Skip to main content
Top

Hint

Swipe to navigate through the articles of this issue

Published in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 11/2022

11-07-2022 | Original Paper

Behavior of Dry-Mixed and Permeated Laponite-Treated Sand: From Small Strains to Critical State

Authors: Amy Getchell, Felipe Ochoa-Cornejo, Marika Santagata

Published in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering | Issue 11/2022

Login to get access

Abstract

Laponite—a synthetic nanoclay with (2:1) layer structure—has shown promise for the improvement of granular deposits susceptible to earthquake induced liquefaction, with much of the work performed in this area relying on testing specimens in which the Laponite is introduced in the sand matrix prior to specimen formation. Field implementation will, however, likely occur through permeation of the porous medium by the Laponite in grout form, and it remains unclear to what degree the results from previous studies can be extrapolated to permeated conditions. This paper presents the results of an experimental program on loose (Dr < 30%) Ottawa sand modified through the addition of small quantities of Laponite (1% by mass of the sand) using two specimen preparation procedures: dry-mixing, in which specimens are formed from sand and Laponite mixed together in dry form; and permeation, in which the Laponite is introduced in the sand matrix in dispersion form after specimen formation. Results of resonant column and monotonic undrained triaxial tests illustrate the effects of the two procedures on the properties of the treated sand over a broad range of strains. The different fabrics generated by the two procedures produce distinct behaviors at small to medium strains. The grain-to-grain bonding previously reported for sand-Laponite specimens is observed only in the dry-mixed specimens. The behavior of the permeated specimens with equivalent Laponite content is controlled by the rheology of the Laponite fluid occupying the pore space at the time of shear, carefully characterized in this study through an extensive program of rheological tests. For these specimens, reduced excess pore pressure and increasingly dilative behavior are observed as the pore fluid develops a gel structure and the yield stress of this gel increases. Independent of specimen preparation technique, all specimens reach the same critical state as the clean sand.

To get access to this content you need the following product:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt 90 Tage mit der neuen Mini-Lizenz testen!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe



 


Jetzt 90 Tage mit der neuen Mini-Lizenz testen!

