer coast of Washington State. Science, 236: 942–944.CrossRef
2.
Behre, K.-E., 1986. Analysis of botanical macro-remains. In van de Plassche, O. (ed.), Sea-level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of data. Norwich, UK: GEO Books, pp. 413–434.
3.
Chapman, V.J., 1960. Salt Marshes and Salt Deserts of the World. London: Leonard Hill LTP.
4.
Chapman, V.J., 1976. Coastal Vegetation, 2nd edn. Toronto: Pergamon Press.
5.
Colquhoun, D.J., and Brookes, M.J., 1986. New evidence from the southeastern United States for eustatic components of late Holocene sea levels. Geoarcheology, 1(3): 275–291.CrossRef
6.
Emery, K.O., and Garrison, L.E., 1967. Sea levels 7,000 to 20,000 years ago. Science, 157: 684–687.CrossRef
7.
Fairbanks, R.G., 1989. A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea-level record: influence of glacial melting rates in the Younger Dryas event and deep ocean circulation. Nature, 342: 637–642.CrossRef
8.
Haq, B.U., and Boersma, A., 1978. Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology. New York, Elsevier.
9.
Hayward, B.W., Grenfell, H.R., and Scott, D.B., 1999. Tidal range of marsh foraminifera for determining former sea-level heights in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 42: 395–413.CrossRef
10.
Heyworth, A., 1986. Submerged forests as sea-level indicators. In van de Plassche, O. (ed.), Sea-level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of data. Norwich, UK: GEO Books, pp. 401–412.
11.
Laidler, R.B., and Scott, D.B., 1996. Foraminifera and Arcellacea from Porters Lake, Nova Scotia: modern distribution and paleodistribution. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33: 1410–1427.
12.
Martin, L., Suguio, K., and Flexor, J.-M., 1986. Shell middens as a source for additional information in Holocene shoreline and sea-level reconstruction: examples from the coast of Brazil. In van de Plassche, O. (ed.), Sea-level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data, Norwich, UK: GEO Books, pp. 503–524.
13.
Miller, A.A.L., Mudie, P.J., and Scott, D.B., 1982. Holocene history of Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia: foraminifera, dinoflagellate and pollen records. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19: 2342–2367.CrossRef
14.
Ortlieb, L., Barreintos, S., and Guzman, N., 1996. Coseismic coastal uplift and coralline algae record in northern Chile: the 1995 Antofagasta earthquake case. Quaternary Science Reviews, 15(8–9): 949–960.CrossRef
15.
Palmer, A.J.M., and Abbott, W.H., 1986. Diatoms as indicators of sealevel change. In van de Plassche, O. (ed.), Sea-level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Norwich, UK: GEO Books, pp. 457–489.
16.
Peterson, K.S., 1986. Marine molluscs as indicators of former sea-level stands. In van de Plassche, O. (ed.), Sea-level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data, Norwich, UK: GEO Books, pp. 129–156.
17.
Scott, D.B., and Collins, E.S., 1996. Late mid-Holocene sea-level oscillation: a possible cause. Quaternary Science Reviews, 15: 851–856.CrossRef
18.
Scott, D.B. and Medioli, F.S., 1978. Vertical zonations of marsh foraminifera as accurate indicators of former sea-levels. Nature, 272: 528–531.CrossRef
19.
Scott, D.B., and Medioli, F.S., 1980. Quantitative studies of marsh foraminiferal distributions in Nova Scotia: their implications for the study of sea-level changes. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication 17, 58p.
20.
Scott, D.B., and Medioli, F.S., 1982. Micropaleontological documentation for early Holocene relative sea level fall on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Geology, 10: 278–281.CrossRef
21.
Scott, D.B., and Medioli, F.S., 1986. Foraminifera as sea-level indicators. In van de Plassche, O. (ed.), Sea-level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Norwich, UK: GEO Books, pp. 435–456.
22.
Scott, D.B., Williamson, M.A., and Duffett, T.E., 1981. Marsh foraminifera of Prince Edward Island: their recent distribution and application for former sea-level studies. Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology, 17: 98–124.
23.
Scott, D.B., MacKinnon, K.D., and Medioli, F.S., 1988. Salt marshes in Atlantic Canada. In Wetlands of Canada. Ottawa, National Wetlands Working Group and Canada Committee on Ecological Land Classification, pp. 265–282.
24.
Shennan, I.A., Green, F., Innes, J., Lloyd, J., Rutherford, M., and Walker, K., 1996. Evaluation of rapid relative sea-level changes in North West Scotland during the last glacial-interglacial transition: evidence from Ardtoe and other isolation basins. Journal of Coastal Research, 12(4): 862–874.
25.
Shennan, I., Long, A.J., Rutherford, M.M., Innes, J.B., Green, F.M., and Walker, K.J., 1998. Tidal marsh stratigraphy, sea-level change and large earthquakes II: submergence events during the last 3500 years at Netarts Bay, Oregon, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews, 17: 365–393.CrossRef
26.
Shennan, I.A., Scott, D.B., Rutherford, M., and Zong, Y., 1999. Microfossil analysis of sediments representing the 1964 earthquake, exposed at Girdwood Flats, Alaska, USA. Quaternary International, 60: 55–74.CrossRef
27.
Van Harten, D., 1986. Ostracode options in sea-level studies. In van de Plassche, O. (ed.), Sea-level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Norwich, UK: GEO Books, pp. 489–502.
1.
Montaggioni, L.F., and Pirazzoli, P.A., 1984. The significance of exposed coral conglomerates from French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean) as indicators of recent relative sea-level changes. Coral Reefs, 3: 29–42.CrossRef
2.
Pirazzoli, P.A., 1996. Sea-Level Changes: The Last 20 000 Years. Chichester: Wiley.
3.
Shepard, F.P., and Wanless, H.R., 1971. Our Changing Coastlines. New York: McGraw-Hill.
4.
Van de Plassche, O. (ed.), 1986. Sea-Level Research: A Manual for the Collection and Evaluation of Data. Geo Books: Norwich.
5.
Zenkovich, V.P., 1967. Processes of Coastal Development. Edinburgh: Oliver ⇐p; Boyd.
1.
Awosika, L.A., French, G.T., Nichols, R.J., and Ibe, C.E., 1992. The impacts of sea level rise on the coastline of Nigeria. In Coastal Zone Management Subgroup, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Global Climate Change and the Rising Challenge of the Sea.
2.
Bruun, P., 1962. Sea level rise as a cause of shore erosion. Journal of Waterways and Harbors Division (ASCE), 88: 116–130.
3.
Callaway, J.C., DeLaune, R.D. et al., 1997. Sediment accretion rates from four coastal wetlands along the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Coastal Research, 13(1): 181–191.
4.
Ellison, A.M., and Farnsworth, E.J., 1997. Simulated sea level change alters anatomy, physiology, growth, and reproduction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.). Oecologia, 112(4): 435–446.CrossRef
5.
Ellison, J.C., 1993. Mangrove retreat with rising sea-level, Bermuda. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 37(1): 75–87.CrossRef
6.
Ellison, J.C., and Stoddart, D.R., 1991. Mangrove ecosystem collapse during predicted sea-level rise—Holocene analogs and implications. Journal of Coastal Research, 7(1): 151–165.
7.
El-Raey, M., Nasr, S., Frihy, O., Desouki, S., and Dewidar, Kh., 1995. Potential impacts of accelerated sea-level rise on Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. Journal of Coastal Research, 14(Special issue): 190–204.
8.
Everts, C.H., 1985. Effect of sea level rise and net sand volume change on shoreline position at ocean city, Maryland. In Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Beach at Ocean City, Maryland. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.
9.
Hull, C.H.J., and Titus J.G. (eds.), 1986. Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level Rise, and Salinity in the Delaware Estuary. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency and Delaware River Basin Commission.
10.
Kana, T.W., Michel, J., Hayes, M.O., and Jensen, J.R., 1984. The physical impact of sea level rise in the area of Charleston, South Carolina. In Barth, M.C., and Titus, J.G. (eds.), Greenhouse Effect and Sea Level Rise: A Challenge for this Generation. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
11.
Kyper, T., and Sorensen, R., 1985. Potential impacts of selected sea level rise scenarios on the beach and coastal works at Sea Bright, New Jersey. In Magoon, O.T. et al. (eds.), Coastal Zone ′85. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.
12.
Leatherman, S.P., 1979. Migration of Assateague Island by inlet and overwash processes. Geology, 7: 104–107.CrossRef
13.
Leatherman, S.P., 1984. Coastal geomorphic responses to sea level rise: Galveston Bay, Texas. In Barth, M.C., and Titus, J.G. (eds.), Greenhouse Effect and Sea Level Rise: A Challenge for this Generation. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
14.
Louisiana Wetland Protection Panel, 1987. Saving Louisiana′s Wetlands: The Need for a Long-Term Plan of Action. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.
15.
Miller, T., Walker, J.C., Kingsley, G.T., and Hyman, W.A., 1989. Impact of global climate change on urban infrastructure. In US EPA, Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change on the United States. Appendix H. Infrastructure. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
16.
Niang-Diop, I., Dennis, K.C., and Nichols., R.J., 1995. The impacts of sea level rise on the coastline of Senegal. In Coastal Zone Management Subgroup, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Global Climate Change and the Rising Challenge of the Sea.
17.
Nicholls, R.J., and Leatherman, S.P., 1995. In McGregor, D., and Thompson, D. (eds.), Geomorphology and Land Management in a Changing Environment. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
18.
Parkinson, R.W., Delaune, R.D. et al., 1994. Holocene sea-level rise and the fate of mangrove forests within the wider Caribbean region. Journal of Coastal Research, 10(4): 1077–1086.
19.
Schneider, S.H., and Chen, R.S., 1980. Carbon dioxide flooding: physical factors and climatic impact. Annual Review of Energy, 5: 107–140.CrossRef
20.
Slade D.C. et al., 1990. Putting the Public Trust Doctrine to Work. Washington, DC: Coastal States Organization.
21.
Titus, J.G., 1990. Greenhouse effect, sea level rise, and barrier islands. Coastal Management, 18(1): 65–90.CrossRef
22.
Titus, J.G., 1998. Rising seas, coastal erosion, and the takings clause: how to save wetlands and beaches without hurting property owners. Maryland Law Review, 57: 1281–1398.
23.
Titus, J.G., and Richman, C., 2001. Maps of lands vulnerable to sea level rise: modeled elevations along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Climate Research, 18: 205–228.CrossRef
24.
Titus, J.G., Kuo, C.Y., Gibbs, M.J., LaRoche, T.B., Webb, M.K., and Waddell, J.O., 1987. Greenhouse effect, sea level rise, and coastal drainage systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 113: 2.CrossRef
25.
Titus, J.G., Park, R.A., Leatherman, S., Weggel, R., Greene, M.S., Treehan, M., Brown, S., and Gaunt, C., Yohe, G., 1991. Greenhouse effect and sea level rise: the cost of holding back the sea. Coastal Management, 19(3): 171–204.CrossRef
26.
Volonte, C.R., and Nichols, R.J., 1995. Sea level rise and Uruguay: potential impacts and responses. Journal of Coastal Research, 14(Special issue): 285–302.
27.
Wilcoxen, P.J., 1986. Coastal erosion and sea level rise: implications for ocean beach and san Francisco’s Westside transport project. Coastal Zone Management Journal, 14: 3.CrossRef
28.
Yohe, G., 1990. The cost of not holding back the sea. Coastal Management, 18: 403–432.CrossRef
1.
Bowen, A.J., and Inman, D.L., 1966. Budget of littoral sands in the vicinity of Point Arguello, California. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Technical Memorandum No. 19, 56pp.
2.
Bruun, P., 1962. Sea level rise as a cause of shore erosion. Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 88: 117–130.
3.
Dean, R.G., 1991. Equilibrium beach profiles: characteristics and applications. Journal of Coastal Research, 7: 53–84.
4.
Dolan, R., and Hayden, B., 1981. Storms and shoreline configuration. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 51: 737–744.
5.
Everts, C.H., 1991. Seacliff retreat and coarse sediment yields in Southern California. Proceedings of the Coastal Sediments ′91. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1586–1598.
6.
Hallermeier, R.J., 1981. A profile zonation for seasonal sand beaches from wave climate. Coastal Engineering, 4: 253–277.CrossRef
7.
Inman, D.L., and Dolan, R., 1989. The outer banks of North Carolina: budget of sediment and inlet dynamics along a migrating barrier system. Journal of Coastal Research, 5: 193–237.
8.
Jarrett, J.T., 1991. Coastal sediment budget analysis techniques. Proceedings of the Coastal Sediments ′91. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 2223–2233.
9.
Kochel, R.C., and Dolan, R., 1986. Role of overwash on a mid-Atlantic coast barrier island. Journal of Geology, 94: 902–906.CrossRef
10.
Komar, P.D., 1983. The erosion of Siletz Spit, Oregon. In Komar, P.D. (ed.), Handbook of Coastal Processes and Erosion. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 65–76.
11.
Komar, P.D., 1990. Littoral sediment transport. In Herbich, J.B. (ed.), Handbook on Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co., pp. 681–714.
12.
Komar, P.D., 1996. The budget of littoral sediments, concepts and applications. Shore and Beach, 64: 18–26.
13.
Lewis, K.B., and Barnes, P.M., 1999. Kaikoura Canyon, New Zealand; active conduit from near-shore sediment zones to trench-axis channel. Marine Geology, 162: 39–69.CrossRef
14.
Niedoroda, A.W., Swift, D.J.P., Figueirdeo, A.G., and Freeland, G.L., 1985. Barrier island evolution, middle Atlantic shelf U.S.A. Part II: evidence from the shelf floor. Marine Geology, 63: 363–396.
15.
Rosati, J.D., and Kraus, N.C., 1999. Advances in coastal sediment budget methodology-with emphasis on inlets. Shore and Beach, 67: 56–65.
16.
Ruggiero, P., Komar, P.D., McDougal, W.G., and Beach, R.A., 1997. Extreme water levels, wave runup and coastal erosion. Proceeding of the 25th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 2793–2805.
17.
Williams, S.J., and Meisburger, E.P., 1987. Sand sources for the transgressive barrier coast of Long Island, New York: evidence for landward transport of shelf sediments. Proceedings of the Coastal Sediments ′87. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1517–1532.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Energy and Sediment Budgets of the Global Coastal Zone
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
1.
Atkins, R.J., 1993. Sediment suspension under irregular “groupy” waves: a laboratory experiment. Unpublished Master of Science thesis, Toronto: University of Toronto.
2.
Bagnold, R.A., 1963. Mechanics of marine sedimentation. In Hill, M.N. (ed.), The Sea, Volume 3. New York: Wiley-Interscience, pp. 507–528.
3.
Bailard, J.A., 1984. A simplified model for longshore transport. Proceedings of the 19th Coastal Engineering Conference. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1454–1470.
4.
Dyer, K.R., 1980. Velocity profiles over a rippled bed and the threshold of movement of sand. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 10: 181–199.CrossRef
5.
Honji, H., Kaneko, A., and Matsunaga, N., 1980. Flow above oscillatory ripples. Sedimentology, 27(2): 225–229.CrossRef
6.
Neilsen, P., Svendsen, A., and Staub, C., 1979. Onshore-offshore sediment movement on a beach. Proceedings of the 16th Coastal Engineering Conference. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1475–1492.
7.
Neilsen. P., 1993. Combined convection-diffusion modelling of sediment entrainment. Proceedings. In Edge, B.L. (ed.), 23rd Coastal Engineering Conference. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 3202–3215.
8.
Osborne, P., and Greenwood, B., 1993. Sediment suspension under waves and currents: time scales and vertical structure. Sedimentology, 40: 599–622.CrossRef
9.
Rouse, H., 1937. Modern conceptions of the mechanics of turbulence. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 102: 436–505.
10.
Sleath, J.F.A., 1982. The suspension of sand by waves. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 20(5): 439–452.CrossRef
11.
Sternberg, R.W., Shi, N.C., and Downing, J.P., 1989. Continuous measurement of suspended sediment. In Seymour, R.J. (ed.), Nearshore Sediment Transport. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 231–259.
