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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Bacteria—Human Interactions: Leads for Personalized Medicine

Authors : Željka Maglica, Marina Ožbolt

Published in: Personalized Medicine in Healthcare Systems

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Bacteria are an integral part of the human body. Together with other microorganisms they form a community in and on the human body known as human microbiome. The microbiome has been found to be crucial for immunologic, hormonal and metabolic homeostasis of its human host. The composition of the microbiome varies considerably among humans and we present the main factors that influence this variability. In addition, the composition of the microbiome has been associated with changes in the central nervous system through the so called “gut-brain axes”. The latest research from this new and exciting field is presented. We then switch our focus from beneficial to pathogenic bacteria. We present the main techniques and methods used to identify pathogenic bacteria and test their sensitivity to antibacterial drugs. Bacteria, like humans, demonstrate individuality in their behavior. This individuality is also present in their drug response, leading to long antibacterial therapy and the possibility of recurrent infections with the same pathogen. Finally, we present data that suggests bacteria are associated with Modic Type 1 changes, pathological changes in the vertebrae. These changes are closely correlated with lower back pain, the most frequent cause of disability for people younger than 45 years of age.

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Footnotes
1
Integrative HMP (iHMP) Research Network Consortium (2014).
 
2
Kinross et al. (2008).
 
3
Nicholson et al. (2005) and Wilson and Nicholson (2009).
 
4
Shreiner et al. (2015).
 
5
Shreiner et al. (2015).
 
6
Huttenhower et al. (2012).
 
7
Huttenhower et al. (2012) and Turpin et al. (2016).
 
8
Benson et al. (2010) and ElRakaiby et al. (2014).
 
9
Benson et al. (2010) and ElRakaiby et al. (2014).
 
10
Claesson et al. (2011).
 
11
Pflughoeft and Versalovic (2012), Shreiner et al. (2015) and Zoetendal et al. (2008).
 
12
Claesson et al. (2011) and Claesson et al. (2016).
 
13
Claesson et al. (2011) and Claesson et al. (2016).
 
14
Benson et al. (2010), Claesson et al. (2016), ElRakaiby et al. (2014) and Lloyd-Price et al. (2016).
 
15
Benson et al. (2010) and ElRakaiby et al. (2014).
 
16
Lloyd-Price et al. (2016).
 
17
Dinan and Cryan (2017).
 
18
Clarke et al. (2013).
 
19
Foster and McVey Neufeld (2013).
 
20
Carabottia et al. (2015).
 
21
Jiang et al. (2015).
 
22
Kelly et al. (2016) and Zheng et al. (2016).
 
23
Perry et al. (2016).
 
24
Dinan and Cryan (2017).
 
25
Cryan and O’Mahony (2011).
 
26
Dinan and Cryan (2017) and Carabottia et al. (2015).
 
27
Tille (2013).
 
28
Tille (2013).
 
29
Caliendo (2011) and Kothari et al. (2014).
 
30
de Matos et al. (2010).
 
31
Balouiri et al. (2016).
 
32
Fluit et al. (2001).
 
33
Ackermann (2015).
 
34
Ackermann (2015).
 
35
Dhar and McKinney (2007).
 
36
Davis and Isberg (2016).
 
37
Bhaskar et al. (2014), Bhat et al. (2016), Locke and Elowitz (2009), Locke et al. (2011), Mekterovic et al. (2014), Santi et al. (2013) and Wakamoto et al. (2013).
 
38
Maglica et al. (2015).
 
39
Bhaskar et al. (2014), Bhat et al. (2016), Mouton et al. (2016).
 
40
Lewis (2013).
 
41
Albert et al. (2013a, b).
 
42
Albert et al. (2013a) and Manniche and Jordan (2016).
 
43
Albert et al. (2013b) and Rollason et al. (2013).
 
44
Rollason et al. (2013).
 
45
Albert et al. (2013a, b).
 
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Metadata
Title
Bacteria—Human Interactions: Leads for Personalized Medicine
Authors
Željka Maglica
Marina Ožbolt
Copyright Year
2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16465-2_7