Literature
go back to reference Acar YB, El-Tahir ETA (1986) Low strain dynamic properties of artificially cemented sand. J Geotech Eng 112(11):1001–1015 CrossRef Acar YB, El-Tahir ETA (1986) Low strain dynamic properties of artificially cemented sand. J Geotech Eng 112(11):1001–1015 CrossRef
go back to reference Amini F, Qi GZ (2000) Liquefaction testing of stratified silty sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126(3):208–217 CrossRef Amini F, Qi GZ (2000) Liquefaction testing of stratified silty sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126(3):208–217 CrossRef
go back to reference ASTM, A. (2015) D4015–15: Standard test methods for modulus and damping of soils by fixed-base resonant column devices. ASTM international, West Conshohocken ASTM, A. (2015) D4015–15: Standard test methods for modulus and damping of soils by fixed-base resonant column devices. ASTM international, West Conshohocken
go back to reference Bao X, Jin Z, Cui H, Chen X, Xie X (2019) Soil liquefaction mitigation in geotechnical engineering: an overview of recently developed methods. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 120:273–291 CrossRef Bao X, Jin Z, Cui H, Chen X, Xie X (2019) Soil liquefaction mitigation in geotechnical engineering: an overview of recently developed methods. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 120:273–291 CrossRef
go back to reference Castiglia M, Morgante S, Napolitano A, de Magistris FS (2017) Mitigation measures for the stability of pipelines in liquefiable soils. J Pipeline Eng 16(3):115–139 Castiglia M, Morgante S, Napolitano A, de Magistris FS (2017) Mitigation measures for the stability of pipelines in liquefiable soils. J Pipeline Eng 16(3):115–139
go back to reference Conlee CT, Gallagher PM, Boulanger RW, Kamai R (2012) Centrifuge modeling for liquefaction mitigation using colloidal silica stabilizer. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 138(11):1334–1345 CrossRef Conlee CT, Gallagher PM, Boulanger RW, Kamai R (2012) Centrifuge modeling for liquefaction mitigation using colloidal silica stabilizer. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 138(11):1334–1345 CrossRef
go back to reference Coop MR, Atkinson JH (1993) The mechanics of cemented carbonate sands. Geotechnique 43(1):53–67 CrossRef Coop MR, Atkinson JH (1993) The mechanics of cemented carbonate sands. Geotechnique 43(1):53–67 CrossRef
go back to reference DeJong JT, Mortensen BM, Martinez BC, Nelson DC (2010) Bio-mediated soil improvement. Ecol Eng 36(2):197–210 CrossRef DeJong JT, Mortensen BM, Martinez BC, Nelson DC (2010) Bio-mediated soil improvement. Ecol Eng 36(2):197–210 CrossRef
go back to reference Drnevich VP, Hardin BO, Shippy DJ (1978) Modulus and damping of soils by the resonant-column method. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, pp 91–125 Drnevich VP, Hardin BO, Shippy DJ (1978) Modulus and damping of soils by the resonant-column method. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, pp 91–125
go back to reference El Howayek A (2011) Characterization, rheology and microstructure of laponite suspensions, Master’s thesis, Purdue University El Howayek A (2011) Characterization, rheology and microstructure of laponite suspensions, Master’s thesis, Purdue University
go back to reference El Howayek A, Bobet A, Johnston CT, Santagata M, Sinfield JV (2014) Microstructure of sand-laponite-water systems using cryo-SEM. In: Geo-congress 2014: geo-characterization and modeling for sustainability, pp 693–702 El Howayek A, Bobet A, Johnston CT, Santagata M, Sinfield JV (2014) Microstructure of sand-laponite-water systems using cryo-SEM. In: Geo-congress 2014: geo-characterization and modeling for sustainability, pp 693–702
go back to reference El Mohtar CS, Drnevich VP, Santagata M, Bobet A (2013) Combined resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests for measuring undrained shear modulus reduction of sand with plastic fines. Geotech Test J 36(4):484–492 CrossRef El Mohtar CS, Drnevich VP, Santagata M, Bobet A (2013) Combined resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests for measuring undrained shear modulus reduction of sand with plastic fines. Geotech Test J 36(4):484–492 CrossRef