12.
Tunstall, E.B., and Inman, D.L., 1975. Vortex generation by oscillatory flow over rippled surface. Journal of Geophysical Research, 80(24): 3475–3484.CrossRef
1.
Alam, Mahmood, 1996. Subsidence of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta of Bangladesh and associated drainage, sedimentological and salinity programs. In Milliman, John, D., and Haq, Bilal, U. (eds.), Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Subsidence. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 169–192.CrossRef
2.
Fairbridge, R.W., and Jelgersma, S., 1990. Sea-level. In Paepe, Roland, Fairbridge, Rhodes, W., and Jelgersma, Saskia, (eds.), Greenhouse Effect, Sea-Level and Drought. Nato ASI Series, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Volume 325. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 117–145.
3.
Jelgersma, Saskia, 1980. Late Cenozoic sea-level changes in the Netherlands and adjacent North Sea basin. In Morner, N-A. (ed.), Earth Rheology, Isostasy and Eustasy. New York: Wiley-Interscience, pp. 435–447.
4.
Jelgersma, Saskia, 1996. Land subsidence in coastal lowlands. In Milliman, John, D., and Haq, Bilal, U. (eds.), Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Subsidence. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 47–62.CrossRef
5.
Jones, P.H., 1985. Geology and Groundwater Resources of Bangladesh. Baton Rouge: P.H. Jones Hydro-Geology Inc.
6.
Said, R., 1981. The Geological Evolution of the River Nile. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRef
7.
Whiteman, A.J., 1982. Nigeria: its Petroleum Geology, Resources and Potential, Volume 2. London: Graham and Trotman.CrossRef
8.
Woodbury, H.O., Murry, I.B., Pickford, P.J., and Akita, W.H., 1973. Pliocene and Pleistocene depocenters, outer continental shelf Louisiana and Texas. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 49: 1893–1907.
9.
Ziegler, P.A., and Louwerens, C.J., 1977. Tectonics of the North Sea. In Oele, E., Schuttenhelm, R.T.E., and Wiggers, A.J. (eds.), The Quaternary History of the North Sea. Acta University Symposium, Uppsala.
1.
Guidoboni, E., Comastri, A., and Traina, G., 1994. Catalogue of Ancient Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Area. Rome: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica.
2.
Imamura, A., 1937. Theoretical and Applied Seismology. Tokyo: Maruzen.
3.
Lyell, C., 1875. Principles of Geology. London: J. Murray.
4.
Pirazzoli, P.A., Stiros, S.C., Laborel, J., Laborel-Deguen, F., Arnold, M., Papageorgiou, S., and Morhange, C., 1994. Late-Holocene shoreline changes related to palaeoseimic events in the Ionian islands, Greece. The Holocene, 4: 397–405.CrossRef
5.
Pirazzoli, P.A., Laborel, J., and Siros, S.C., 1996. Earthquake clustering in the eastern Mediterranean during historical times. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101(B3): 6083–6097.CrossRef
6.
Schwartz, M.L., and Tziavos, C., 1979. Geology in the search for ancient Helice. Journal of Field Archaeology, 6: 243–252.
7.
Vita-Finzi, C., 1986. Recent Earth Movements. London: Academic Press.
1.
Asquith, D.O., 1970. Depositional topography and major marine environments, Late Cretaceous, Wyoming. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 54(7): 1184–1224.
2.
Campbell, C.V., 1967. Lamina, Laminaset, Bed, and Bedset. Sedimentology, 8: 7–26.CrossRef
3.
Caster, K.E., 1934. The Stratigraphy and paleontology of northwestern Pennsylvania. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 21(71): 1–185.
4.
De Graciansky, P., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T., and Vail, P.R. (eds.), 1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins. SEPM Special Publication No. 60.
5.
Embry, A.F., 1993. Transgressive-Regressive (T-R) sequence analysis of the Jurassic succession of the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 30: 301–320.CrossRef
6.
Erskine, R.D., and Vail, P.R., 1988. Seismic stratigraphy of the Exmouth Plateau. In Bally, A.W. (ed.), Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy, Tulsa, OK: AAPG Studies in Geology, pp. 163–173.
7.
Galloway, W.E., 1989. Genetic stratigraphic sequences in basin analysis I: architecture and genesis of flooding-surface bounded depositional units. AAPG Bulletin, 73: 125–142.
8.
Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., and Vail, P.R., 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea-levels since the Triassic. Science, 235: 1156–1167.CrossRef
9.
Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., and Vail, P.R., 1988. Mesozoic and cenozoic chronostratigraphy and eustatic cycles. In Wilgus, C.K. et al. (eds.), Sea-Level Changes. An Integrated Approach. SEPM Special Publication No. 42, pp. 71–108.
10.
Mellere, D., 1994. Sequential development of an estuarine valley fill: the Two Wells Tongue of the Dakota Sandstone, Acoma Basin, New Mexico. Journal of Sedimentary Research, B64(4): 500–515.
11.
Miall, A.D., 1986. Eustatic sea level changes interpreted from seismic stratigraphy: a critique of the methodology with particular reference to the North Sea Jurassic record. AAPG Bulletin, 70(2): 131–137.
12.
Miall, A.D., 1992. Exxon global cycle chart: an event for every occasion. Geology, 20: 787–790.CrossRef
13.
Mitchum, R.M., 1977. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, Part 11: glossary of terms used in seismic stratigraphy. In Payton, C.E. (ed.), Seismic Stratigraphy—Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. AAPG Memoir 26, pp. 205–212.
14.
Mitchum, R.M., Vail, P.R., and Thompson, S., 1977. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, Part 2: the depositional sequence as the basic unit for stratigraphic analysis. In Payton, C.E. (ed.), Seismic Stratigraphy—Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. AAPG Memoir 26, pp. 53–62.
15.
North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 1983. North American Stratigraphic Code. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 67(5): 841–875.
16.
Payton, C.E., 1977. Seismic Stratigraphy—applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. AAPG Memoir 26.
17.
Plint, A.G., and Nummedal, D., 2000. The falling stage systems tract: recognition and importance in sequence stratigraphic analysis. In Hunt, D., and Gawthorpe, R.L. (eds.), Sedimentary Responses to Forced Regressions. London Geological Society Special Publication 172, pp. 1–17.
18.
Posamentier, H.W., Allen, G.P., James, D.P., and Tesson, M., 1992. Forced regressions in a sequence stratigraphic framework: concepts, examples, and exploration significance. AAPG Bulletin, 76: 1687–1709.
19.
Sloss, L.L., Krumbein, W.C., and Dapples, E.C., 1949. Integrated facies analysis. In Chester R. Logwell (ed.), Sedimentary Facies in Geologic History. The Geologic Society of America Memoir 9, pp. 91–124.
20.
Sloss, L.L., 1963. Sequences in the cratonic interior of North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 74: 93–114.CrossRef
21.
Vail, P.R., Mitchum, R.M., Todd, R.G., Widmier, J.M., Thompsom, S., Sangree, J.B., Bubb, J.N., and Hailelid, W.G., 1977a. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level. In Payton, C.E. (ed.), Seismic Stratigraphy—applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. AAPG Memoir 26, pp. 49–212.
22.
Vail, P.R., and Mitchum, R.M., 1977. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, Part 1: Overview. In Payton, C.E. (ed.), Seismic Stratigraphy—applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. AAPG Memoir 26, pp. 51–52.
23.
Vail, P.R., Mitchum, R.M., and Thompson, S., 1977b. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, Part 3: relative changes in sea level from coastal onlap. In Payton, C.E. (ed.), Seismic Stratigraphy—Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. AAPG Memoir 26, pp. 63–81.
24.
Vail, P.R., Mitchum, R.M., and Thompson, S., 1977c. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, Part 4: global cycles of relative changes in sea level. In Payton, C.E. (ed.), Seismic Stratigraphy—Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. AAPG Memoir 26, pp. 83–97.
25.
Vail, P.R., Todd, R.G., and Sangree, J.B., 1977d. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, Part 5: chronostratigraphic significance of seismic reflections. In Payton, C.E. (ed.), Seismic Stratigraphy—Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. AAPG Memoir 26, pp. 99–116.
26.
Van Wagoner, J.C., Posamentier, H.W., Mitchum, R.M., Vail, P.R., Sarg, J.F., Loutit, T.S., and Hardenbol, J., 1988, An overview of the fundamentals of sequence stratigraphy and key definitions. In Wilgus, C.K. et al. (eds.), Sea-Level Changes: An Integrated Approach. SEPM Special Publication 42, pp. 39–48.
27.
Van Wagoner, J.C., Mitchum, R.M., Campion, K.M., and Rahmanian, V.D., 1990. Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Well Logs Cores, and Outcrops. AAPG Methods in Exploration Series, No.7.
28.
Wilgus, C.K., Hastings, B.S., Kendall, C.G., Posamentier, H.W., Ross, C.A., and Van Wagoner, J.C. (eds.), 1988. Sea-Level Changes: An Integrated Approach. SEPM Special Publication #42.
1.
Bernd-Cohen, T., and Gordon, M., 1998. State Coastal Program Effectiveness in Protecting Beaches, Dunes, Bluffs, and Rocky Shores: A National Overview. Final Report, National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service.
2.
Bridge, L., and Salman, A., 2000. Policy Instruments for ICZM in Nine Selected European Countries. Final study report prepared for the Dutch National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management.
3.
Cambers, G., 1997. Planning for Coastline Change: Guidelines for Construction Setbacks in the Eastern Caribbean Islands. CSI info 4, Paris: UNESCO.
4.
Clark, J., 1974. Coastal Ecosystems: Ecological Considerations for Management of the Coastal Zone, DC: The Conservation Foundation, Washington.
5.
Crowell, M., Douglas, B.C., and Leatherman, S.P., 1997. On forecasting future U.S. shoreline positions: a test of algorithms. Journal of Coastal Research, 13: 1245–1255.
6.
Dolan, R., Fenster, M.S., and Holme, S.J., 1991. Temporal analysis of shoreline recession and accretion. Journal of Coastal Research, 7: 723–744.
7.
Dolan, R., Fenster, M.S., and Holme, S.J., 1992. Spatial analysis of shoreline recession and accretion. Journal of Coastal Research, 8: 263–285.
8.
Douglas, B.C., and Crowell, M., 2000. Long-term shoreline position prediction and error propagation. Journal of Coastal Research, 16: 145–152.
9.
Eliot, I., and Clarke, D., 1989. Temporal and spatial bias in the estimation of shoreline rate-of-change statistics from beach survey information. Coastal Management, 17: 129–156.CrossRef
10.
Fenster, M.S., Dolan, R., and Elder, J.F., 1993. A new method for predicting shoreline positions from historical data. Journal of Coastal Research, 9: 147–171.
11.
Fenster, M.S., Dolan, R., and Morton, R.A., 2001. Coastal storms and shoreline change: Signal or noise? Journal of Coastal Research, 17: 714–720.
12.
Galgano, F.A., and Douglas, B.C., 2000. Shoreline position prediction: methods and errors. Environmental Geosciences, 7: 23–34.CrossRef
13.
Galvin, C., 2000. Comment to “Sea level rise shown to drive coastal erosion” by Leatherman et al. (2000), Eos Transactions, AGU, 81: 437–440.CrossRef
14.
Heinz Center, 2000. Evaluation of Erosion Hazards Summary. A collaborative project of The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics, and the Environment.
15.
Houlahan, 1989. Comparison of construction setbacks to manage development in coastal hazard areas. Coastal Management, 17: 219–228.CrossRef
16.
Honeycutt, M.G., Crowell, M., and Douglas, B.C., 2001. Shoreline position forecasting: impact of storms, rate-calculation methodologies, and temporal scales. Journal of Coastal Research, 17: 721–730.
17.
Klee, G.A., 1999. The Coastal Environment: Toward Integrated Coastal and Marine Sanctuary Management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
18.
Leatherman, S.P., Zhang, K., and Douglass, B.C., 2000. Sea level rise shown to drive coastal erosion. Eos Transactions, AGU, 81: 55–58.CrossRef
19.
Morton, R.A., 1991. Accurate shoreline mapping: past, present, and future. Coastal Sediments’ 91, pp. 997–1010.
20.
National Research Council, 1990. Managing Coastal Erosion. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
21.
Nelson, C., and Howd, P., 1996. Surf as a coastal resource: the wave of the future. Geotimes, 19–22.
22.
Pilkey, O.H., Young, R.S., and Bush, D.M., 2000. Comment to “Sea level rise shown to drive coastal erosion” by Leatherman et al. (2000), Eos Transactions, AGU, 81: 436.CrossRef
23.
Sallenger, A.H., Morton, R.A., Fletcher, C., Theiler, E.R., and Howd, P., 2000. Comment to “Sea level rise shown to drive coastal erosion” by Leatherman et al. (2000), Eos Transactions, AGU, 81: 436.CrossRef
24.
Theiler, E.R., Pilkey, O.H., Young, R.S., Bush, D.M., and Chai, Fei, 2000. The use of mathematical models to predict beach behavior for U.S. coastal engineering: a critical review. Journal of Coastal Research, 16: 48–70.
25.
US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), 1995. Protecting coastal ecosystems. Endangered Species Bulletin, September/October.
1.
Bird, E., 2000. Coastal Geomorphology, An Introduction. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
2.
Schmidt, W., 1923. Die Scherms an der Rotmeerküste von el-Hedschas. Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 69: 118–121.
1.
Anderson, J.B., 1989. Antarctica’s glacial setting. In Anderson, J.B., and Molnia, B.F. (eds.), Glacial Marine Sedimentation: Short Course in Geology 9. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 11–57.CrossRef
2.
Bea, R.G., Wright, S.G., Sircar, P., and Niedoroda, A.W., 1983. Wave-induced slides in South Pass Block 70, Mississippi Delta. Journal Geotechnical. Engineering, 109: 619–644.CrossRef
3.
Bruun, P., 1962. Sea-level rise as a clause of sure erosion. Journal Waterways & Harbors Division, 88: 117–130.
4.
Calvete, D., Falques, A., deSwart, H.E., and Walgreen, M., 2001. Modeling the formation of shoreface-connected sand rages on the storm-dominated inner shells. Fluid Mechanics, 441: 169–193.
5.
Carey, J.S., Swift, D.J.P., Steckler, M., Reed, C.W., and Niedoroda, A.W., 1999. High-resolution sequence stratigraphic modeling 2: effects of sedimentation processes. In Numerical experiments in stratigraphy: the recent advances in the stratigraphic and sedimentologic computer simulations. SEPM Special Publication, 62, 151–164.
6.
Clarke, T.L., Swift, D.J.P., and Young, R.A., 1983. A stochastic modeling approach to the fine sediment budgets all of the New York Bight. Journal Geophysical Research, 88: 9653–9660.CrossRef
7.
Coleman, J.M., and Prior, D.B., 1982. Deltaic environments of deposition. In Scholle, P.A., and Spearing, D. (eds.), Sandstone Depositional Environments. American Association Petroleum Geologist, 31! 139-178.
8.
Cowell, P.J., Roy, P.S., and Jones, R.A., 1995. Simulation of large-scale coastal change using a morphological behavior model. Marine Geologist, 126: 45–63.CrossRef
9.
Dean, R.G., 2001. Thirty years of beach nourishment in Florida, and where is all the beach nourishment sand going? In Proceedings Annual Conference 45, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association.
10.
Hallermeier, R.J., 1978. Uses for a calculated limit depth to beach erosion. In Proceedings 16, ICCE, Hamburg, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1493–1512.
11.
Hayes, M.O., 1963. Hurricanes as geologic agents: case studies of Hurricanes Carla, 1961 and Cindy, 1963. University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations, 61.
12.
McCave, I., 1972. Sediment transport and escape of fine-grained sediment from shelf areas. In Swift, D.J.P., Duane, D.B., and Pilkey, O.H. (eds.), Shelf Sediment Transport: Process and Pattern. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden Hutchinson & Ross, pp. 215–248.
13.
