Assessment of the Volume Effect and Application of an Improved Tracer in Physical Model of a Single-Strand Bare Tundish

The study delves into the crucial role of tundishes in metallurgical processes, particularly the fluid flow of molten steel. It examines the limitations of current water models and numerical simulations, highlighting the overlooked 'volume effect' of salt solution tracers. By comparing various tracer volumes and densities, the authors uncover significant distortions in residence time distribution curves. The research culminates in the recommendation of a 50 mL saturated KCl solution as the optimal tracer, offering a novel approach to reduce uncertainties and measurement errors in tundish experiments.