go back to reference El Mohtar CS, Bobet A, Drnevich VP, Johnston CT, Santagata MC (2014) Pore pressure generation in sand with bentonite: from small strains to liquefaction. Géotechnique 64(2):108–117 CrossRef El Mohtar CS, Bobet A, Drnevich VP, Johnston CT, Santagata MC (2014) Pore pressure generation in sand with bentonite: from small strains to liquefaction. Géotechnique 64(2):108–117 CrossRef
go back to reference Ellis EA, Soga K, Bransby MF, Sato M (2000) Resonant column testing of sands with different viscosity pore fluids. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126(1):10–17 CrossRef Ellis EA, Soga K, Bransby MF, Sato M (2000) Resonant column testing of sands with different viscosity pore fluids. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126(1):10–17 CrossRef
go back to reference Fraccica A, Spagnoli G, Romero E, Arroyo M, Gómez R (2022) Exploring the mechanical response of low-carbon soil improvement mixtures. Can Geotech J 99(999):1–17 Fraccica A, Spagnoli G, Romero E, Arroyo M, Gómez R (2022) Exploring the mechanical response of low-carbon soil improvement mixtures. Can Geotech J 99(999):1–17
go back to reference Gallagher PM, Conlee CT, Rollins KM (2007) Full-scale field testing of colloidal silica grouting for mitigation of liquefaction risk. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133(2):186–196 CrossRef Gallagher PM, Conlee CT, Rollins KM (2007) Full-scale field testing of colloidal silica grouting for mitigation of liquefaction risk. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133(2):186–196 CrossRef
go back to reference Gallagher PM, Mitchell JK (2002) Influence of colloidal silica grout on liquefaction potential and cyclic undrained behavior of loose sand. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 22(9–12):1017–1026 CrossRef Gallagher PM, Mitchell JK (2002) Influence of colloidal silica grout on liquefaction potential and cyclic undrained behavior of loose sand. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 22(9–12):1017–1026 CrossRef
go back to reference Getchell, A., & Santagata, M. C. (2022). Today a sol, tomorrow a gel: engineering the time-dependent rheology of Laponite based model fluids. In review Getchell, A., & Santagata, M. C. (2022). Today a sol, tomorrow a gel: engineering the time-dependent rheology of Laponite based model fluids. In review
go back to reference Gratchev IB, Sassa K, Osipov VI, Sokolov VN (2006) The liquefaction of clayey soils under cyclic loading. Eng Geol 86(1):70–84 CrossRef Gratchev IB, Sassa K, Osipov VI, Sokolov VN (2006) The liquefaction of clayey soils under cyclic loading. Eng Geol 86(1):70–84 CrossRef
go back to reference Grozic JL, Robertson PK, Morgenstern NR (1999) The behavior of loose gassy sand. Can Geotech J 36(3):482–492 CrossRef Grozic JL, Robertson PK, Morgenstern NR (1999) The behavior of loose gassy sand. Can Geotech J 36(3):482–492 CrossRef
go back to reference Hardin, B. O. (1978). The nature of stress-strain behavior for soils. In: From Volume I of earthquake engineering and soil dynamics--proceedings of the ASCE geotechnical engineering division specialty conference, June 19–21, 1978, Pasadena, California. Sponsored by Geotechnical Engineering Division of ASCE in cooperation with: (No. Proceeding) Hardin, B. O. (1978). The nature of stress-strain behavior for soils. In: From Volume I of earthquake engineering and soil dynamics--proceedings of the ASCE geotechnical engineering division specialty conference, June 19–21, 1978, Pasadena, California. Sponsored by Geotechnical Engineering Division of ASCE in cooperation with: (No. Proceeding)
go back to reference Huang Y, Wang L (2016a) Experimental studies on nanomaterials for soil improvement: a review. Environ Earth Sci 75(6):1–10 CrossRef Huang Y, Wang L (2016a) Experimental studies on nanomaterials for soil improvement: a review. Environ Earth Sci 75(6):1–10 CrossRef
go back to reference Huang Y, Wang L (2016b) Laboratory investigation of liquefaction mitigation in silty sand using nanoparticles. Eng Geol 204:23–32 CrossRef Huang Y, Wang L (2016b) Laboratory investigation of liquefaction mitigation in silty sand using nanoparticles. Eng Geol 204:23–32 CrossRef