Metha, A.J., Hayter, E.J., Parker, W.R., Krone. R.B., and Tetter, A.M., 1989. Cohesive sediment transport I: process description. Journal Hydrological Engineering, 115: 1076–1093.CrossRef
14.
Moody, D.A., 1964. Coastal morphology and processes in relation to the development of submarine sand ridges off the Bethany Beach Delaware. Ph.D. dissertation, John Hopkins University.
15.
Murray, S.P., 1970. Bottom currents near the coast during hurricane Camille, Journal Geophysical Research, 75: 4579–4582.CrossRef
16.
Nemeth, A., Hulscher, S.J.M.H., and van Damme, R.M.J., 2001. Numerical simulation of sand wave evolution in shallow shelf seas. In Proceedings Coastal Dynamics’ 01, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1048–1057.
17.
Niedoroda, A.W., 1991. Sea ice gouging. In Herbich, J. (ed.), Handbook of Coastal and Ocean Engineering, V.2, Houston, 7X: Gulf Publishing Company, 997–1048.
18.
Niedoroda, A.W., and Swift, D.J.P., 1981. Maintenance of the shoreface by wave orbital currents and mean flow: observations from the Long Island coast, Geophysical Research Letters, 8: 337–348.CrossRef
19.
Niedoroda, A.W., Swift, D.J.P., Hopkins, T.S., and Ma, C.M., 1984. Shoreface morphodynamics on wave-dominated coasts, Marine Geology, 60: 331–354.CrossRef
20.
Niedoroda, A.W., Swift, D.J.P., Figueiredo, G.L., and Freeland, G.L., 1985a. Barrier island evolution, Middle Atlantic Shelf, Part II: evidence from the seafloor, Marine Geology, 63: 363–396.CrossRef
21.
Niedoroda, A.W., Swift, D.J.P., and Hopkins, T.S., 1985b. The shoreface. In Davis, R.A. (ed.), Coastal Sedimentary Environments. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 534–624.
22.
Niedoroda, A.W., Swift, D.J.P., and Thorne, J.A., 1989, Modeling shelf storm beds: controls all the bed thickness and bedding sequence. In Morton, R.A., and Nummedal, D. (eds.) Proceedings GCSSEPM Foundation 7th Annual Research Conference, pp. 15–39.
23.
Niedoroda, A.W., Reed, C.W., Swift, D.J.P., Arato, H., and Hoyanagi, K., 1995. Modeling shore-normal large-scale coastal evolution, Marine Geology, 126: 181–199.CrossRef
24.
Niedoroda, A.W., Reed, C.W., Stive, M.J.F., and Cowell, P., 2001. Numerical simulations of coastal-tract morphodynamics. In Proceedings Coastal Dynamics, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 403–412.
25.
Niedoroda, A.W., Reed, C.W., Das, H., Donaghue, J., Koch, J., Wang, Z.B., and Stive, M.J.F., 2003a. Modeling large-scale morphodynamics of complex coastal systems. In Proceedings of Coastal Sediments’ 03, American Society Civil, Engineers.
26.
Niedoroda, A.W., Reed, C.W., Hatchett, L., Young, A., Lanier, D., Kasch, V., Jeanjean, P., Orange, D., and Bryant, W., 2003b. Analysis of past and future debris flows and turbidity currents generated by slope failures along the Sigsbee Escarpment in the deep Gulf of Mexico. In Proceedings Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 15162.
27.
Snedden, J.W., and Nummedal, D., 1989. Sand transport kinematics on the Texas continental shelf during Hurricane Carla, September 1961. In Morton, R.A., and Nummedal, D. (eds.), Proceedings GCSSEPM Foundation 7th Annual Research Conference, pp. 63–76.
28.
Stive, M.J.F., and deVriend, H.J., 1995. Modeling shoreface profile evolution, Marine Geology, 126: 235–248.CrossRef
29.
Suhayda, J.N., 1977. Surface waves and bottom sediment response. Marine Geotechnical, 2: 135–146.CrossRef
30.
Swift, D.J.P., Phillips, S., and Thorne, J.A., 1991. Sedimentation on continental margins: lithofacies and depositional systems Special Publications of Internal Association of Sedimentologists, 14: 89–152.
31.
Syvitski, J.P., Morehead, M.D., and Nicholson, M., 1998. HYDROTREND: a climate-driven hydrologic-transport model for predicting discharge and sediment load to lakes or oceans, Computer Geoscience, 24(1): 51–68.CrossRef
32.
Weeks, W.F., Barnes, P.W., Rearic, P.M., and Reimnitz, E., 1991. Statistical aspects of ice gouging on the Alaskan shelf of the Beaufort Sea, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. Report, 83–21.
33.
Wheatcroft, R.A., Borgeld, J.C., Born, R.S., Drake, D.E., Leithold, E.L., Nittrouer, C.A., and Sommerfield, C.K., 1999. The anatomy of an oceanic flood deposits, Oceanography, 9: 158–162.CrossRef
34.
Wright, L.D., Xu, J.P., and Madsen, O.S., 1994. Across-shelf benthic transport on the inner shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight during the Halloween storm of 1991. Marine Geology, 118: 61–77.CrossRef
35.
Zhang, Y., Swift, D.J.P., Niedoroda, A.W., Reed, C.W., and Thorne, J.A., 1997. Simulation of sedimentary facies on the Northern California Shelf. Geology, 25: 635–638.CrossRef
36.
Zhang, Y., Swift, D.J.P., Fan, S., Niedoroda, A.W., and Reed, C.W., 1999. Two-dimensional numerical modeling of storm deposition on the Northern California shelf, Marine Geology, 154: 155–168.CrossRef
1.
Bailey, G.N., 1978. Shell middens as indicators of postglacial economies: a territorial perspective. In Mellars, P. (ed.), The Early Postglacial Settlement of Northern Europe. London: Duckworth, pp. 38–63.
2.
Bailey, G.N., 1983. Problems of site formation and the interpretation of spatial and temporal discontinuities in the distribution of coastal middens. In Flemming, N.C., and Master, P.M. (eds.), Quaternary Coastlines and Marine Archaeology. London: Academic Press, pp. 559–582.
3.
Bailey, G.N., and Parkington, J., 1988. Introduction. In Bailey, G.N., and Parkington, J. (eds.), The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–10.
4.
Blukis Onat, A.R., 1985. The multifunctional use of shellfish remains: from garbage to community engineering. Northwest Anthropological Research Notes, 19: 201–207.
5.
Campbell, S.K., 1981. The Duwamish No. 1 Site: A Lower Pudger Sound Shell Midden. Office of Public Archaeology, Institude for Environment Studies Research Report 1. Seattle, WA: University of Washington.
6.
Ceci, L., 1984. Shell midden deposits as coastal resources. World Archaeology, 16: 62–74.CrossRef
7.
Claasen, C., 1991. Normative thinking and shell-bearing sites. In Schiffer, M.B. (ed.), Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 3. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, pp. 249–298.
8.
Erlandson, J., 1988. The role of shellfish in prehistoric economies: a protein perspective. American Antiquity, 53: 102–109.CrossRef
9.
Grabert, G.F., and Larsen, C.E., 1973. Marine transgressions and cultural adaptation: preliminary tests of an environmental model. In Fitzhugh, W. (ed.), Prehistoric Maritime Adaptations of the Circumpolar Zone. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 229–251.
10.
Koloseike, A., 1970. Coast of shell analysis. American Antiquity, 35:475–480.CrossRef
11.
McIntire, W.G., 1971. Methods of correlating cultural remains with stages of coastal development. In Sears, J.A. (ed.), Introduction to Coastal Development. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, pp. 188–203.
12.
Rollins, H.B., Sandweiss, D.H., and Rollins, J.C., 1990. Mollusks and coastal archaeology: a review. In Lasca, N., and Donahue, J. (ed.), Archaeological Geology of North America, Centennial Special Vol. 4, Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America, pp. 467–478.
13.
Sanger, D., and Kellogg, D.C., 1989. Prehistoric archeology and evidence of coastal subsidence on the coast of Maine. In Anderson, W.A., and Borns, J.H.W. (eds.), Neotectonics in Maine. Augusta, ME: Maine Geological Survery Bulletin No. 40, pp. 107–126.
14.
Shackelton, J.C., 1998. Reconstructing past shorelines as an approach to determining factors affecting shellfish collecting in the prehistoric past. In Bailey, G., and Parkington, J. (eds.), The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 11–21.
15.
Stein, J.K., 1992. The analysis of shell middens. In Stein, J.K. (ed.), Deciphering a Shell Middens. New York: Academic Press, pp. 1–24.
16.
Thackeray, J.F., 1988. Molluscan fauna from Klasies River, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 43: 27–32.CrossRef
17.
Trigger, B.G., 1986. Native shell mounds of North America. New York: Garland.
18.
Waselkov, G.A., and Schiffer, M.B. (ed.), 1987. Shellfish gathering and shell midden archaeology. In advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 10. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. 93–210.
19.
Wessen, G., 1982 Shell middens as cultural deposits: a case study from Ozete. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Pullman, WA: Washington State University.
1.
Stephenson, W.J., 2000. Shore platforms remain a neglected coastal feature. Progress in Physical Geography, 24(3): 311–327.
2.
Sunamura, T., 1992. Geomorphology of Rocky Coasts. New York: Wiley.
3.
Trenhaile, A.S., 1987. The Geomorphology of Rock Coasts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1.
Coastal Engineering Manual, 2003. Part V, Chapter 3, Shore Protection Projects, US Army Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-2-1100.
2.
Dean, R.G., 2003. Beach Nourishment: Theory and Practice. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering, Vol. 18, World Scientific Press, 420 pp.
3.
Dean, R.G., and Dalrymple, R.A., 2002. Coastal Processes with Engineering Applications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4.
Hands, E.B., and Allison, M.C., 1991. Mound migration in deeper water and methods of categorizing active and stable depths. Proceedings Coastal Sediments 91, ASCE, pp. 1985–1990.
5.
Hanson, H., and Kraus, N.C., 1990. Shoreline response to a single transmissive detached breakwater. Proceedings 22nd Coastal Engineering Conference, ASCE, pp. 2034–2046.
6.
Hardaway, C.S., and Gunn, J.R., 1999. Chesapeake Bay: design and early performance of three headland breakwater systems. Proceedings Coastal Sediments 03, ASCE, pp. 828–843.
7.
Komar, P.D., 1998. Beach Processes and Sedimentation, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8.
Kraus, N.C., 2000. Groin notching-an innovative and effective concept. Shore and Beach, 68(2): 18.
9.
Kraus, N.C., and Galgano, F.A., 2001. Beach erosional hot spots: types, causes, and solutions. Proceedings 14th Annual National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Shore & Beach Preservation Association, pp. 62–80.
10.
Kraus, N.C., and McDougal, W.G., 1996. The effects of seawalls on the beach: Part I, an updated literature review. Journal of Coastal Research, 12(3): 691–701.
11.
Kraus, N.C., and Pilkey, O.H. (eds.), 1988. The Effects of Seawalls on the Beach. Special Issue 4, Journal of Coastal Research.
12.
Kraus, N.C., Hanson, H., and Blomgren, S., 1994. Modern functional design of groins. Proceedings 24th Coastal Engineering Conference, ASCE, pp. 1327–1342.
13.
Marine Board, 1995. Beach Nourishment and Protection, Committee on Beach Nourishment and Protection, National Research Council, The National Academies Press.
14.
McLellan, T.N., and Kraus, N.C., 1991. Design guidance for nearshore berm construction. Proceedings Coastal Sediments 91, ASCE, pp. 2000–2011.
15.
Nersesian, G.K., Kraus, N.C., and Carson, F.C., 1992. Functioning of Groins at Westhampton Beach, Long Island, New York. Proceedings 23rd Coastal Engineering Conference, ASCE, 3357–3370.
16.
Pope, J., and Dean, J.L., 1986. Development of design criteria for segmented breakwaters. Proceedings 20th Coastal Engineering Conference, ASCE, pp. 2144–2158.
17.
Rosati, J.D., 1990. Functional design of breakwaters for shore protection: empirical methods. Vicksburg, MS: US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Technical Report, CERC-90-15.CrossRef
18.
Silvester, R., and Hsu, J.R.C., 1993. Coastal Stabilization: Innovative Concepts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
19.
Wiegel, R.L., 2002a. Seawalls, seacliffs, beachrock: what beach effects? Part 1. Shore and Beach, 70(1): 17–27.
20.
Wiegel, R.L., 2002b. Seawalls, seacliffs, beachrock: what beach effects? Part 2. Shore and Beach, 70(2): 13–22.
21.
Wiegel, R.L., 2002c. Seawalls, seacliffs, beachrock: what beach effects? Part 3. Shore and Beach, 70(3): 2–14.
1.
Barrell, J., 1912. Criteria for the recognition of ancient delta deposits. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 23: 377–446.
2.
Dingler, J.R., and Clifton, H.E., 1994. Barrier systems of California, Oregon, and Washington, In Davis, R.A., (Jr.) (ed.), Geology of Holocene Barrier Island systems, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 115–165.CrossRef
3.
Clifton, H.E., and Dingler, J.R., 1984. Wave-formed structures and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Marine Geology, 60: 165–198.CrossRef
4.
Curray, J.R., Emmel, F.J., and Crampton, P.J.S., 1969. Holocene history of a strandplain, lagoonal coast, Nayarit, Mexico. In Castanares, A.A., and Phleger, F.B. (eds.), Coastal Lagoons, a Symposium. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonma, pp. 63–100.
5.
Galloway, W.E., and Hobday, D.K., 1996. Terrigenous Clastic Depositional Systems: Applications to Fossil Fuel and Groundwater Resources, 2nd edn. New York: Springer.CrossRef
6.
Hayes, M.O., 1994. The Georgia Bight barrier system. In Davis, R.A., Jr. (ed.), Geology of Holocene Barrier Island Systems, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 233–304.CrossRef
7.
Howard, J.D., and Reineck, H.-E., 1981. Depositional facies of high-energy beach-to-offshore sequence: comparison with the low-energy sequence. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 65:807–830.
8.
Johnson, D.W., 1919. Shore Processes and Shoreline Development. New York: John Wiley.
9.
Morton, R.A., 1994. Texas barriers. In Davis, R.A., Jr. (ed.), Geology of Holocene Barrier Island Systems, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 75–114.CrossRef
10.
Niedoroda, A.W., and Swift, D.J.P., 1981. Maintenance of the shoreface by wave orbital currents and mean flow: observations from the Long Island coast. Geophysical Research Letters, 8: 337–340.CrossRef
11.
Niedoroda, A.W., Swift, D.J.P., Hopkins, T.S., and Ma, C.-M., 1984. Shoreface morphodynamics on wave-dominated coasts. Marine Geology, 60,331-354.
12.
Shipp, R.C., 1984. Bedforms and depositional structures of a barred nearshore system, eastern Long Island, New York. Marine Geology 60: 235–259.CrossRef
1.
Ahrens, J.P., and Hands, E.B., 2000. A simple perspective on cross-shore sediment movement. Journal American Shore & Beach Preservation Association, 68(4): 3–14.
2.
Kraus, N.C., and Mason, J.M., 1991. Field Data Set for Testing Beach Erosion and Accretion Predictive Criteria. Memorandum for Record, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, MS: US Army Eng. Waterways Experiment Station, 28 May 1991.
3.
Lippmann, T.C., and Holman, R.A., 1990. The spatial and temporal variability of sand bar morphology. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95(C7): 11575–11590.CrossRef
4.
Masselink, G., and Short, A.D., 1993. The effect of tide range on beach morphodynamics and morphology: a conceptual beach model. Journal of Coastal Research, 9(3): 785–800.
5.
Wright, L.D., and Short, A.D., 1984. Morphodynamic variability of surf zones and beaches: a synthesis. Marine Geology. 56: 93–118.CrossRef
6.
Wright, L.D., Short, A.D., and Green, M.O., 1985. Short-term changes in the morphodynamic states of beaches and surf zones: an empirical predictive model. Marine Geology, 62: 339–364CrossRef
1.
IDP (International Data Base), 2000. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
2.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 1997. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change, Chapter 9: Small Island States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3.
