1. Biomaterials for Medical Implants

In contemporary medical practice, there is an increasing reliance on biomaterials across a wide array of applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, and advanced medical imaging techniques. These materials are meticulously designed to exhibit enhanced stability and optimized pharmacokinetic profiles to promote effective cellular growth and regeneration (Ferrer-Miralles et al. in Crit Rev Biotechnol 35(2):209–221, 2015 [1]). Biomaterials can be either synthetic or bioengineered, and they are introduced into living organisms to replace, support, or enhance biological structures and functions, often with the intention of long-term or even lifetime use (Boretos and Eden in J Membr Sci 21:209, 1984 [2]). Given their critical role in medical interventions, these materials must possess several key properties: they should be non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, chemically inert, structurally stable, and mechanically robust enough to withstand the ongoing physiological stresses encountered in a living environment (Patel and Gohil in Int J Emerg Technol Adv Eng 2(4):91–101, 2012 [3]). In recent decades, the demand for and development of bioimplants has surged, driven by an aging population, increased life expectancy, shifting lifestyle patterns, and continuous innovations in implant technologies. Research has consistently demonstrated that the surface characteristics and microstructural features of biomaterials are crucial determinants in how these materials interact with biological tissues, significantly influencing biocompatibility and the success of osseointegration processes.