go back to reference Huang Y, Wen Z, Wang L, Zhu C (2019) Centrifuge testing of liquefaction mitigation effectiveness on sand foundations treated with nanoparticles. Eng Geol 249:249–256 CrossRef Huang Y, Wen Z, Wang L, Zhu C (2019) Centrifuge testing of liquefaction mitigation effectiveness on sand foundations treated with nanoparticles. Eng Geol 249:249–256 CrossRef
go back to reference Lade PV, Yamamuro JA (1997) Effects of nonplastic fines on static liquefaction of sands. Can Geotech J 34(6):918–928 CrossRef Lade PV, Yamamuro JA (1997) Effects of nonplastic fines on static liquefaction of sands. Can Geotech J 34(6):918–928 CrossRef
go back to reference Ladd RS (1974) Specimen preparation and liquefaction of sands. J Geotech Eng Div 100(10):1180–1184 CrossRef Ladd RS (1974) Specimen preparation and liquefaction of sands. J Geotech Eng Div 100(10):1180–1184 CrossRef
go back to reference Li XS, Wang Y (1998) Linear representation of steady-state line for sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124(12):1215–1217 CrossRef Li XS, Wang Y (1998) Linear representation of steady-state line for sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124(12):1215–1217 CrossRef
go back to reference Liu G, Zhang C, Zhao M, Guo W, Luo Q (2021) Comparison of nanomaterials with other unconventional materials used as additives for soil improvement in the context of sustainable development: a review. Nanomaterials 11(1):15 CrossRef Liu G, Zhang C, Zhao M, Guo W, Luo Q (2021) Comparison of nanomaterials with other unconventional materials used as additives for soil improvement in the context of sustainable development: a review. Nanomaterials 11(1):15 CrossRef
go back to reference Mele L, Flora A, Lirer S, d’Onofrio A, Bilotta E (2018) Experimental Study of the injectability and effectiveness of laponite mixtures as liquefaction mitigation technique. Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics v: slope stability and landslides, laboratory testing, and in situ testing. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, pp 267–275 CrossRef Mele L, Flora A, Lirer S, d’Onofrio A, Bilotta E (2018) Experimental Study of the injectability and effectiveness of laponite mixtures as liquefaction mitigation technique. Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics v: slope stability and landslides, laboratory testing, and in situ testing. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, pp 267–275 CrossRef
go back to reference Mongondry P, Tassin JF, Nicolai T (2005) Revised state diagram of Laponite dispersions. J Colloid Interface Sci 283(2):397–405 CrossRef Mongondry P, Tassin JF, Nicolai T (2005) Revised state diagram of Laponite dispersions. J Colloid Interface Sci 283(2):397–405 CrossRef
go back to reference Mulilis JP, Townsend FC, Horz RC (1978) Triaxial testing techniques and sand liquefaction. Dyn Geotech Test 654:265 CrossRef Mulilis JP, Townsend FC, Horz RC (1978) Triaxial testing techniques and sand liquefaction. Dyn Geotech Test 654:265 CrossRef
go back to reference Murthy TG, Loukidis D, Carraro JAH, Prezzi M, Salgado R (2007) Undrained monotonic response of clean and silty sands. Géotechnique 57(3):273–288 CrossRef Murthy TG, Loukidis D, Carraro JAH, Prezzi M, Salgado R (2007) Undrained monotonic response of clean and silty sands. Géotechnique 57(3):273–288 CrossRef
go back to reference Ni X, Ye B, Zhang F, Feng X (2021) Influence of specimen preparation on the liquefaction behaviors of sand and its mesoscopic explanation. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 147(2):04020161 CrossRef Ni X, Ye B, Zhang F, Feng X (2021) Influence of specimen preparation on the liquefaction behaviors of sand and its mesoscopic explanation. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 147(2):04020161 CrossRef
go back to reference Ochoa-Cornejo F (2015) Engineering the pore fluid of sands with nano-clays for liquefaction mitigation, Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University Ochoa-Cornejo F (2015) Engineering the pore fluid of sands with nano-clays for liquefaction mitigation, Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University