Maul, G.A. 1996. Small Islands: Marine Science and Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, Coastal and Estuarine Studies No. 51.CrossRef
4.
Pugh, D. 2004, Changing Sea Levels. Cambridge: University Press.
1.
Aguilar, M., and Stotz, W.B., 2000. Settlement of juvenile scallops Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819) in the subtidal zone at Puerto Aldea, Tongoy Bay, Chile. Journal Shellfish Research, 19: 749–755.
2.
Alvarado, J.L., Pinto, R., Marquet, P., Pacheco, C., Guiñez, R., and Castilla, J.C., 2001. Patch recolonization by the tunicate Pyura praeputilis in the rocky intertidal of the Bay of Antofagasta, Chile: evidence for self-facilitation mechanisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 224: 93–101.CrossRef
3.
Alvarez-Leon, R., 1993. Mangrove ecosystems of Colombia: utilization, impacts conservation and recuperation. In Lacerda, L.D., and Field, C.D. (eds.), Proceedings of a Workshop on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Mangrove Forests in Latin America and Africa Regions. ITTO/ISME Project PD114/90(F), 1: 9–10.
4.
Alves, M.S., 2000. Fauna associada aos prados de Halodule wrightii Aschers. In Barros, H.M., Eskinazi-Leça, E., Macedo, S.J., and Lima, T. (eds.), Gerenciamento Participativo de Estuários e Manguezais. Recife, Brazil: Universitária da UFPE, pp. 75–87.
5.
Apolinário, M., Coutinho, R., and Baeta-Neves, M.H., 1999. Periwinkle (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) habitat selection and its impact upon microalgal populations. Revista Brasileira Biologia, 59(2): 211–218.CrossRef
6.
Arntz, W.E., Brey, T., Tarazona, J., and Robles, A., 1987. Changes in the structure of a shallow sandy-beach community in Peru during an El Niño event. In Payne, A.I., Gulland, J.A., and Bink, K.H. (eds.), The Benguela and Comparable Ecosystems. South African Journal of Marine Science, 5: 645–658.
7.
Asmus, M.L., 1997. Coastal plain and Patos lagoon. In Seeliger, U.C., Odebrecht, C., and Castello, J. (eds.), Subtropical convergence marine ecosystem. The coast and the sea in the warm temperate southwestern Atlantic. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 9–12.
8.
Bacon, P., 1993. Conservation and utilization of mangrove forests in Trinidad and Tobago and Lesser Antilhes. In Lacerda, L.D., and Field, C.D. (eds.), Proceedings of a Workshop on Conservation and sustainable utilization of mangrove forests in Latin America and Africa Regions. ITTO/ISME Project PD114/90(F), 1: 5–7.
9.
Battaström, H., 1980. Rocky-shore zonation in the Santa Marta area, Colombia. Sarsia, 65: 163–226.
10.
Bemvenuti, C.E., 1997a. Benthic invertebrates. In Seeliger, U.C., Odebrecht, C., and Castello, J. (eds.), Subtropical Convergence Marine Ecosystem. The Coast and the Sea in the Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 43–46.
11.
Bemvenuti, C.E., 1997b. Unvegetated intertidal flats and subtidal bottoms. In Seeliger, U.C., Odebrecht, C., and Castello, J. (eds.), Subtropical Convergence Marine Ecosystem. The Coast and the Sea in the Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 78–82.
12.
Bemvenuti, C.E., 1997c. Trophic structure. In Seeliger, U.C., Odebrecht, C., and Castello, J., (eds.), Subtropical Convergence Marine Ecosystem. The Coast and the Sea in the Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 70–73.
13.
Bemvenuti, C.E., and Netto, S.A., 1998. Distribution and seasonal patterns of the sublittoral benthic macrofauna of Patos Lagoon (South Brazil). Revista Brasileria de Biologia, 58(2): 211–221.
14.
Berta, A., and Sumich, J.L., 1999. Marine Mammals—Evolutionary Biology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
15.
Borzone, C.A., Souza, J.R.B., and Soares, A.G., 1996. Morphodynamic influence on the structure of inter and subtidal macrofaunal communities of subtropical sandy beaches. Revista Chilenia de Historia Natural, 69: 565–577.
16.
Brazeiro, A., and Defeo, O., 1996. Macroinfauna zonation in microtidal sandy beaches: is it possible to identify patterns in such variable environments? Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 42: 523–536.CrossRef
17.
Brazeiro, A., and Defeo, O., 1999. Effects of harvesting and densitydependence on the demography of sandy beach populations: the yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides of Uruguay. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 182: 127–135.CrossRef
18.
Calliari, L.J., Klein, A.H.F., and Barros, F.C.R., 1996. Beach differentiation along the Rio Grande do Sul coastline (Southern Brazil). Revista Chilenia de Historia Natural, 69: 485–493.
19.
Cantera, J.R., and Blanco, J.F., 2001. The estuary ecosystem of Buenaventura Bay, Colombia. In Seeliger, U.C., and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America, Ecological Studies 144. Berlin Heidelberg: Spriger Verlag, pp. 265–280.CrossRef
20.
Cardoso, E., and Picanço, M., 1998. Descricão da alimentacão natural fornecida aos peixes-boi (Trichechus manatus, Linnaeus, 1758) em cativeiro do centro peixe-boi, Itamaracá/PE, in 8a Reunião de Trabalho de Especialistas em Mamíferos Aquáticos da América do Sul, Abstracts.
21.
Castilla, J.C., 1983. Environmental impact in sandy beaches of copper mine tailings at Chañaral, Chile. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 14: 459–464.CrossRef
22.
Castilla, J.C., 1999. Coastal marine communities: trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14(7): 280–283.CrossRef
23.
Castilla, J.C., and Defeo, O., 2001. Latin-American benthic shellfisheries: emphasis on co-management and experimental practices. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 11: 11–30.CrossRef
24.
Castro, C.B., and Pires, D.O., 2001. Brazilian coral reefs: what we already know and what is still missing. Bulletin of Marine Science, 69(2): 357–371.
25.
Cintron, G., and Schaeffer-Novelli, Y., 1983. Introduccion a la Ecologia del Manglar. Montevideo, Uruguay: ROSTLAC—UNESCO.
26.
Cintron, G., and Schaeffer-Novelli, Y., 1992. Ecology and management of New World mangroves. In Seeleger, U. (ed.), Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America. New York: Academic Press.
27.
Conde, J.E., 2001. The Orinoco River Delta, Venezuela. In Seeliger, U.C., and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America Ecological Studies 144. Berlin Heidelberg: Spriger Verlag, pp. 61–70.CrossRef
28.
Cordeiro-Marino, M., Braga, A., Eston, V.R., Fujii, M.T., and Yokoya, N.S., 1992. Mangrove macroalgal communities of Latin America: the state of art and perspectives. In Seeliger, U. (ed.), Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America. New York: Academic Press, pp. 51–64.
29.
Creed, J.C., 2000. The biodiversity of Brazil’s sea grass and sea grass habitats: a first analysis. Biol. Mar. Medit, 7: 207–210.
30.
Creed, J.C., 2002. Biodiversidade de gramas marinhas brasileiras. In Araújo, E.L., Moura, A.N., Sampaio, E.S.B., Gestinari, L.M.S., Carneiro, J.M.T. (eds.), Biodiversidade, Conservação e Uso Sustentável da Flora do Brasil. Recife, Brazil: UFRPE/Imprensa Universitária, pp. 127–131.
31.
Cunha, S.R., 2001. Estrutura e produção das comunidades de Macroprodutores dos manguezais da Baía da Babitonga, SC. Ph.D. thesis. Universidade do Rio Grande.
32.
Defeo, O., 1996a. Experimental management of an exploited sandy beach bivalve population. Revista Chilenia de Historia Natural, 69: 605–614.
33.
Defeo, O., 1996b. Recruitment variability in sandy beach macroinfauna: much to learn yet. Revista Chilenia de Historia Natural, 69: 615–630.
34.
Defeo, O., 1998. Testing hypotheses on recruitment, growth and mortality in exploited bivalves: an experimental perspective. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 125: 257–264.
35.
Defeo, O., and Cardoso, R.S., 2002. Macroecology of population dynamics and life history traits of the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis in Atlantic sandy beaches of South America. Marine Ecology Progress Series.
36.
Defeo, O., and de Alava, A., 1995. Effects of human activities on longterm trends in sandy beach populations: the wedge clam Donax hanleyanus in Uruguay. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 123: 73–82.CrossRef
37.
Defeo, O., and Rueda, M., 2002. Spatial structure, sampling design and abundance estimates in sandy beach macroinfauna: some warnings and new perspectives. Marine Biology, 140: 1215–1225.CrossRef
38.
Defeo, O., and Scarabino, V., 1990. Ecological significance of a possible deposit-feeding strategy in Mesodesma mactroides (Deshayes, 1854) (Mollusca: Pelecypoda). Atlantica (Brasil), 12: 55–66.
39.
Defeo, O., Brazeiro, A., de Alava, A., and Riestra, G., 1997. Is sandy beach macroinfauna only physically controlled? Role of substrate and competition in isopods. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 45: 453–462.CrossRef
40.
Defeo, O., Gómez, J., and Lercari, D., 2001. Testing the swash exclusion hypothesis in sandy beach populations: the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis in Uruguay. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 212: 159–170.CrossRef
41.
Defeo, O., Jaramillo, E., and Lyonnet, A., 1992. Community structure and intertidal zonation of the macroinfauna in the Atlantic coast of Uruguay. Journal of Coastal Research, 8: 830–839.
42.
Denadai, M.R., Amaral, A.C.Z., and Turra, A., 2001. Spatial distribution of molluscs on sandy intertidal substrates with rock fragments in south-eastern Brazil. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 53: 733–743.CrossRef
43.
Dexter, D.M., 1974. Sandy-beach fauna of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Costa Rica and Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 22: 51–66.
44.
Dexter, D.M., 1992. Sandy beach community structure: the role of exposure and latitude. Journal of Biogeography, 19: 59–66.CrossRef
45.
Dominguez, J.M.L., Bittencourt, A.C.S., Leão, Z.M.N., and Azevedo, A.E.G., 1990. Geologia do Quaternário costal de Pernambuco. Revista Brasileira de Geociencias, 20: 208–215.
46.
Echeverria, J., 1993. Mangrove ecosystems of Zarumilla-Tumbes, Peru Northern. In Lacerda, L.D., and Field, C.D. (eds.), Proceedings of a Workshop on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Mangrove Forests in Latin America and Africa Regions. ITTO/ISME Project PD114/90(F), 1: 11–12.
47.
Elias, R., 1985. Macrobentos del estuario de la Bahia Blanca (Argentina). I. Mesolitoral. Spheniscus, 1: 1–33.
48.
Escofet, A., Gianuca, N., Maytía, S., and Scarabino, V., 1979. Playas arenosas del Atlántico Sudoccidental entre los 29° y 43° LS.: consideraciones generales y esquema biocenológico. Memorias Seminario sobre Ecología Bentónica y Sedimentación de la Plataforma Continental del Atlántico Sur. Montevideo: UNESCO, pp. 245–258.
49.
Eston, V.R., and Bussab, W.O., 1990. An experimental analysis of ecological dominance in a rocky subtidal macroalgal community. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 136: 179–195.CrossRef
50.
Gallegos, M.E., Merino, M., Rodriguez, A., Marbá, N., and Duarte, C.M., 1994. Growth patterns and demography of pioneer Caribbean sea grasses Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 109: 99–104.CrossRef
51.
Garcia, C.A.E. 1997. Hydrographic characteristics. In Seeliger, U.C., Odebrecht, C., and Castello, J. (eds.), Subtropical Convergence Marine Ecosystem. The Coast and the Sea in the Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 18–20.
52.
Garcia-Rodriguez, A.I., Bowen, B.W., Domning, D., Mignucci-Giannoni, A.A., Marmontel, M., Montoya-Ospina, R.A., Morales-Vela, B., Rudin, M., Bonde, R.K., and McGuire, P.M., 1998. Phylogeography of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus): how many populations and how many taxa? Molecular Ecology, 7: 1137–1149.CrossRef
53.
Garzon-Ferreira, J., Cortes, J., Croquer, A., Guzman, H., Leão, Z., and Rodriguez-Ramirez, A., 2000. Status of coral reefs in southern tropical America: Brazil, Colombia, Costa-Rica, Panama and Venezuela. In Wilkinson, C. (ed.), Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Cape Ferguson: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
54.
Gianuca, N., 1983. A preliminary account of the ecology of sandy beaches in southern Brazil. In McLachlan, A., and Erasmus, T. (eds.), Sandy Beaches as Ecosystems. The Hague: W. Junk.
55.
Giménez, L., and Yannicelli, B., 2000. Longshore patterns of distribution of macroinfauna on a Uruguayan sandy beach: an analysis at different spatial scales and of their potential causes. Marine Ecology Progress Seriers, 199: 111–125.CrossRef
56.
Gómez, J., and Defeo, O., 1999. Life history of the sandhopper Pseudorchestoidea brasiliensis (Amphipoda) in sandy beaches with contrasting morphodynamics. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 182: 209–220.CrossRef
57.
Groch, K.R., 2001. Cases of harassment by kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) on right whales (Eubalaena australis) of southern Brazil. Biotemas, 14: 147–156.
58.
Guiler, E.R., 1959. Intertidal belt-forming species on rocky coasts of northern Chile. Procedings of Royal Society of Tasmania, 93: 33–58.
59.
Hajdu, E.M., Muricy, G., Berlinck, R.G.S., and Freitas, J.C., 1996. Marine poriferan diversity in Brazil: knowledge and management. In Bicudo, C.E.M., and Menezes, N.A. (eds.), Biodiversity in Brazil: A First Approach. São Paulo: CNPq.
60.
Hamilton, L.S., and Snedaker, S.C., 1984. Handbook for Mangrove Area Management. Honolulu: United Nations Environment Programme and East West Center, Environmental and Policy Institute.
61.
Herz, R., 1991. Manguezais do Brasil. São Paulo: Univervidade de São Paulo.
62.
IBAMA, 2001. Mamíferos aquáticos do Brasil-Plano de ação, Versão II. Brasília: Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis.
63.
Ieno, E.N., and Bastida, R.O., 1998. Spatial and temporal patterns in coastal macrobenthos of Samborombón Bay, Argentina: a case study of very low diversity. Estuaries, 21: 690–699.CrossRef
64.
Iribarne, O., Bortolus, A., and Botto, F., 1997. Between-habitat differences in burrow characteristics and trophic modes in the southwestern Atlantic burrowing crab Chasmagnathus granulata. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 155: 137–145.CrossRef
65.
Jara, H.F., and Moreno, C.A., 1984. Herbivory and structure in a midlittoral rocky community: a case in southern Chile. Ecology, 65(1): 28–38.CrossRef
66.
Jaramillo, E., 1994. Patterns of species richness in sandy beaches of South America. South African Journal of Zoology, 29: 227–234.
67.
Jaramillo, E., 2001. The sandy beach ecosystem of Chile. In Seeliger, U., and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 219–227.CrossRef
68.
Jefferson, T.A., Leatherwood, S., and Webber, M.A., 1993. FAO species identification guide. Marine mammals of the world. Rome: FAO.
69.
Joly, A.B., 1951. Contribuição para o conhecimento da flora algológica marinha do Estado do Paranã. Boletim do Instituto. Paulista de Oceanografia, 2(1): 125–138.CrossRef
70.
Joly, A.B., 1957. Contribuição para o conhecimento da flora ficológica marinha da baía de Santos e arredores. Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras. 14: 1–169.
71.
Katona, S., and Whitehead, H., 1988. Are Cetacea ecologically important? Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 26: 553–568.
72.
Kellogg, J.N., and Mohriak, W.U., 2001. The tectonic and geological environment of coastal South America. In Seeliger, U., and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1–16.CrossRef
73.
Kjerfve, B., and Lacerda, L.D., 1993. Mangroves of Brazil. In Lacerda, L.D. (ed.), Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Mangrove Forests in Latin America and Africa regions. ITTO/ISME PD 114/90(F), pp. 245–272.
74.
Laborel, J., 1969. Madréporaries et hydrocoralliaires recifaux des bresiliennes: systematique, ecologie, repartition verticale et geogrphie. Annales de Institut Oceanographique, Paris, 47: 171–229 (in French).
75.
Lacerda, L.D., and Schaeffer-Novelli, Y., 1992. Mangroves of Latin America: the need for conservation and sustainable utilization. Mangroves Newsletter, 5: 4–6.
76.
Lacerda, L.D., Conde, J.E., Alarcon, C., Alvarez-Leon, R., Bacon, P.R., D’Croz, L., Kjerfve, B., Polaina, J., and Vannuci, M., 1993. Mangrove ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean: a summary. In Lacerda, L.D. (ed.), Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Mangrove Forests in Latin America and Africa regions. ITTO/ISME PD 114/90(F), pp. 1–42.
77.
Lana, P.C., 1986. Macrofauna bêntica de fundos sublitorais nã consolidados da Baá de Paranaguá (Paraná). Nerítica, 1(3): 79–89.
78.
Lana, P.C., Guiss, C., Disaró, S.T., 1991. Seasonal variation of biomass and production dynamics for above-and belowground components of a Spartina alterniflora marsh in a euhaline sector of Paranaguá Bay (SE Brazil). Estuarine Coast Shelf Science, 32: 231–241.CrossRef
79.
Lana, P.C., Marone, E., Lopes, R.M., and Machado, E.C., 2001. The subtropical estuarine complex of Paranaguá Bay, Brazil. In Seeliger, U.C., and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America, Ecological Studies 144, Berlin Heidelberg: Spriger Verlag, pp. 131–145.CrossRef
80.
Larkum, A.W.D., McComb, A.J., and Shepherd, S.A. (eds.), 1989. Biology of Seagrasses. New York: Elsevier.
81.
Leão, Z.M.N., Araujo, T.M.F., and Nolasco, M.C., 1988. Os recifes de coral da costa setentrional do Brasil. Proceedings of Simpósio Internacional de Recifes de Coral, 3: 339–348.
82.
Lercari, D., and Defeo, O., 1999. Effects of freshwater discharge in sandy beach populations: the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis in Uruguay. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Science, 49: 457–468.CrossRef
83.
Lima, M., Brazeiro, A., and Defeo, O., 2000. Dynamics of a yellow clam (Mesodesma mactroides) population: recruitment variability, density-dependence and stochastic processes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 207: 97–108.CrossRef
84.
Little, C., 2000. The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries. New York: Oxford University Press.
85.
Littler, D.S., and Littler, M.S., 2000. Caribbean Reef Plants. Washington, DC: Offshore Graphics.
86.
Lopez Gappa, J.J., Tablado, A., and Magaldi, N.H., 1990. Influence of sewage pollution on a rocky intertidal community dominated by the mytilid Brachidontes rodriguezi. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 63:163–175.CrossRef
87.
López Gappa, J., Tablado, A., Fonalleras, M.C., and Adami, M.L., 2001. Temporal and spatial patterns of annelid populations in intertidal sediments of the Quequén Grande estuary (Argentina). Hydrobiologia, 455: 61–69.CrossRef
88.
Lugo, A.E., and Snedaker, S.C., 1974. The ecology of mangroves. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5: 39–64.CrossRef
89.
Magalhãs, K.M., and Eskinazi-Leça, E., 2000. Os prados de fanerógamas marinhas. In Barros, H.M., Eskinazi-Leça, E., Macedo, S.J., and Lima, T. (eds.), Gerenciamento participativo de estuários e manguezais. Recife, Brazil: Universitária da UFPE, pp. 39–47.
90.
Maida, M., and Ferreira, B.P., 1997. Coral reefs of Brazil: Overview e field guide. Proceedings 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, 1:263–274.
91.
McLachlan, A., 1980. Exposed sandy beaches as semi-closed ecosystems. Marine Environmental Research, 4: 59–63.CrossRef
92.
Medeiros, C., Kjerfve, B., Araujo, M., and Neumann-Leitão, S., 2001. The Itamaracá Estuarine Ecosystem, Brazil. In Seeliger, U.C., and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America. Ecological Studies 144, pp. 71–81.
93.
Méndez, S., Severov, D., Ferrari, G., and Mesones, C., 1996. Early spring Alexandrium tamarense toxic blooms in uruguayan waters. Proceedings 7th International Conference on Toxic Phytoplankton. Paris: IOC, UNESCO, pp. 113–116.
94.
Monteiro-Neto, C., and Cunha, L.P.R., 1990. Seasonal and ontogenetic variation in food habits of juvenile Trachinotus marginatus Cuvier, 1832 (Teleostei, Carangidae) in the surf zone of Cssino Beach, RS, Brazil: Atlântica (Brasil), 12: 45–54.
95.
Montoya-Ospina, R.A., Caicedo-Herrera, D., Millan-Sanchez, S.L., Mignucci-Giannoni, A.A., and Lefebvre, L.W., 2001. Status and distribution of the West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus manatus, in Colombia. Biological Conservation, 102: 117–129.CrossRef
96.
Moreno, T.R., and Rocha, R.M., 2001. The Biological substratum Eudistoma carolinense Van Name, 1945 in the Beach Itapema do Norte, Santa Catarina, Brazil. In Sawada, H., Yokosawa, H., and Lambert, C.C. (eds.), The Biology of Ascidians. Tokyo: Springer Verlag, pp. 271–277.
97.
Niencheski, L.F., and Baumgarten, M.G., 1997. Environmental chemistry. In Seeliger, U.C., Odebrecht, C., and Castello, J. (eds.), Subtropical Convergence Marine Ecosystem. The Coast and the Sea in the Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 20–23.
98.
Nonato, E., and Pérès, J.M., 1961. Observation sur quelques peuplements intertidaux de substract dur dans la région d’Ubatuba (Ètat S. Paulo). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 2: 263–270.
99.
Nucci, P.R., Turra, A., and Morgado, E.H., 2001. Diversity and distribution of crustaceans from 13 sheltered sandy beaches along São Sebastião Channel, south-eastern Brazil. Journal of Marine Biological Association UK, 81: 475–484.CrossRef
100.
Odebrecht, C., Segatto, A.Z., and Freitas, C.A., 1995. Surf-zone chlorophyll a variability at Cassino Beach, southern Brazil. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Science, 41: 81–90.CrossRef
101.
Ojeda, F.P., and Santelices, B., 1984. Ecological dominance of Lessonia nigrescens (Phaeophyta) in central Chile. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 19: 83–91.CrossRef
102.
Oliveira, E.C., Pirani, J.R., and Giulietti, A.M., 1983. The Brazilian seagrasses. Aquatic Botany, 16: 251–267.CrossRef
103.
Oliveira, L.P.H., 1947. Distribuição geográfica da fauna e da flora da Baía de Guanabara. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 45(3):709–735.CrossRef
104.
Oliveira, L.P.H. 1950. Levantamento biogeográfico da Baía de Guanabara. Memorias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 48: 363–391.CrossRef
105.
Oliveira-Filho, E.C., and Paula, E.J., 1983. Aspectos da distribuição vertical e variação sazonal de comunidades da zona das marès em costões rochosos do litoral norte do estado de São Paulo. I Encontro de macròfitas marinhas. Instituto de Pesquisas da Marinha Publicacao. 147: 44–71.
106.
Olivier, S.R., Escofet, A., Penchaszadeh, P., and Orensanz, J.M., 1972. Estudios ecológicos de la región estuarial de Mar Chiquita. Na. Com. Inv. Cient. (Buenos Aires, Argentina), I-Las comunidades bentónicas. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 93: 237–262.
107.
Olivier, S.R., Paternoster, I.K., and Bastida, R., 1966. Estudios biocenóticos en las costas de Chubut (Argentina). I. Zonación biocenológica de Puerto Pardelas (Golfo Nuevo). Bol. Inst. Biol. Mar., 10: 3–74.
108.
O’-Shea, T.J., Correa-Viana, M., Ludlow, M.E., and Robinson, J.G., 1988. Distribution, status, and traditional significance of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus in Venezuela. Biological Conservation, 46: 281–301.CrossRef
109.
Paula, E.J., and Eston, V.R., 1989. Secondary succession on an exposed rocky intertidal algal community of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Bolm Botânica, Univ. S. Paulo, 11: 1–9.
110.
Peña, E.J., 1998. Physiological ecology of mangrove-associated macroalgae in a tropical estuary. Ph.D. thesis. Columbia: University of South Carolina.
111.
Penchaszadeh, P., 1971. Observaciones cuantitativas preliminaries en playas arenosas de la costa central del Perú, con especial referencia a las poblaciones de muy-muy (Emerita analoga)—(Crustacea, Anomura, Hippidae). UNESCO América Latina, DOCIN 6.
112.
Penchaszadeh, P., De Mahieu, G., Farache, V., and Lera, M.E., 1983. Ecology of the sandy beach gastropod Mazatlania aciculate in Quizandal (Carabobo, Venezuela). In McLachlan, A., and Erasmus, T. (eds.), Sandy Beaches as Ecosystems. The Hague: W. Junk, pp. 655–660.
113.
Perillo, G.M.E., Piccolo, M.C., Parodi, E., and Freije, R.H., 2001. The Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina. In Seeliger, U.C., and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America, Ecological Studies 144. Berlin Heidelberg: Spriger Verlag, pp. 205–217.CrossRef
114.
Phillips, R.C., 1992. The seagrass ecosystem and resources in Latin America. In Seeliger, U. (ed.), Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 107–121.
115.
Pickard, G.L., and Emery, W.J., 1990. Descriptive Physical Oceanography, An Introduction, Oxford, U.K.: 5th edn. Pergamon Press.
116.
Polania, J., Santos-Martínez, A., Mancera-Pineda, J.E., and Botero Arboleda, L., 2001. The coastal lagoon Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. In Seeliger, U.C. and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America, Ecological Studies 144. Berlin Heidelberg: Spriger Verlag, pp. 33–45.CrossRef
117.
Reeves, R.R., Stewart, B.S., Clapham, P.J., and Powell, J.A., 2002. National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopff.
118.
Reise, K., 1985. Tidal Flat Ecology. An Experimental Approach to Species Interactions. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.CrossRef
119.
Rodrigues, S. de A., Rocha, R.M., and Lotufo, T.M.C., 1998. Guia Ilustrado Para Identificação das Ascídias do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Fapesp, Instituto de Biociências—USP.
120.
Rodriguez, C., and Stoner, A.W., 1990. The epiphyte community of mangrove roots in a tropical estuary: distribution and biomass. Aquatic. Botany, 36: 117–126.CrossRef
121.
Rodríguez, G., 2001. The Maracaibo system, Venezuela. In Seeliger, U.C., and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America, Ecological Studies 144. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 47–60.CrossRef
122.
Rowntree, V., MacGuiness, P., Marshall, K., Payne, R., Sironi, M., and Seger, J., 1998. Increased harassment of right whales (Eubalaena australis) by kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) at Península Valdés, Argentina. Marine Mammal Science, 14: 99–115.CrossRef
123.
Saenger, P., Heagerl, E.J., and Davie, J.D.S., 1983. Global status of mangrove ecosystems. Environmentalist, 3(Suppl. 3): 1–88.
124.
Santelices, B., 1991. Littoral and Sublittoral communities of continental Chile, Chapter 14. In Mathieson, A.C., and Nienhuis, P.H. (eds.), Intertidal and Littoral Ecosystems, Ser. Ecosystems of the World 24. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 347–369.
125.
Santelices, B., and Ojeda, F.P., 1984. Effects of canopy removal on the understory algal community structure of coastal forests of Macrocystis pyrifera from southern South America. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 14: 165–173.CrossRef
126.
Schaeffer-Novelli, Y., 1993. Brazilian mangroves. In Lacerda, L.D., and Field, C.D. (eds.), Proceedings of a Workshop on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Mangrove Forests in Latin America and Africa Regions. ITTO/ISME Project PD114/90(F), 1: 12–13.
127.
Schaeffer-Novelli, Y., Cintron, G., Adaime, R.R., and Camargo, T.M., 1990. Variability of mangrove ecosystems along the Brazilian coast. Estuaries, 13: 204–218.CrossRef
128.
Seeliger, U., Odebrecht, C., and Castello, J.P. (eds.), 1997. Subtropical Convergence Environments: The Coast and Sea of the Southwestern Atlantic. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
129.
Setchell, W.A., and Gardner, N.L., 1935. An occurence of Zostera on the east coast of South America. Revista sudamericana de botanica, 2: 15–17.
130.
Short, A., 1996. The role of wave height, period, slope, tide range and embaymentisation in beach classifications: a review. Revista Chilenia de Historia Natural, 69: 589–604.
131.
Short, F.T., Coles, R.G., and Pergent-Martini, C., 2001. Global seagrass distribution. In Short, F.T., and Coles, R.G. (eds.), Global Seagrass Research Methods. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 5–30.CrossRef
132.
Steinke, T.D., and Naidoo, Y., 1990. Biomass of algae epiphytic on pneumatophores of the mangrove, Avicennia marina, in the St. Lucia estuary. South African Journal Botany, 56(2): 226–232.
133.
Stephenson, T.A., and Stephenson, A., 1972. Life between Tidemarks on Rocky Shores. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman and Co.
134.
Swennen, C., and Duiven, P., 1982. Numerical density and biomass of macrobenthic animals living in the intertidal zone of Surinam, South America. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 15: 406–418.CrossRef
135.
Tanaka, M.O., and Duarte, L.F.L., 1998. Recruitment variation of the barnacle Chthamalus bisinuatus Pilsbry, 1916 in an exposed rocky shore in Southeast Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science, 62(1): 285–292.
136.
Tarazona, J., and Arntz, W., 2001. The Peruvian Coastal Upwelling System. Chapter 16. In Seeliger, U., and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America. Ecologial Studies 144. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 229–244.CrossRef
137.
Tarazona, J., Salzwedel, H., and Arntz, W., 1988. Oscillations of macrobenthos in shallow water of the Peruvian central coast induced by El Niño 1982–83. Journal of Marine Research, 46: 593–611.CrossRef
138.
Tognella-De-Rosa, M.M.P., 2000. Manguezais catarinenses, Baía da Babitonga e Rio Tavares: Uma abordagem parcial dos atributos ecológicos e econômicos. Ph.D. thesis, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade de São Paulo.
139.
Tomlinson, P.B., 1986. The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
140.
Tundisi, J.G., and Matsumura-Tundisi, T., 2001. The lagoon region and estuary ecosystem of Cananéia, Brazil. In Seeliger, U.C., and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America. Ecological Studies 144, Berlin Heidelberg: Spriger Verlag, pp. 119–130.CrossRef
141.
Twilley, R.R., Pozo, M., Garcia, V.H., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Zambrano, R., and Bodero, A., 1997. Litter dynamics in riverine mangrove forests in the Guayas River estuary, Ecuador. Oecologia, 111: 109–122.CrossRef
142.
Twilley, R.R., Cárdenas, W., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Espinoza, J., Suescum, R., Armijos, M.M., and Solórzano, L., 2001. The Gulf of Guayaquil and the Guayas River estuary, Ecuador. In Seeliger, U.C., and Kjerfve, B. (eds.), Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America. Ecological Studies 144. Berlin Heidelberg: Spriger Verlag, pp 245–263.CrossRef
143.
UNESCO, 1998. CARICOMP—Caribbean Coral Reef, Sea grass and Mangrove sites. Paris: UNESCO.
144.
Vasquez, J., 1992. Lessonia trabeculata, a subtidal bottom kelp in northern Chile: a case study for a structural and geographical comparison. In: Seeliger, U. (ed.), Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 77–89.
145.
Veloso, V.G., and Cardoso, R.S., 2001. The effects of morphodynamics on the spatial and temporal variation of the macrofauna of three sandy beaches on the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 81: 369–375.CrossRef
146.
Vera, B., 1992. Sea grasses of the Venezuelan coast: distribution and community components. In Seeliger, U. (ed)., Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 135–140.
147.