go back to reference Ochoa-Cornejo F, Bobet A, Johnston C, Santagata M, Sinfield JV (2014). Liquefaction 50 years after anchorage 1964; how nanoparticles could prevent it. In: Tenth US national conference on earthquake engineering frontiers of earthquake engineering. anchorage, Alaska, pp. 21–25 Ochoa-Cornejo F, Bobet A, Johnston C, Santagata M, Sinfield JV (2014). Liquefaction 50 years after anchorage 1964; how nanoparticles could prevent it. In: Tenth US national conference on earthquake engineering frontiers of earthquake engineering. anchorage, Alaska, pp. 21–25
go back to reference Ochoa-Cornejo F, Bobet A, Johnston CT, Santagata M, Sinfield JV (2016) Cyclic behavior and pore pressure generation in sands with laponite, a super-plastic nanoparticle. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 88:265–279 CrossRef Ochoa-Cornejo F, Bobet A, Johnston CT, Santagata M, Sinfield JV (2016) Cyclic behavior and pore pressure generation in sands with laponite, a super-plastic nanoparticle. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 88:265–279 CrossRef
go back to reference Ochoa-Cornejo F, Bobet A, El Howayek A, Johnston CT, Santagata M, Sinfield JV (2017) Discussion on: “laboratory investigation of liquefaction mitigation in silty sand using nanoparticles”[Eng. Geol. 204: 23–32]. Eng Geol 216:161–164 CrossRef Ochoa-Cornejo F, Bobet A, El Howayek A, Johnston CT, Santagata M, Sinfield JV (2017) Discussion on: “laboratory investigation of liquefaction mitigation in silty sand using nanoparticles”[Eng. Geol. 204: 23–32]. Eng Geol 216:161–164 CrossRef
go back to reference Ochoa-Cornejo F, Bobet A, Johnston C, Santagata M, Sinfield JV (2020) Dynamic properties of a sand–nanoclay composite. Géotechnique 70(3):210–225 CrossRef Ochoa-Cornejo F, Bobet A, Johnston C, Santagata M, Sinfield JV (2020) Dynamic properties of a sand–nanoclay composite. Géotechnique 70(3):210–225 CrossRef
go back to reference Pardo Tobar GS, Orense RP (2017) Experimental study on the self-healing effect of laponite on the liquefaction resistance of sand. In: 20th NZGS geotechnical symposium, pp 1–8 Pardo Tobar GS, Orense RP (2017) Experimental study on the self-healing effect of laponite on the liquefaction resistance of sand. In: 20th NZGS geotechnical symposium, pp 1–8
go back to reference Porcino D, Marcianò V, Granata R (2012) Static and dynamic properties of a lightly cemented silicate-grouted sand. Can Geotech J 49(10):1117–1133 CrossRef Porcino D, Marcianò V, Granata R (2012) Static and dynamic properties of a lightly cemented silicate-grouted sand. Can Geotech J 49(10):1117–1133 CrossRef
go back to reference Ramsay JDF (1986) Colloidal properties of synthetic hectorite clay dispersions: I. Rheology. J Colloid Interface Sci 109(2):441–447 CrossRef Ramsay JDF (1986) Colloidal properties of synthetic hectorite clay dispersions: I. Rheology. J Colloid Interface Sci 109(2):441–447 CrossRef
go back to reference Rugg DA, Yoon J, Hwang H, El Mohtar CS (2011) Undrained shearing properties of sand permeated with a bentonite suspension for static liquefaction mitigation. In: Geo-frontiers 2011: advances in geotechnical engineering, pp 677–686 Rugg DA, Yoon J, Hwang H, El Mohtar CS (2011) Undrained shearing properties of sand permeated with a bentonite suspension for static liquefaction mitigation. In: Geo-frontiers 2011: advances in geotechnical engineering, pp 677–686
go back to reference Salgado R, Bandini P, Karim A (2000) Shear strength and stiffness of silty sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126(5):451–462 CrossRef Salgado R, Bandini P, Karim A (2000) Shear strength and stiffness of silty sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126(5):451–462 CrossRef
go back to reference Salvatore E, Modoni G, Mascolo MC, Grassi D, Spagnoli G (2020) Experimental evidence of the effectiveness and applicability of colloidal nanosilica grouting for liquefaction mitigation. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 146(10):04020108 CrossRef Salvatore E, Modoni G, Mascolo MC, Grassi D, Spagnoli G (2020) Experimental evidence of the effectiveness and applicability of colloidal nanosilica grouting for liquefaction mitigation. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 146(10):04020108 CrossRef