Wilkinson, C., 2000. Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000. Cape Ferguson: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
148.
Würsig, B.G., Jefferson, T.A., and Schmidly, D.J., 2000. The Marine Mammals of the Gulf of Mexico. College Station: Texas A and M University Press, The W.L. Moody, Jr., Natural History Series 26.
1.
Anderson, F.M., 1927. Nonmarine tertiary deposits of Colombia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 38: 591–644.
2.
Araya-Vergara, J.F., 1985. Chile. In Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M.L. (eds.), The World’s Coastline. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold pp. 57–67.
3.
Ayón, H., and Jara, W., 1985. Ecuador. In Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M.L. (eds.), The World’s Coastline. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 49–52.
4.
Bigarella, J.J., 1965. Sand-ridge structures from Paraná coastal plain. Marine Geology, 3: 269–278.CrossRef
5.
Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M.L., 1985. The World’s Coastline. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
6.
Bird, E.C.F., and Ramos, V.T., 1985. Chile. In Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M.L. (eds.), The World’s Coastline. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 53–56.
7.
Bittencourt, A.C.S.P., Dominguez, J.M.L., and Ussami, N., 1999. Flexure as a tectonic control on the large scale characteristics of the Eastern Brazil Coastal Zone. Journal of Coastal Research, 15(2):505–519.
8.
Börgel, R., 1967. Correlaciones fluviomarinas en la desembocadura del Rio Choapa. Informaciones Geográficas, 13-14: 55–68.
9.
Broggi, J.A., 1946. Las terrazas marinas de la Bahía de San Juan en Ica. Sociedad Geológica del Peru, Boletin, 19: 21–33.
10.
Chebataroff, J., 1960. Sedimentacion Platense. Inst. Estudios Superiores, Rev., Año 4(7): 544–566.
11.
Codignotto, J.O., Kokot, R.R., and Marcomini, S.C., 1992. Neotectonism and sea-level changes in the coastal zone of Argentina. Journal of Coastal Research, 8(1): 125–133.
12.
Craig, A.K. and Psuty, N.P., 1968. The Paracas Papers: Studies in Marine Desert Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: Florida Atlantic University.
13.
Cruz, O., Coutinho, P.N., Duarte, G.M., Gomes, A., and Muehe, D., 1985. Brazil. In Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M. L. (eds.), The World’s Coastline. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 85–89.
14.
Cuadrado, D.G., and Perillo, G.M.E., 1997. Migration of intertidal sandbanks, Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina. Journal of Coastal Research, 13(1): 155–163.
15.
Delaney, P.J.V., 1963. Quaternary geologic history of the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, Coastal Studies Series No. 7.
16.
Delaney, P.J.V., 1966. Geology and Geomorphology of the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Northern Uruguay. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, Coastal Studies Series No. 15.
17.
Dolan, R., Hayden, B., Hornberger, G., Zieman, J., and Vincent, M., 1972. Classification of the Coastal Environments of the World, Part 1: The Americas. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia, Department of Environmental Sciences.
18.
Ellenberg, L., 1985. Venezuela. In Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M.L. (eds.), The World’s Coastline. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 105–113.
19.
Etchichury, M.C., and Remiro, J.R., 1967. Los sedimentos litorales de la provincia de Santa Cruz entre Dungeness y Punta Desengaño. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales — Geología, 6:323–376.
20.
Fuenzalida, H., Cooke, R., Paskoff, R., Segerstrom, K., and Weischet, W., 1965. High stands of Quaternary sea level along the Chilean coast. In Wright, H.E., Jr., and Frey, D.G. (eds.), International Studies on the Quaternary. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America, pp. 473–496.
21.
Isla, F.I., 1997. Seasonal behaviour of Mar Chiquita tidal inlet in relation to adjacent beaches, Argentina. Journal of Coastal Research, 13(4): 1221–1232.
22.
Jackson, J.M., 1985. Uruguay. In Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M.L. (eds.), The World’s Coastline. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 79–84.
23.
Jaramillo, E., Contreras, H., and Bollinger, A., 2002. Beach and faunal response to the construction of a seawall in a sandy beach of south central Chile. Journal of Coastal Research, 18(3): 523–529.
24.
Klein, A.H.F., Filho, L.B., and Schumacher, D.H., 2002. Short-term beach rotation processes in distinct headland bay beach systems. Journal of Coastal Research, 18(3): 442–458.
25.
Kokot, R.R., 1997. Littoral drift, evolution and management in Punta Medanos, Argentina. Journal of Coastal Research, 13(1): 192–197.
26.
Lanfredi, N.W., Pousa, J.L., and D’Onofrio, E.E., 1998. Sea-level rise and related potential hazards on the Argentine coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 14(1): 47–60.
27.
Martinez, J.O., Gonzalez, J.L., Pilkey, O.H., and Neal, W.J., 1995. Tropical barrier islands of Colombia’s Pacific Coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 11(2): 432–453.
28.
Martinez, J.O., Gonzales, J.L., Pilkey, O.H., and Neal, W.J., 2000, Barrier island evolution on the subsiding central Pacific Coast, Colombia, SA: Journal of Coastal Research, 16(3): 663–674.
29.
Morton, R.A., Gonzalez, J.L., Lopez, G.I., and Corrêa, I.D., 2000. Frequent non-storm washover of barrier islands, Pacific Coast of Colombia. Journal of Coastal Research, 16(1): 82–87.
30.
Parsons, J.R., and Psuty, N.P., 1975. Sunken fields and prehispanic subsistence on the Peruvian coast. America Antiquity, 40: 259–282.CrossRef
31.
Pino, M., and Jaramillo, E., 1992. Morphology, texture and mineralogical composition of sandy beaches in the south of Chile. Journal of Coastal Research, 8(3): 593–602.
32.
Psuty, N.P., 1970. Contributions to the coastal geomorphology of Latin America. In Lentneck, B., Carmin, R.L., and Martinson, T.L. (eds.), Geographic Research on Latin America: Benchmark. Muncie, IN: Ball State University, pp. 250–264.
33.
Psuty, N.P., 1978. Peruvian Shoreline Stability/Instability during Stillstand of Sea Level. Lagos: International Geographical Union Regional Conference, Commission on Coastal Environments.
34.
Psuty. N.P., 1985. Surinam. In Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M.L. (eds.), The World’s Coastline. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 99–101.
35.
Putnam, W.C., Axelrod, D.I., Bailey, H.P., and McGill, J.T., 1960. Natural Coastal Environments of the World. Los Angeles, CA: University of California, Department of Geography.
36.
Reed, D.J., 1989. Environments of tidal marsh deposition in Laguna San Rafael area, Southern Chile. Journal of Coastal Research, 5(4):845–856.
37.
Richards, H.G., and Broecker, W., 1963. Emerged Holocene South American shorelines. Science, 141: 1044–1045.CrossRef
38.
Rutter, N., Radtke, U., and Schnack, E.J., 1990. Comparison of ESR and amino acid data in correlating and dating Quaternary shorelines along the Patagonian coast, Argentina. Journal of Coastal Research, 6(2): 391–411.
39.
Schnack, E.J., 1985. Argentina. In Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M.L. (eds.), The World’s Coastline. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 69–78.
40.
Schwartz, M.L., 1985. Guyana. In Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M.L. (eds.), The World’s Coastline. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 103–104.
41.
Sheppard, G., 1930. Notes on the climate and physiography of Southwestern Ecuador. Geological Review, 20: 445–453.
42.
Tanner, W.F., 1970. Growth rates of Venezuelan beach ridges. Sedimentary Geology, 6: 215–220.CrossRef
43.
Tavares Corrêa, C.H., 1996. Propuesta de uso suela en las dunas litorales de la provincia de Arauco, VIII Region, Chile. Unpublished Doctoral thesis in Environmental Sciences, Centro EULA-Chile. Concepcion: Universidad de Concepcion.
44.
Tessler, M.G., and de Mahiques, M.M., 1993. Utilization of coastal geomorphic features as indicators of longshore transport: examples from the southern coastal region of the state of São Paulo, Brasil. Journal of Coastal Research, 9(3): 823–830.
45.
Toldo, Jr., E.E., Dillenburg, S.R., Correa, I.C.S., and Almeida, L.E.S.B., 2000. Holocene sedimentation in Lagoa dos Patos Lagoon, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research, 16(3): 816–822.
46.
Turenne, J.F., 1985. French Guiana. In Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M.L. (eds.), The World’s Coastline. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 93–97.
47.
Twilley, R.R., Cardenas, W., Rivera Monroy, V.H., Espinoza, J., Suescum, R., Armijos, M.M., and Solorzano, L., 2000. The Gulf of Guayaquil and the Guayas River estuary, Ecuador. Ecological Studies, 144: 245–263.
48.
Urien, C.M., 1970. Les rivages et le plateau continental du Sud du Brésil, de l’Uruguay ey de l’Argentine. Quaternaria, 12: 57–69.
49.
Urien, C.M., 1972. Rio de la Plata estuary environments. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 133: 213–234.
50.
Van Andel, Tj.H., 1967. The Orinoco delta. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 37: 297–310.
51.
Van Andel, Tj.H., and Laborel, J., 1964. Recent high relative sea level stand near Recife, Brazil. Science, 145: 580–581.CrossRef
52.
Vann, J.H., 1959. The Physical Geography of the Lower Coastal Plain of the Guiana Coast. New Orleans, LA: Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology.
53.
Vieira, J.R., and Lanfredi, N.W., 1996. A hydrodynamic model for the Rio de la Plata, Argentina. Journal of Coastal Research, 12(2): 430–446.
54.
Warne, A.G., Guevara, E.H., and Aslan, A., 2002. Late Quaternary evolition of the Orinoco Delta. Journal of Coastal Research, 18(2):225–253.
55.
Weischet, W., 1959. Geographisches beobachtungen auf einer forschungsreise in Chile. Erdkunde, 13: 6–21.CrossRef
56.
Wells, J.T., and Coleman, J.M., 1978. Longshore transport of mud by waves: northeastern coast of South America. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 57: 353–359.
57.
West, R.C., 1956. Mangrove swamps of the Pacific coast of Colombia. Association of American Geographers Annals, 45: 98–121.CrossRef
58.
Zonnenfeld, J.I.S., 1954. Waarnemingen langs de kust van Surinam, Koninkl. Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Gerootschap, 71: 18–31.
1.
Ashuton, A., Murray, A.B., and Arnault, O., 2001. Formation of coastline features by large-scale instabilities induced by high angle waves. Nature, 414: 296–300.CrossRef
2.
Finklestein, K., 1983. Cape formation as a cause of eosion on adjacent shorelines. Coastal Zone’ 83, 3: 620–640.
3.
Gadd, P.E., Sonu, C.J., and Czerniak, M.T., 1979a. Gravel island slope protection, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. Pasadena, CA: Tetra Technical Report, TC-3286.
4.
Gadd, P.E., and Czerniak, M.T., 1979b. Production island slope protection, Beaufort Sea, Alaska, Pasadena, CA: Tetra Technical Report, TC-3310.
5.
Horikawa, K. (ed.), (1988). Nearshore Dynamics and Coastal Processes. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
6.
Schwartz, M.L. (ed.), 1973. Barrier Islands. Stroudsburgh, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
7.
Schwartz, M.L., Fabbri, P., and Wallace, R.S., 1987. Geomorphology of dungeness spit,Washington, U.S.A., Journal of Coastal Research, 3:451–455.
8.
Uda, T., and Yamamoto, K., 1991. Spit formation in lake and bay Coastal Sediments’ 91, 2: 1651–1665.
9.
Watanabe, S., Serizawa, M., Uda, T., and Ogawa, M., 2002. Development of predictive model of beach changes on a coastline with large curvature, Journal of Coastal Engineering, 49: 501–506. (in Japanese.)CrossRef
10.
Zenkovich, V.P., 1967. Processes of Coastal Development. Oliver & Boyd.
1.
Butler, H.L., 1978. Numerical simulation of tidal hydrodynamics: Great Egg Harbor and Corson Inlets, New Jersey. Technical Report H-78-11, Vicksburg, MS: US Army Engineer Waterways Experi-ment Station, 117 p.
2.
Butler, H.L., and Sheng, Y.P., 1982. ADI procedures for solving the shallow-water equations in transformed coordinates. Proceedings 1982 Army Numerical Analysis and Computers Conference, ARO Report 82-3, pp. 365–380.
3.
Coch, N.K., 1994. Hurricane hazards along the northeastern Atlantic coast of the United States. In Finkl, C.W., Jr. (ed.), Coastal Hazards: Perception, Susceptibility and Mitigation. Journal of Coasta Research Special Issue No. 12, pp. 115–147.
4.
Desplanque, and Mossman, D.J., 1999. Storm tides of the Fundy. Geological Review, 89: 23–33.
5.
Dolan, R., and Davis, R.E., 1994. Coastal storm hazards. In Finkl, C.W., Jr. (ed.), Coastal Hazards: Perception, Susceptibility and Mitigation. Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue No. 12, pp. 103–114.
6.
Ebersole, B.A., 1982. Atlantic Coast Water-Level Climate. WIS Report 7, Vicksburg, MS: US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station.
7.
Federal Energy Management Agency (FEMA), 1997. Answers to Questions About The National Flood Insurance Program, Washington, DC: US National Government Printing Office.
8.
Gornitz, V., Couch, S., and Hartig, E.K., 2002. Impacts of sea level rise in the New York city metropolitan area. Global and Planetary Change, 32: 61–88.CrossRef
9.
Hubbert, G.S., and McInnes, K.L., 1997. A storm surge inundation model for coastal planning and impact studies. Journal of Coastal Research, 15: 168–185.
10.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. Houghton, J.C., Ding, Y., Grigg, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C.A. (eds). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11.
Jelesnianski, C.P., Chen, P., and Shaffer, W.A., 1992. SLOSH: Sea,Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes. NOAA, National Weather Service, Silver Spring: NOAA Technical Report, NWS 48.
12.
Landsea, C.W., Pielke, R.A., Jr., Mestas-Nunez, A.M., and Knaff, J.A., 1999. Atlantic basin hurricanes: indices of climatic changes. Climatic Changes, 42: 89–129.CrossRef
13.
Ludlum, D.M., 1988. The great hurricane of 1938. Weatherwise, 41: 214–216.CrossRef
14.
Murty, T.S., and Flather, R.A., 1994. Impact of storm surges in the Bay of Bengal. In Finkl, C.W., Jr. (ed.), Coastal Hazards: Perception, Susceptibility and Mitigation Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue No. 12, pp.149–161.
15.
Pugh, D.T., 1987. Tides, Surges, and Mean Sea-Level. Chichester: J. Wiley ⇐p; Sons Ltd.
16.
US Army Corps of Engineers/FEMA/National Weather Service, 1995. Metro New York Hurricane Transportation Study Interim Technical Data Report.
17.
Wood, F., 1986. Tidal Dynamics: Coastal Flooding, and Cycles of Gravitational Force. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Co.
18.
Zhang, K., Douglas, B.C., and Leatherman, S.P., 2000. Twentieth-century storm activity along the US east coast. Journal of Climate, 13: 1748–1761.CrossRef
1.
Dahl, E., 1947. On the origin of the strand flat. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 11: 159–172.CrossRef
2.
Gjessing, J., 1967. Norway’ paleic surface. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 21: 69–132.CrossRef
3.
Holtedahl, H., 1959. Den norske strndflate med såerlif henblikk på den utvikling i kystområdene på Møre. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 16: 285–303.CrossRef
4.
Holtedahl, H., 1960. The strandflat of the Møre-Romsdal Coast, west-Norway. Skrifter fra Norges Handelshøyskole. Geogr. Avhandlinger 7: 35–43.
5.
Holtedahl, O., 1929. On the geology and physiography of some Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Islands. Scientific Results Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1927–1928. Det Norske Videnskaps Akademi Oslo. 3.
6.
Klemsdal, T., 1982. Coastal classification and the coast of Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 36: 129–152.CrossRef
7.
Klemsdal, T., 1985. Norway. In Bird, E.C.F., and Schwartz, M.L. (eds.), The World’ Coastline. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 273–283.
8.
Nansen, F., 1922. The strandflat and isostasy. Vidensk. Skrifter I. Mat. Naturv. Klasse nr. 11.
9.
Reush, H., 1894. Strandflaten, et nytt traek i Norges geografi. Norges geologiske Undersøkelser. 14: 1–14.
1.
Belanger, T.V., and Montgomery, M.T., 1992. Seepage meter error. Limnology and Oceanography, 37: 1787–1795.CrossRef
2.
Belanger, T.V., and Walker, R.B., 1990. Ground water seepage in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. In Tropical Hydrology and Caribbean Water Resources. Proceedings International Symposium. American Water Resources Association, pp. 367–375.
3.
Bear, J., 1979. Hydraulics of Groundwater. New York: McGraw Hill, p. 569.
4.
Bokuniewicz, H.J., and Zeitlin, M.J., 1980. Characteristics of the ground-water Seepage into Great South Bay. State University of New York at Stony Brook Marine Sciences Research Center Special Report 35, 80–2.
5.
Buddemeier, R.W., 1996. Groundwater flux to the ocean: definitions, data, applications, uncertainties. In Buddemeier, R.W. (ed.), Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of an International Symposium. LOICZ Reports and Studies No. 8, LOICZ, Texel, The Netherlands, pp. 16–21.
6.
Burnett, W.C., Bokuniewicz, H., Huettel, M., Moore, W.S., Taniguchi, M., 2003. Groundwater and pore water inputs to the coastal zone. Biogeochemistry, 66: 3–33.CrossRef
7.
Cable, J.E., Burnett, W.C., and Chanton, J.P., 1997a. Magnitude and variations of groundwater seepage along a Florida marine shoreline, Biogeochemisty, 38: 189–205.CrossRef
8.
Cable, J.E., Burnett, W.C., Chanton, D.R., and Cable, P.H., 1997b. Field evaluation of seepage meters in the coastal marine environment, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 45: 367–375.CrossRef
9.
Carr, M.R., and Winter, T.C., 1980. An Annotated Bibliography of devices developed for direct measurement of Seepage. Washington, DC: Unites States Geological Survey, Open File Report 80-344.
10.
Cherkauer, D.S., 1998. The role of ground water in the pollution of urban coastal waters. Workshop on Research Needs for Coastal Pollution in Urban Areas, October 16–17, 1997; Milwaukee, WI, pp.22–31.
11.
Church, T.M., 1996. An underground route to the water cycle. Nature, 380: 579–580.CrossRef
12.
Darcy, H., 1856. Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon. Paris: Victor Dalmont.
13.
Davis, S.N., and DeWiest, R., 1966. Hydrogeology. New York: John Wiley & Son.
14.
Finkl, C.W., and Krupa, S., 2000. Environmental impacts of coastalplain activities on sandy beach systems: Hazards, perception and mitigation. Proceedings of the Brazilian Sandy Beaches Symposium: Morphodynamic, Ecology, Uses, Hazards and Management. Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Centro de Ciencias Technológicas da Terra e do Mar, p. 29.
15.
Finkl, C.W., and Krupa, S.L., 2003. Environmental impacts of coastalplain activities on sandy beach system: hazards, perception and mitigation. Simposio Brasileiro sobre Praias Arenosas, Itajai, SC, Brazil.
16.
Finkl, C.W., Jr., Krupa, S.L., and Giddings, J.B., 1995. Regional surface flows to tide and submarine groundwater discharges along the inner continental shelf of SE Florida. In The 1st SEPM Congress on Sedimentary Geology, St. Petersburg, FL: August 13–16, 1995 Program Abstracts.
17.
Freeze, A., and Cherry, J., 1979. Groundwater. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
18.
Gale, W.F., and Thompson, J.D., 1975. A Suction Sampler for Quantitatively Sampling Benthos on Rocky Substrates in Rivers. Transactions of American Fisheries, 2: 398–405.CrossRef
19.
Guglielmi, Y., and Prieur, L., 1997. Location and quantification of submarine discharge of a confined aquifer with interstitial porosity; example of the alluvium aquifer of the lower var valley, Mediterranean France. Journal of Hydrology, 190(1-2): 111–122.CrossRef
20.
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute Inc., 1995. Tequesta Peninsula septic tank-water quality investigation. Jupiter. FL: Loxahatchee River Environmental Control District.
21.
Harvey, J.W., Krupa, S.L., Gefvert, C.J., Choi, J., Mooney, R.H., and Giddings, J.B., 2000. Appendix for interaction between ground water and surface water in the northern Everglades and the relation to water budgets and mercury cycling. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey, Open File Report 00-168.
22.
Harvey, J.W., Krupa, S.L., Gefvert, C.J., Choi, J., Mooney, R.H., and Giddings, J.B., 2002. Interaction between ground water and surface water in the northern Everglades and the relation to water budgets and mercury cycling. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigation (02-4050).
23.
Huettel, M., and Gust, G., 1992. Impact of roughness on interfacial solute exchange in permeable sediments. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 89: 253–267.CrossRef
24.
Huettel, M., Ziebis, W., and Forster, S., 1996. Flow-induced uptake of particulate matter in permeable sediments. Limnology and Oceanography, 41(2): 309–322.CrossRef
25.
Huettel, M., Ziebis, W., Forster, S., and Luther, G.W., III, 1998. Advective transport affecting metal and nutrient distribution and interfacial fluxes in permeable sediments. Elsevier: Netherlands. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62(4): 613–631.
26.
Johannes, R.E., 1980. The ecological significance of the submarine discharge of groundwater. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 3: 365–373.CrossRef
27.
Johannes, R.E., and Hearn, C.J., 1985. The Effects of submarine groundwater discharge on nutrient and salinity regimes in a coastal lagoon off Perth, Western, Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 121: 789–800.CrossRef
28.
Kohout, F.A., 1966. Submarine springs: a neglected phenomenon of coastal hydrology. Reprint from Central Treaty Organization’ Symposium on Hydrology and Water Resources Development, February 5–12, 1966. United States Geological Survey.
29.
Kohout, F.A., Munson, R.C., Turner, R.M., and Royal, W.R., 1979. Satellite observations of a geothermal spring off Florida’ West Coast. Satellite Hydrology, American Water Resources Association.
30.
Krupa, S.L., Belanger, T.V., Heck, H.H., Brock, J.T., Jones, B.L., 1998. Krupaseep-The next generation seepage meter. Journal of Coastal Research, 25: 210–213.
31.
Land, L.A., Paul, C.K., and Hobson, B., 1995. Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure: straits of Florida. Geology, 23(10): 949–951.CrossRef
32.
Lapointe, B.E., and Matzie, W.R., 1996. Effects of stormwater nutrient discharges on eutrophication processes in nearshore waters on the Florida keys. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 19(2B): 422–435.
33.
Lapointe, B.E., and O’Connell, J., 1989. Nutrient-enhanced growth of Cladophora prolifera in Harrington Sound, Bermuda: eutrophication of a confined, phosphorus-limited marine ecosystem. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 28: 347–360.CrossRef
34.
Lapointe, B.E., O’Connell, J.D., and Garrett, G.S., 1990. Nutrient couplings between on-site sewage disposal systems, groundwater’s, and nearshore surface waters of the Florida Keys. Biogeochemistry, 10: 289–307.CrossRef
35.
Lee, D.R., 1977. A device for measuring seepage flux in lakes and estuaries. Limnology and Oceanography, 22: 140–147.CrossRef
36.
Lee, D.R.. and Cherry, J.A., 1978. A field exercise on groundwater flow using seepage meters and mini-piezometers, Journal of Geological Education, 27: 6–10.
37.
Lewis, John, B., 1987. Measurements of groundwater seepage flux onto coral reef: spatial and temporal variations. Limnology andOceanography, 32(5): 1165–1169.CrossRef
38.
Libelo, L.E., and MacIntyre, W.G., 1994. Effects of surface-water movement on seepage-meter measurements of flow through the sediment-water interface. In Applied Hydrology, International Association of Hydrogeologists: Hanover, 2: 49–55.
39.
Manheim, F.T., 1967. Evidence for submarine discharge of water on the Atlantic continental slope of the southern United States, and suggestions for further search. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 29(7), 839–853.CrossRef
40.
Merchant, Sarah P., Snyder, Stephen, W., and Evans, David G., 1996. Modeling constraints on the origin of submarine ground-water discharge on the North Carolina Continental Shelf Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America, 28(2): 38.
41.
Moore,W.S., 1996. Large groundwater inputs to coastal waters revealed by 226Ra Enrichments. Nature, 380: 612–614.CrossRef
42.
Moore, S., 1997. High fluxes of radium and barium from the mouth of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river during low river discharge suggest a large groundwater source. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 150(1–2): 141–150.CrossRef
43.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992. Flow Rate Logging Seepage Meter Patent Application N-93-19328. Hampton, VA: NASA Patent Counsel, Langley Research Center.
44.
Nossin, J.J., Sesoren, Atila, Kuran, Ibrahim Hakim, 1987. Karst and submarine freshwater discharge in the Antalaya Area, Southern Turkey. International Conference on SPOT Early Assessment Programme. Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France, pp. 719–729.
45.
Nuttle, W.K., and Harvey, J.W., 1995. Fluxes of Water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 1: the contribution of regional ground water discharge. Journal of Hydrology, 164: 89–107.CrossRef
46.
Nuttle, W.K., and Portnoy, J.W., 1992. Effects of rising sea level on runoff and ground water discharge to coastal ecosystems. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science, 34: 203–212.CrossRef
47.
O’Rouke, D., Paulsen, R.J., and Wong, T.W., 1999. Measuring submarine groundwater seepage using an ultrasonic flow meter and the drum method-a comparative study. Conference on the “Geology of Long Island and Metropolitan New York” April 24, 1999. Stony Brook, NY.
48.
Paulsen, R.J., Smith, C.F., and Wong, T.-f., 1997. Development and evaluation of an ultrasonic groundwater seepage meter Conference on the Geology of Long Island and Metropolitan New York Program with Abstracts, April 19, 1997, pp. 88–97.
49.
Rasmussen, L., 1998. Groundwater flow, tidal mixing and haline convection in coastal sediments. Master thesis, Tallahassee: Florida State University.
50.
Reay, W.G., and Walthall, H.G., 1991. Remote semi-continuous flow rate logging seepage meter. In Technology 2001: The Second National Technology Transfer Conference and Exposition. San Jose, CA: NASA Conference Publication 3136, 2, 445–451.
51.
Reay, W., and Walthall, H., 1992. Flow rate logging seepage meter. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Patent Application. NASA Case Number LAR 14835-1.
52.
Reich, C.D., 1996. Diver-operated manometer: a simple device for measuring hydraulic heads in underwater wells. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66(5): 1032–1034.
53.
Reilly, T.E., 1993. Analysis of ground-water systems in freshwater-saltwater environments. In William M. Alley (ed.) Regional Ground-Water Quality. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
54.
Robinson, M.A., 1996. A finite element model of submarine ground water discharge to tidal estuarine waters. Ph.D. Dissertation, Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
55.
Rougerie, F., and Wauthy, B., 1993. The Endo-upwelling concept: from geothermal convection to reef construction. Coral Reefs, 12: 19–30.CrossRef
56.
Schwerdtfeger, B.C., 1981. On the occurrence of fresh water discharges. Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe, Hydrogeologie, Ingenieurgeologie, 29: 231–240.
57.
Senger, R.K., and Fogg, G., 1990. Stream function and equivalent freshwater heads for modeling regional flow of variable density groundwater. 1. Review of theory and verification. Water Resources Research, 26(9): 2089–2096.
58.
Shaw, R.D., and Prepas, E.E., 1989. Anomalous, short-term influx of water into seepage meters. Limnology and Oceanography, 34(7): 1343–1351.CrossRef
59.
Shaw, R.D., and Prepas, E.E., 1990. Groundwater-Lake interactions 1. Accuracy of seepage meter estimates of lake seepage. Journal of Hydrology, 119: 105–120.CrossRef
60.
Shine, M.J., Padgett, D.G., Barfknecht, W.M., 1989. Ground water resources assessment of Eastern Palm Beach County, Florida. West Palm Beach, Fl: South Florida Water-Management District, Technical Publication 89-4; Part 1.
61.
Shinn, E.A., Reese, R.S., and Reich, C.D., 1994. Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida keys. United States Geological Survey Open File Report 94-276, 116.
62.
Shinn, E.A., Reich, C.D., Hickey, T.D., and Tihansky, A.B., 1997. Geology and tidal pumping in the Florida Keys. Abstracts. AAPG annual meeting Dallas TX. pp. 106–107.
63.
Simmons, G.M., Jr., 1989. The Chesapeake Bay’ Hidden Tributary; Submarine Groundwater Discharge. In Proceedings of Ground Water Issues And Solutions in The Potomac River Basin/Chesapeake Bay Region. Dublin, OH: National Well Water Association, 9–29.
64.
Simmons, G.M. Jr., 1992. Importance of submarine groundwater discharge (SGWD) and seawater cycling to material flux across sediment/water interfaces in marine environments. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 84: 173–184.CrossRef
65.
Shinn, E.A., Reich, C.D., and Hickey, T.D., 2002. Seepage Meters and Bernoulli’ Revenge. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 25(1): 126–132.
66.
Simmons, G.M., Jr., and Love, F.G., 1987. Water quality of newly discovered submarine ground water discharge into a deep coral reef habitat. Symposium Series for Undersea Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC (2), 155–163.
67.
Simmons, G.M., Jr., and Reay, W.G., 1992. The phenomenon called submarine groundwater discharge. United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States and American Water Resources Association Technical Publication Series, 92-2, pp. 385–394.
68.
Sonzogni, W.C., Larsen, D.P., Malueg, K.W., and Schult, M.D., 1977. Use of large submerged chambers to measure sediment-water interactions. Water Research, 11: 461–464.CrossRef
69.
South Florida Water Management District, 1993a. Data retrieval for nutrient parameters; Total nitrogen and total phosphorous on all oceanic structures in Palm Beach County-June 15, 1993. West Palm Beach, Fl: South Florida Water Management District.
70.
South Florida Water Management District, 1993b. Appendices and technical Information in Support of the lower east coast regional water supply plan. West Palm Beach, FL: South Florida Water Management District.
71.
Strack, O., 1975. Ground Water Mechanics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
72.
Svitil, K.A., 1996. Groundwater Secrets. Discover, September 1996, 28.
73.
Taniguchi, M., and Fukuo, Y., 1993. Continuous measurements of ground-water seepage using and automated seepage meter. Ground Water, 31(4): 675–679.CrossRef
74.
Todd, D.K., 1980. Groundwater Hydrology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
75.
Tribble, G.W., Sansone, F.J., Buddemeier, R.W., and Li, Y., 1992. Hydraulic exchange between a coral reef and surface water Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104: 1280–1291.CrossRef
76.
US Environmental Protection Agency, 1998. Maui searches for answers to problem algae, Nonpoint Source News Notes. July/August 1998, 52: 7–8.
77.
US Army Corp of Engineers, 1993. Installing Monitoring Wells/Piezometers in Wetlands. Vicksburg, MS: Water Resources Publication Technical Note HY-1A-3.1.
78.
Uchiyama, Y., Nadaoka, K., Rolke, P., Adachi, K., and Yagi, H., 2000. Submarine groundwater discharge into the sea and associated nutrient transport in a sandy beach. Water Resources Research, 36(6): 1467–1479.CrossRef
79.
Urish, D.W., and Ozbilgin, M.M., 1989. The Coastal ground-water boundary. Ground Water, 27(3): 310–315.CrossRef
80.
Winter, T.C., Harvey, J.W., Franke, O.L., and Alley, W.M., 1998. ground water and surface water a single resource. United States Geological Survey Circular 1139. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey.
81.
Wicander, R. and Monroe, J.S., 1993. Historical Geology, 2nd edn. New York: West Publishing Company.
82.
Zektser, I.S., and Meskheteli, A.V., 1988. Methods for studying submarine discharge of karst water. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 176(2): 677–681.
83.