go back to reference Santagata M, Bobet A, El Howayek A, Ochoa-Cornejo F, Sinfield JV, Johnston CT (2014) Building a nanostructure in the pore fluid of granular soils. Geomech Micro Macro, 1377–1383 Santagata M, Bobet A, El Howayek A, Ochoa-Cornejo F, Sinfield JV, Johnston CT (2014) Building a nanostructure in the pore fluid of granular soils. Geomech Micro Macro, 1377–1383
go back to reference Saxena SK, Lastrico RM (1978) Static properties of lightly cemented sand. J Geotech Eng Div 104(12):1449–1464 CrossRef Saxena SK, Lastrico RM (1978) Static properties of lightly cemented sand. J Geotech Eng Div 104(12):1449–1464 CrossRef
go back to reference Saxena SK, Reddy KR, Avramidis AS (1988) Liquefaction resistance of artificially cemented sand. J Geotech Eng 114(12):1395–1413 CrossRef Saxena SK, Reddy KR, Avramidis AS (1988) Liquefaction resistance of artificially cemented sand. J Geotech Eng 114(12):1395–1413 CrossRef
go back to reference Sharma M, Satyam N, Reddy KR (2021) State of the art review of emerging and biogeotechnical methods for liquefaction mitigation in sands. J Hazardous Toxic Radioact Waste 25(1):03120002 CrossRef Sharma M, Satyam N, Reddy KR (2021) State of the art review of emerging and biogeotechnical methods for liquefaction mitigation in sands. J Hazardous Toxic Radioact Waste 25(1):03120002 CrossRef
go back to reference Spagnoli G, Romero E, Fraccica A, Arroyo M, Gómez R (2022) The effect of curing conditions on the hydromechanical properties of a metakaolin-based soilcrete. Géotechnique 72(5):455–469 CrossRef Spagnoli G, Romero E, Fraccica A, Arroyo M, Gómez R (2022) The effect of curing conditions on the hydromechanical properties of a metakaolin-based soilcrete. Géotechnique 72(5):455–469 CrossRef
go back to reference Thevanayagam S, Shenthan T, Mohan S, Liang J (2002) Undrained fragility of clean sands, silty sands, and sandy silts. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 128(10):849–859 CrossRef Thevanayagam S, Shenthan T, Mohan S, Liang J (2002) Undrained fragility of clean sands, silty sands, and sandy silts. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 128(10):849–859 CrossRef
go back to reference Vaid YP, Sivathayalan S (2000) Fundamental factors affecting liquefaction susceptibility of sands. Can Geotech J 37(3):592–606 CrossRef Vaid YP, Sivathayalan S (2000) Fundamental factors affecting liquefaction susceptibility of sands. Can Geotech J 37(3):592–606 CrossRef
go back to reference Vranna A, Tika T (2020) Undrained monotonic and cyclic response of weakly cemented sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 146(5):04020018 CrossRef Vranna A, Tika T (2020) Undrained monotonic and cyclic response of weakly cemented sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 146(5):04020018 CrossRef
go back to reference Wang YH, Santamarina JC (2007) Attenuation in sand: an exploratory study on the small-strain behavior and the influence of moisture condensation. Granular Matter 9(6):365–376 CrossRef Wang YH, Santamarina JC (2007) Attenuation in sand: an exploratory study on the small-strain behavior and the influence of moisture condensation. Granular Matter 9(6):365–376 CrossRef
go back to reference Yamada S, Takamori T, Sato K (2010) Effects on reliquefaction resistance produced by changes in anisotropy during liquefaction. Soils Found 50(1):9–25 CrossRef Yamada S, Takamori T, Sato K (2010) Effects on reliquefaction resistance produced by changes in anisotropy during liquefaction. Soils Found 50(1):9–25 CrossRef
go back to reference Yoshimine M, Ishihara K (1998) Flow potential of sand during liquefaction. Soils Found 38(3):189–198 CrossRef Yoshimine M, Ishihara K (1998) Flow potential of sand during liquefaction. Soils Found 38(3):189–198 CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Behavior of Dry-Mixed and Permeated Laponite-Treated Sand: From Small Strains to Critical State
Authors
Amy Getchell
Felipe Ochoa-Cornejo
Marika Santagata
Publication date
11-07-2022
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering / Issue 11/2022
Print ISSN: 0960-3182
Electronic ISSN: 1573-1529
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02216-4

Other articles of this Issue 11/2022

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 11/2022 Go to the issue