Zektser, I.S., and Loaiciga, Hugo A., 1993. Ground water fluxes in the global hydrologic cycle; past, present and future. Journal of Hydrology, 144(1–4): 405–427.CrossRef
84.
Zektser, I.S., Dzhamalov, R.G., and Safronova, T.I., 1983. The role of submarine groundwater discharge in the water balance of Australia International Association of Hydrological Sciences, (Louvain), International, IAHS-AISH Publication 142(1), 209–219.
1.
Anonymous, 1983. Hainan earthquake 1605. China Daily, 25th May 1983.
2.
Bard, E., Hamelin, B., Arnold, M., Montaggioni, L., Cabioch, G., Faure, G., and Rougerie, F., 1996. Deglacial sea level record from Tahiti corals and the timing of global meltwater discharge. Nature, 382: 241–244.CrossRef
3.
Bard, E., Hamelin, B., and Fairbanks, R.G., 1990a. U-Th ages obtained by mass spectrometry in corals from Barbados: sea-level during the past 130,000 years. Nature, 346: 456–458.CrossRef
4.
Bard, E., Hamelin, B., Fairbanks, R.G., and Zindler, A., 1990b. Calibration of the 14C timescale over the past 30,000 years using mass spectrometric U-Th ages from Barbados corals. Nature, 345: 405–410.CrossRef
5.
Bloom, A.L., 1983. Sea level and coastal morphology of the United States through the Late Wisconsin glacial maximum. In Wright, H.E. Jr. (ed.) Late Quaternary Environments of the United States. Mineapolis: University of Minnesota, pp. 215–229.
6.
Collina-Girard, J., 1996. Topography of the Continental Shelf off Marseille Scale 1:50 000. Institut Geographique National, Aixen-Provence (in French with English legend).
7.
Emery, K.O., 1968. Relict sediments on continental shelves of world. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 52: 445–464.
8.
Fairbanks, R.G., 1989. A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature, 342: 637–642.CrossRef
9.
Godwin, H., Suggate, R.P., and Willis, E.H., 1958. Radiocarbon dating of the eustatic rise in ocean level. Nature, 181: 1518–1519.CrossRef
10.
Grindrod, J., Moss, P., and Van der Kaars, S., 1999. Late Quaternary cycles of mangrove development and decline on the north Australian continental shelf. Journal of Quaternary Science, 14: 465–470.CrossRef
11.
Lyell, C., 1850. Principles of Geology, 8th edn. London: John Murray.
12.
Petit, J.R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N.I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V.M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V.Y., Lorius, C., Pepin, L., Ritz, C., Saltzman, E., and Stievenard, M., 1999. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 399: 429–436.CrossRef
13.
Pirazzoli, P.A., 1996. Sea-Level Changes. Chichester: Wiley.
14.
Shackleton, N.J., and Opdyke, N.D., 1973. Oxygen isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific core V28-238: oxygen isotope temperature and ice volumes on a 105 year and 106 year scale. Quaternary Research, 3: 39–55.CrossRef
15.
Shepard, F.P., 1973. Submarine Geology, 3rd edn. New York: Harper and Row.
16.
Wiedicke, M., Kudrass, H.-R., and Hubscher, Ch., 1999. Oolitic beach barriers of the last Glacial sea-level lowstand at the outer Bengal shelf. Marine Geology, 157: 7–18.CrossRef
17.
Yim, W.W.-S., Ivanovich, M., and Yu, K.-F., 1990. Young age bias of radiocarbon dates in pre-Holocene marine deposits of Hong Kong and implications for Pleistocene stratigraphy. Geo-Marine Letters, 10: 165–172.CrossRef
18.
Yim, W.W.-S., 1999. Radiocarbon dating and the reconstruction of late Quaternary sea-level changes in Hong Kong. Quaternary International, 55: 77–91.CrossRef
19.
Yim, W.W.-S., and Li, J., 2000. Diatom preservation in an inner continental shelf borehole from the South China Sea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 18: 471–488.CrossRef
20.
Yim, W.W.-S., and Tovey, N.K. 1995. Desiccation of inner continental shelf sediments during Quaternary low sea-level stands. Geoscientists, 5/4: 34–35.
1.
Bard, E., Hamelin, B., Arnold, M., Montaggioni, L., Cabioch, G., Faure, G., and Rougerie, F., 1996. Deglacial sea level record from Tahiti corals and the timing of global meltwater discharge. Nature, 383: 241–244.CrossRef
2.
Bird, E.C.F., 1993. Submerging Coasts. Chichester: Wiley.
3.
IPCC, 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
4.
Plafker, G., 1965. Tectonic deformation associated with the 1964 Alaska Earthquake. Science, 148(3678): 1675–1687.CrossRef
5.
Stanley, D.J., and Warne, A.G., 1994. Worldwide initiation of Holocene marine deltas by deceleration of sea-level rise. Science, 265: p. 228–231.CrossRef
6.
Stiros, S.C., and Pirazzoli, P.A., 1998. Late Quaternary coastal changes in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. Geodesy Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Patras University, 49 p.
1.
Allard, R.A., Hsu, Y.L., Miles, K., Mettlach, T., and Earle, M.D., 1999. Toward an operational coupled wave/surf forecasting system. Proceedings of the Third Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, pp. 350–355.
2.
Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, 1980–2000. Coastal Engineering Technical Notes, numerous issues, Vicksburg: Waterways Experiment Station, US Army Corps of Engineers.
3.
Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, 1996. Automated Coastal Engineering System (ACES), version 2.0, numerous issues. Vicksburg: Waterways Experiment Station, US Army Corps of Engineers.
4.
Dally, W.R., 1990. Random breaking waves: a closed-form solution for planar beaches. Coastal Engineering, 14: 233–263.CrossRef
5.
Dally, W.R., 1992. Random breaking waves: field verification of a wave-by-wave algorithm for engineering application. Coastal Engineering, 16: 369–397.CrossRef
6.
Dean, R.G., 1977. Equilibrium beach profiles: U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, Newark: University of Delaware, Ocean Engineering Technical Report 12.
7.
Dean, R.G., and Dalrymple, R.A., 1984. Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
8.
Earle, M.D., 1999. Applied and operational surf modeling. Shore and Beach, 67: 70–75.
9.
Fredsøe, J., and Deigaard R., 1992. Mechanics of Coastal Sediment Transport, Singapore: World Scientific.
10.
Guza, R.T., and Inman, D.L., 1975. Edge waves and beach cusps. Journal of Geophysical Research, 80: 2997–3012.CrossRef
11.
Larson, M., and Kraus, N.C., 1991. Numerical model of longshore current for bar and trough beaches. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 117: 326–347.CrossRef
12.
Le Mehaute, B., 1962. On non-saturated breakers and the wave run-up. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Coastal Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 77–92.
13.
Longuet-Higgins, M.S., 1952. On the statistical distribution of the heights of sea waves. Journal of Marine Research, 11: 245–266.
14.
Longuet-Higgins, M.S., 1970a. Longshore currents generated by obliquely incident sea waves, 1. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75: 6678–6789.
15.
Longuet-Higgins, M.S., 1970b. Longshore currents generated by obliquely incident sea waves, 2. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75: 6790–6801.CrossRef
16.
Longuet-Higgins, M.S., 1983. On the joint distribution of wave periods and amplitudes in a random wave field. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A, 389: pp. 241–258.
17.
Nichols, C.R., and Tungett, D.W., 1998. Buoys provide real-time surf data. US Naval Institute Proceedings, 124: 71–72.
18.
Putrevu, U., Oltman-Shay, J., and Svendsen, I.A., 1995. Effect of alongshore nonuniformities on longshore current predictions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100: 16119–16130.CrossRef
19.
Smith, J.M., 2000. Surf zone hydrodynamics. In Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory. Coastal Engineering Manual. Vicksburg: Waterways Experiment Station, US Army Corps of Engineers.
20.
Svendsen, I.A., and Putrevu, U., 1996. Surf-zone modeling. In Dally, W.R., and Zeidler, R.B. (eds.), Coastal Dynamics’ 95. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 13–32.
21.
Svendsen, I.A., Sancho, F.E., Oltman-Shay, J., and Thornton, E.B., 1998. Modeling nearshore circulation under field conditions. In Edge, B.L., and Hemsley, J.M. (eds.), Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 765–776.
22.
Thornton, E.B., and Guza, R.T., 1983. Transformation of wave height distribution. Journal of Geophysical Research, 88: 5925–5938.CrossRef
23.
Wiegel, R.L., 1964. Oceanographical Engineering. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall.
24.
Wright, L.D., and Short, A.D., 1983. Morphodynamics of beaches and surf zones in Australia. In Komar, P.D. (ed.), CRC Handbook of Coastal Processes and Erosion. New York: CRC Press, pp. 35–64.
1.
Barkaszi, S.F., and Dally, W.R., 1992. Fine-scale measurement of sediment suspension by breaking waves at SUPERTANK. In Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Coastal Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers.
2.
Battjes, J.A., 1975. Modeling of turbulence in the surfzone. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Modeling Techniques. American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1050–1061.
3.
Battjes, J.A., and Stive, M.J.F., 1985. Calibration and verification of a dissipation model for random breaking waves. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90: 9159–9167.CrossRef
4.
Bodge, K.R., and Dean, R.G., 1987. Short-term impoundment of longshore transport. In Proceedings of Coastal Sediments’ 87. American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 469–483.
5.
Bowen, A.J., Inman, D.L., and Simmons, 1968. Wave set-down and set-up. Journal of Geophysical Research, 73(8): 2569–2577.CrossRef
6.
Dally, W.R., 2000. Roller momentum thickness and residual turbulence. In Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Coastal Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 59–69.
7.
Dally, W.R., and Brown, C.A., 1995. A modeling investigation of the breaking wave roller with application to cross-shore currents. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(C12): 24,873–24,883.CrossRef
8.
Dally, W.R., and Dean, R.G., 1984. Suspended sediment transport and beach profile evolution. Journal of the Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering Division, 110(1): 15–33, American Society of Civil Engineers.CrossRef
9.
Dally, W.R., Dean, R.G., and Dalrymple, R.A., 1985. Wave height variation across beaches of arbitrary profile. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(C6): 11917–11927.CrossRef
10.
Dalrymple, R.A., 1975. A mechanism for rip current generation on an open coast. Journal of Geophysical Research, 80: 3485–3487.CrossRef
11.
Dean, R.G., 1973. Heuristic models of sand transport in the surf zone. In Proceedings of the Conference on Engineering Dynamics in the Coastal Zone. Sidney: Australia, pp. 208–214.
12.
Dean, R.G., and Dalrymple, R.A., 1984. Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
13.
Douglass, S.L., 1990. Influence of wind on breaking waves. Journal of the Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering Division, 116(6): 651–663.CrossRef
14.
Fredsoe, J., and Deigaard, R., 1992. Mechanics of Coastal Sediment Transport. River Edge: World Scientific.
15.
George, R., Flick, R.E., and Guza, R.T., 1994. Observations of turbulence in the surf zone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(C1): 801–810.CrossRef
16.
Guza, R.T., and Davis, R.E., 1974. Excitation of edge waves by waves incident on a beach. Journal of Geophysical Research, 79: 1285–1291CrossRef
17.
Kana, T.W., 1979. Suspended sediment in breaking waves. University of South Carolina, Technical report No.18-CRD.
18.
Komar, P.D., 1998. Beach Processes and Sedimentation, Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.
19.
Longuet-Higgins, M.S., and Stewart, R.W. 1964. Radiation stress in water waves, a physical discussion with application. Deep Sea Research, 11: 529–563.
20.
Mocke, G., Govender, K., Alport, M., Smit, F., and Diedericks, G., 2000. Modelling of digitally imaged water levels and flow fields in the surf zone. In Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Coastal Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1036–1049.
21.
Nadaoka, K., and Kondoh, 1982. Laboratory measurements of velocity structure in the surf zone by LDV. Coastal Engineering in Japan, 25: 125–145.
22.
Nielsen, P., 1992. Coastal Bottom Boundary Layers and Sediment Transport. River Edge: World Scientific.
23.
Noda, E.K., 1972. Rip currents. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Coastal Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 653–668.
24.
Oltman-Shay, J., Howd, P.A., and Birkemeier, W.A., 1989. Shear instabilities of the mean longshore current, 2: field observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94: 18,031–18,042.CrossRef
25.
Osiecki, D.A., and Dally, W.R., 1996. The influence of rollers on long-shore currents. In Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Coastal Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 3419–3430.
26.
Sakai, T., Inada, Y., and Sandanbata, I., 1982. Turbulence generated by wave breaking on beach. In sProceedings of the 18th Conference on Coastal Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 3–21.
27.
Svendsen, I.A., 1984. Mass flux and undertow in a surf zone. Coastal Engineering, 8: 347–365.CrossRef
28.
Svendsen, I.A., and Putrevu, U., 1994. Nearshore mixing and dispersion. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 445: 561–576.CrossRef
29.
Weggel, J.R., 1972. Maximum breaker height. Journal of Waterways, Harbors, and Coastal Engineering Division, 98(WW4): 529–548, American Society of Civil Engineers.
30.
Whitford, D.J., and Thornton, E.B., 1996. Bed shear stress coefficients for longshore currents over a barred profile. Coastal Engineering, 27: 243–262.CrossRef
1.
Black, K.P., Hutt, J.A., Mead, S., Jackson, A., and McGrath, J., 2001. Design of the gold coast artificial reef: surfing aspects. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(Special issue): 115–130.
2.
Dally, W.R., 1990. Stochastic modeling of surfing climate. In Proceedings 22nd Conference on Coastal Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 516–529.
3.
Dally, W.R., 2001a. The maximum speed of surfers. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(Special Issue): 33–40.
4.
Dally, W.R., 2001b. Improved stochastic models for surfing climate. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(Special issue): 41–50.
5.
Hornung, H.G., and Killen, P., 1976. A stationary oblique breaking wave for laboratory testing of surfboards. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 78:.459–480.CrossRef
6.
Lueras, L., 1984. Surfing: The Ultimate Pleasure. New York: Workman Publishing.
7.
Mead, S., and Black, K., 2001a. Field studies leading to the bathymetric classification of world-class surfing breaks. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(Special Issue): 5–20.
8.
Mead, S., and Black, K., 2001b. Functional component combinations controlling surfing wave quality at world-class surfing breaks. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(Special issue): 21–32.
9.
Pattiaratchi, C., 1997. Design studies for an artificial surfing reef at Cable Station, Western Australia. In Proceedings of 1st International Surfing Reef Symposium, Sydney, Australia.
10.
Walker, J.R., 1974. Recreational surf parameters. University of Hawaii, Look Laboratory Report No.30, 311 p.
1.
Mouchot, M.-C., and Garello, R., 1998. SAR for Oceanography. In Henderson, F.M., and Lewis, A.J. (eds.), Principles and Applications of Radar Imaging. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
2.
Raney, R.K., 1998. Radar fundamentals: technical perspective. In Henderson, F.M., and Lewis, A.J. (eds.), Principles and Applications of Radar Imaging. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Metadata
Title
S
Authors
Terry R. Healy
Katherine Stone
Orville Magoon
Billy Edge
Lesley Ewing
Andrew D. Short
Dougals L. Inman
Scott A. Jenkins
Roland Gehrels
Jacques Laborel
Françoise Laborel-Deguen
David B. Scott
Franco S. Medioli
Paolo A. Pirazzoli
James G. Titus
Jeffrey H. List
Rowland J. Atkins
Saskia Jelgersma
Arthur D. Donovan
Michael S. Fenster
Dieter H. Kelletat
Alan W. Niedoroda
Sarah K. Campbell
Wayne Stephenson
Robert Kirk
Nicholas C. Kraus
H. Edward Clifton
John P. Ahrens
George Maul
André S. Barreto
Norbert P. Psuty
Chizuko Mizobe
Takaaki Uda
Vivian Gornitz
Tormod Klemsda
Steven L. Krupa
Cynthia J. Gefvert
Wyss W. -S. Yim
Marshall D. Earle
William R. Dally
R. Keith Raney
Copyright Year
2005
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Book
Encyclopedia of Coastal Science

Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1903-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4020-3880-8

Copyright Year: 2005

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_18